Chapter 14. PostGIS Special Functions Index
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Chapter 14. PostGIS Special Functions Index

Table of Contents

14.1. PostGIS Aggregate Functions

The functions given below are spatial aggregate functions provided with PostGIS that can be used just like any other sql aggregate function such as sum, average.

ST_3DExtent - an aggregate function that returns the box3D bounding box that bounds rows of geometries.
ST_Accum - Aggregate. Constructs an array of geometries.
ST_ClusterIntersecting - Aggregate. Returns an array with the connected components of a set of geometries
ST_ClusterWithin - Aggregate. Returns an array of GeometryCollections, where each GeometryCollection represents a set of geometries separated by no more than the specified distance.
ST_Collect - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from a collection of other geometries.
ST_Extent - an aggregate function that returns the bounding box that bounds rows of geometries.
ST_MakeLine - Creates a Linestring from point, multipoint, or line geometries.
ST_MemUnion - Same as ST_Union, only memory-friendly (uses less memory and more processor time).
ST_Polygonize - Aggregate. Creates a GeometryCollection containing possible polygons formed from the constituent linework of a set of geometries.
ST_SameAlignment - Returns true if rasters have same skew, scale, spatial ref, and offset (pixels can be put on same grid without cutting into pixels) and false if they don't with notice detailing issue.
ST_Union - Returns a geometry that represents the point set union of the Geometries.
TopoElementArray_Agg - Returns a topoelementarray for a set of element_id, type arrays (topoelements)

14.2. PostGIS Window Functions

The functions given below are spatial window functions provided with PostGIS that can be used just like any other sql window function such as row_numer(), lead(), lag(). All these require an SQL OVER() clause.

ST_ClusterDBSCAN - Windowing function that returns integer id for the cluster each input geometry is in based on 2D implementation of Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm.
ST_ClusterKMeans - Windowing function that returns integer id for the cluster each input geometry is in.

14.3. PostGIS SQL-MM Compliant Functions

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that conform to the SQL/MM 3 standard


	SQL-MM defines the default SRID of all geometry constructors as 0. PostGIS uses a default SRID of -1.

ST_3DDWithin - For 3d (z) geometry type Returns true if two geometries 3d distance is within number of units. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM ?
ST_3DDistance - For geometry type Returns the 3-dimensional cartesian minimum distance (based on spatial ref) between two geometries in projected units. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM ?
ST_3DIntersects - Returns TRUE if the Geometries "spatially intersect" in 3d - only for points, linestrings, polygons, polyhedral surface (area). With SFCGAL backend enabled also supports TINS This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: ?
ST_AddEdgeModFace - Add a new edge and, if in doing so it splits a face, modify the original face and add a new face. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM: Topo-Geo and Topo-Net 3: Routine Details: X.3.13
ST_AddEdgeNewFaces - Add a new edge and, if in doing so it splits a face, delete the original face and replace it with two new faces. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM: Topo-Geo and Topo-Net 3: Routine Details: X.3.12
ST_AddIsoEdge - Adds an isolated edge defined by geometry alinestring to a topology connecting two existing isolated nodes anode and anothernode and returns the edge id of the new edge. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM: Topo-Geo and Topo-Net 3: Routine Details: X.3.4
ST_AddIsoNode - Adds an isolated node to a face in a topology and returns the nodeid of the new node. If face is null, the node is still created. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM: Topo-Net Routines: X+1.3.1
ST_Area - Returns the area of the surface if it is a Polygon or MultiPolygon. For geometry, a 2D Cartesian area is determined with units specified by the SRID. For geography, area is determined on a curved surface with units in square meters. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 8.1.2, 9.5.3
ST_AsBinary - Return the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID meta data. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.37
ST_AsText - Return the Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID metadata. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.25
ST_Boundary - Returns the closure of the combinatorial boundary of this Geometry. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.14
ST_Buffer - (T)Returns a geometry covering all points within a given distancefrom the input geometry. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.17
ST_Centroid - Returns the geometric center of a geometry. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 8.1.4, 9.5.5
ST_ChangeEdgeGeom - Changes the shape of an edge without affecting the topology structure. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM: Topo-Geo and Topo-Net 3: Routine Details X.3.6
ST_Contains - Returns true if and only if no points of B lie in the exterior of A, and at least one point of the interior of B lies in the interior of A. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.31
ST_ConvexHull - The convex hull of a geometry represents the minimum convex geometry that encloses all geometries within the set. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.16
ST_CoordDim - Return the coordinate dimension of the ST_Geometry value. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.3
ST_CreateTopoGeo - Adds a collection of geometries to a given empty topology and returns a message detailing success. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM: Topo-Geo and Topo-Net 3: Routine Details -- X.3.18
ST_Crosses - Returns TRUE if the supplied geometries have some, but not all, interior points in common. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.29
ST_CurveToLine - Converts a CIRCULARSTRING/CURVEPOLYGON to a LINESTRING/POLYGON This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 7.1.7
ST_Difference - Returns a geometry that represents that part of geometry A that does not intersect with geometry B. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.20
ST_Dimension - The inherent dimension of this Geometry object, which must be less than or equal to the coordinate dimension. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.2
ST_Disjoint - Returns TRUE if the Geometries do not "spatially intersect" - if they do not share any space together. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.26
ST_Distance - For geometry type Returns the 2D Cartesian distance between two geometries in projected units (based on spatial ref). For geography type defaults to return minimum geodesic distance between two geographies in meters. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.23
ST_EndPoint - Returns the last point of a LINESTRING or CIRCULARLINESTRING geometry as a POINT. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 7.1.4
ST_Envelope - Returns a geometry representing the double precision (float8) bounding box of the supplied geometry. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.15
ST_Equals - Returns true if the given geometries represent the same geometry. Directionality is ignored. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.24
ST_ExteriorRing - Returns a line string representing the exterior ring of the POLYGON geometry. Return NULL if the geometry is not a polygon. Will not work with MULTIPOLYGON This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 8.2.3, 8.3.3
ST_GMLToSQL - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from GML representation. This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromGML This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.50 (except for curves support).
ST_GeomCollFromText - Makes a collection Geometry from collection WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is not give, it defaults to 0. This method implements the SQL/MM specification.
ST_GeomFromText - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Text representation (WKT). This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.40
ST_GeomFromWKB - Creates a geometry instance from a Well-Known Binary geometry representation (WKB) and optional SRID. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.41
ST_GeometryFromText - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Text representation (WKT). This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromText This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.40
ST_GeometryN - Return the 1-based Nth geometry if the geometry is a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION, (MULTI)POINT, (MULTI)LINESTRING, MULTICURVE or (MULTI)POLYGON, POLYHEDRALSURFACE Otherwise, return NULL. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 9.1.5
ST_GeometryType - Return the geometry type of the ST_Geometry value. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.4
ST_GetFaceEdges - Returns a set of ordered edges that bound aface. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3 Topo-Geo and Topo-Net 3: Routine Details: X.3.5
ST_GetFaceGeometry - Returns the polygon in the given topology with the specified face id. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3 Topo-Geo and Topo-Net 3: Routine Details: X.3.16
ST_InitTopoGeo - Creates a new topology schema and registers this new schema in the topology.topology table and details summary of process. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3 Topo-Geo and Topo-Net 3: Routine Details: X.3.17
ST_InteriorRingN - Return the Nth interior linestring ring of the polygon geometry. Return NULL if the geometry is not a polygon or the given N is out of range. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 8.2.6, 8.3.5
ST_Intersection - (T)Returns a geometry that represents the shared portion of geomA and geomB. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.18
ST_Intersects - Returns TRUE if the Geometries/Geography "spatially intersect in 2D" - (share any portion of space) and FALSE if they don't (they are Disjoint). For geography -- tolerance is 0.00001 meters (so any points that close are considered to intersect) This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.27
ST_IsClosed - Returns TRUE if the LINESTRING's start and end points are coincident. For Polyhedral surface is closed (volumetric). This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 7.1.5, 9.3.3
ST_IsEmpty - Returns true if this Geometry is an empty geometrycollection, polygon, point etc. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.7
ST_IsRing - Returns TRUE if this LINESTRING is both closed and simple. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 7.1.6
ST_IsSimple - Returns (TRUE) if this Geometry has no anomalous geometric points, such as self intersection or self tangency. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.8
ST_IsValid - Returns true if the ST_Geometry is well formed. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.9
ST_Length - Returns the 2D length of the geometry if it is a LineString or MultiLineString. geometry are in units of spatial reference and geography are in meters (default spheroid) This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 7.1.2, 9.3.4
ST_LineFromText - Makes a Geometry from WKT representation with the given SRID. If SRID is not given, it defaults to 0. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 7.2.8
ST_LineFromWKB - Makes a LINESTRING from WKB with the given SRID This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 7.2.9
ST_LinestringFromWKB - Makes a geometry from WKB with the given SRID. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 7.2.9
ST_M - Return the M coordinate of the point, or NULL if not available. Input must be a point. This method implements the SQL/MM specification.
ST_MLineFromText - Return a specified ST_MultiLineString value from WKT representation. This method implements the SQL/MM specification.SQL-MM 3: 9.4.4
ST_MPointFromText - Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is not give, it defaults to 0. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 9.2.4
ST_MPolyFromText - Makes a MultiPolygon Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is not give, it defaults to 0. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 9.6.4
ST_ModEdgeHeal - Heal two edges by deleting the node connecting them, modifying the first edgeand deleting the second edge. Returns the id of the deleted node. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM: Topo-Geo and Topo-Net 3: Routine Details: X.3.9
ST_ModEdgeSplit - Split an edge by creating a new node along an existing edge, modifying the original edge and adding a new edge. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM: Topo-Geo and Topo-Net 3: Routine Details: X.3.9
ST_MoveIsoNode - Moves an isolated node in a topology from one point to another. If new apoint geometry exists as a node an error is thrown. REturns description of move. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM: Topo-Net Routines: X.3.2
ST_NewEdgeHeal - Heal two edges by deleting the node connecting them, deleting both edges,and replacing them with an edge whose direction is the same as the firstedge provided. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM: Topo-Geo and Topo-Net 3: Routine Details: X.3.9
ST_NewEdgesSplit - Split an edge by creating a new node along an existing edge, deleting the original edge and replacing it with two new edges. Returns the id of the new node created that joins the new edges. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM: Topo-Net Routines: X.3.8
ST_NumGeometries - If geometry is a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (or MULTI*) return the number of geometries, for single geometries will return 1, otherwise return NULL. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 9.1.4
ST_NumInteriorRings - Return the number of interior rings of a polygon geometry. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 8.2.5
ST_NumPatches - Return the number of faces on a Polyhedral Surface. Will return null for non-polyhedral geometries. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: ?
ST_NumPoints - Return the number of points in an ST_LineString or ST_CircularString value. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 7.2.4
ST_OrderingEquals - Returns true if the given geometries represent the same geometry and points are in the same directional order. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.43
ST_Overlaps - Returns TRUE if the Geometries share space, are of the same dimension, but are not completely contained by each other. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.32
ST_PatchN - Return the 1-based Nth geometry (face) if the geometry is a POLYHEDRALSURFACE, POLYHEDRALSURFACEM. Otherwise, return NULL. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: ?
ST_Perimeter - Return the length measurement of the boundary of an ST_Surface or ST_MultiSurface geometry or geography. (Polygon, MultiPolygon). geometry measurement is in units of spatial reference and geography is in meters. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 8.1.3, 9.5.4
ST_Point - Returns an ST_Point with the given coordinate values. OGC alias for ST_MakePoint. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 6.1.2
ST_PointFromText - Makes a point Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is not given, it defaults to unknown. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 6.1.8
ST_PointFromWKB - Makes a geometry from WKB with the given SRID This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 6.1.9
ST_PointN - Return the Nth point in the first LineString or circular LineString in the geometry. Negative values are counted backwards from the end of the LineString. Returns NULL if there is no linestring in the geometry. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 7.2.5, 7.3.5
ST_PointOnSurface - Returns a POINT guaranteed to lie on the surface. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 8.1.5, 9.5.6. According to the specs, ST_PointOnSurface works for surface geometries (POLYGONs, MULTIPOLYGONS, CURVED POLYGONS). So PostGIS seems to be extending what the spec allows here. Most databases Oracle,DB II, ESRI SDE seem to only support this function for surfaces. SQL Server 2008 like PostGIS supports for all common geometries.
ST_Polygon - Returns a polygon built from the specified linestring and SRID. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 8.3.2
ST_PolygonFromText - Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is not give, it defaults to 0. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 8.3.6
ST_Relate - Returns true if this Geometry is spatially related to anotherGeometry, by testing for intersections between the Interior, Boundary and Exterior of the two geometries as specified by the values in the intersectionMatrixPattern. If no intersectionMatrixPattern is passed in, then returns the maximum intersectionMatrixPattern that relates the 2 geometries. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.25
ST_RemEdgeModFace - Removes an edge and, if the removed edge separated two faces,delete one of the them and modify the other to take the space of both. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM: Topo-Geo and Topo-Net 3: Routine Details: X.3.15
ST_RemEdgeNewFace - Removes an edge and, if the removed edge separated two faces,delete the original faces and replace them with a new face. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM: Topo-Geo and Topo-Net 3: Routine Details: X.3.14
ST_RemoveIsoEdge - Removes an isolated edge and returns description of action. If the edge is not isolated, then an exception is thrown. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM: Topo-Geo and Topo-Net 3: Routine Details: X+1.3.3
ST_RemoveIsoNode - Removes an isolated node and returns description of action. If the node is not isolated (is start or end of an edge), then an exception is thrown. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM: Topo-Geo and Topo-Net 3: Routine Details: X+1.3.3
ST_SRID - Returns the spatial reference identifier for the ST_Geometry as defined in spatial_ref_sys table. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.5
ST_StartPoint - Returns the first point of a LINESTRING geometry as a POINT. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 7.1.3
ST_SymDifference - Returns a geometry that represents the portions of A and B that do not intersect. It is called a symmetric difference because ST_SymDifference(A,B) = ST_SymDifference(B,A). This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.21
ST_Touches - Returns TRUE if the geometries have at least one point in common, but their interiors do not intersect. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.28
ST_Transform - Return a new geometry with its coordinates transformed to a different spatial reference. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.6
ST_Union - Returns a geometry that represents the point set union of the Geometries. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.19 the z-index (elevation) when polygons are involved.
ST_WKBToSQL - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Binary representation (WKB). This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromWKB that takes no srid This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.36
ST_WKTToSQL - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Text representation (WKT). This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromText This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.34
ST_Within - Returns true if the geometry A is completely inside geometry B This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 5.1.30
ST_X - Return the X coordinate of the point, or NULL if not available. Input must be a point. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 6.1.3
ST_Y - Return the Y coordinate of the point, or NULL if not available. Input must be a point. This method implements the SQL/MM specification. SQL-MM 3: 6.1.4
ST_Z - Return the Z coordinate of the point, or NULL if not available. Input must be a point. This method implements the SQL/MM specification.

14.4. PostGIS Geography Support Functions

The functions and operators given below are PostGIS functions/operators that take as input or return as output a geography data type object.

Functions with a (T) are not native geodetic functions, and use a ST_Transform call to and from geometry to do the operation. As a result, they may not behave as expected when going over dateline, poles, and for large geometries or geometry pairs that cover more than one UTM zone. Basic transform - (favoring UTM, Lambert Azimuthal (North/South), and falling back on mercator in worst case scenario)

ST_Area - Returns the area of the surface if it is a Polygon or MultiPolygon. For geometry, a 2D Cartesian area is determined with units specified by the SRID. For geography, area is determined on a curved surface with units in square meters.
ST_AsBinary - Return the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID meta data.
ST_AsEWKT - Return the Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the geometry with SRID meta data.
ST_AsGML - Return the geometry as a GML version 2 or 3 element.
ST_AsGeoJSON - Return the geometry as a GeoJSON element.
ST_AsKML - Return the geometry as a KML element. Several variants. Default version=2, default precision=15
ST_AsSVG - Returns a Geometry in SVG path data given a geometry or geography object.
ST_AsText - Return the Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID metadata.
ST_Azimuth - Returns the north-based azimuth as the angle in radians measured clockwise from the vertical on pointA to pointB.
ST_Buffer - (T)Returns a geometry covering all points within a given distancefrom the input geometry.
ST_CoveredBy - Returns 1 (TRUE) if no point in Geometry/Geography A is outside Geometry/Geography B
ST_Covers - Returns 1 (TRUE) if no point in Geometry B is outside Geometry A
ST_DWithin - Returns true if the geometries are within the specified distance of one another. For geometry units are in those of spatial reference and For geography units are in meters and measurement is defaulted to use_spheroid=true (measure around spheroid), for faster check, use_spheroid=false to measure along sphere.
ST_Distance - For geometry type Returns the 2D Cartesian distance between two geometries in projected units (based on spatial ref). For geography type defaults to return minimum geodesic distance between two geographies in meters.
ST_GeogFromText - Return a specified geography value from Well-Known Text representation or extended (WKT).
ST_GeogFromWKB - Creates a geography instance from a Well-Known Binary geometry representation (WKB) or extended Well Known Binary (EWKB).
ST_GeographyFromText - Return a specified geography value from Well-Known Text representation or extended (WKT).
= - Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is the same as B's. Uses double precision bounding box.
ST_Intersection - (T)Returns a geometry that represents the shared portion of geomA and geomB.
ST_Intersects - Returns TRUE if the Geometries/Geography "spatially intersect in 2D" - (share any portion of space) and FALSE if they don't (they are Disjoint). For geography -- tolerance is 0.00001 meters (so any points that close are considered to intersect)
ST_Length - Returns the 2D length of the geometry if it is a LineString or MultiLineString. geometry are in units of spatial reference and geography are in meters (default spheroid)
ST_Perimeter - Return the length measurement of the boundary of an ST_Surface or ST_MultiSurface geometry or geography. (Polygon, MultiPolygon). geometry measurement is in units of spatial reference and geography is in meters.
ST_Project - Returns a POINT projected from a start point using a distance in meters and bearing (azimuth) in radians.
ST_Segmentize - Return a modified geometry/geography having no segment longer than the given distance.
ST_Summary - Returns a text summary of the contents of the geometry.
<-> - Returns the 2D distance between A and B.
&& - Returns TRUE if A's 2D bounding box intersects B's 2D bounding box.

14.5. PostGIS Raster Support Functions

The functions and operators given below are PostGIS functions/operators that take as input or return as output a raster data type object. Listed in alphabetical order.

Box3D - Returns the box 3d representation of the enclosing box of the raster.
@ - Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is contained by B's. Uses double precision bounding box.
~ - Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is contains B's. Uses double precision bounding box.
= - Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is the same as B's. Uses double precision bounding box.
&& - Returns TRUE if A's bounding box intersects B's bounding box.
&< - Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is to the left of B's.
&> - Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is to the right of B's.
~= - Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is the same as B's.
ST_Retile - Return a set of configured tiles from an arbitrarily tiled raster coverage.
ST_AddBand - Returns a raster with the new band(s) of given type added with given initial value in the given index location. If no index is specified, the band is added to the end.
ST_AsBinary - Return the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the raster.
ST_AsGDALRaster - Return the raster tile in the designated GDAL Raster format. Raster formats are one of those supported by your compiled library. Use ST_GDALRasters() to get a list of formats supported by your library.
ST_AsJPEG - Return the raster tile selected bands as a single Joint Photographic Exports Group (JPEG) image (byte array). If no band is specified and 1 or more than 3 bands, then only the first band is used. If only 3 bands then all 3 bands are used and mapped to RGB.
ST_AsPNG - Return the raster tile selected bands as a single portable network graphics (PNG) image (byte array). If 1, 3, or 4 bands in raster and no bands are specified, then all bands are used. If more 2 or more than 4 bands and no bands specified, then only band 1 is used. Bands are mapped to RGB or RGBA space.
ST_AsRaster - Converts a PostGIS geometry to a PostGIS raster.
ST_AsTIFF - Return the raster selected bands as a single TIFF image (byte array). If no band is specified, then will try to use all bands.
ST_Aspect - Returns the aspect (in degrees by default) of an elevation raster band. Useful for analyzing terrain.
ST_Band - Returns one or more bands of an existing raster as a new raster. Useful for building new rasters from existing rasters.
ST_BandIsNoData - Returns true if the band is filled with only nodata values.
ST_BandMetaData - Returns basic meta data for a specific raster band. band num 1 is assumed if none-specified.
ST_BandNoDataValue - Returns the value in a given band that represents no data. If no band num 1 is assumed.
ST_BandPath - Returns system file path to a band stored in file system. If no bandnum specified, 1 is assumed.
ST_BandPixelType - Returns the type of pixel for given band. If no bandnum specified, 1 is assumed.
ST_Clip - Returns the raster clipped by the input geometry. If band number not is specified, all bands are processed. If crop is not specified or TRUE, the output raster is cropped.
ST_ColorMap - Creates a new raster of up to four 8BUI bands (grayscale, RGB, RGBA) from the source raster and a specified band. Band 1 is assumed if not specified.
ST_Contains - Return true if no points of raster rastB lie in the exterior of raster rastA and at least one point of the interior of rastB lies in the interior of rastA.
ST_ContainsProperly - Return true if rastB intersects the interior of rastA but not the boundary or exterior of rastA.
ST_ConvexHull - Return the convex hull geometry of the raster including pixel values equal to BandNoDataValue. For regular shaped and non-skewed rasters, this gives the same result as ST_Envelope so only useful for irregularly shaped or skewed rasters.
ST_Count - Returns the number of pixels in a given band of a raster or raster coverage. If no band is specified defaults to band 1. If exclude_nodata_value is set to true, will only count pixels that are not equal to the nodata value.
ST_CountAgg - Aggregate. Returns the number of pixels in a given band of a set of rasters. If no band is specified defaults to band 1. If exclude_nodata_value is set to true, will only count pixels that are not equal to the NODATA value.
ST_CoveredBy - Return true if no points of raster rastA lie outside raster rastB.
ST_Covers - Return true if no points of raster rastB lie outside raster rastA.
ST_DFullyWithin - Return true if rasters rastA and rastB are fully within the specified distance of each other.
ST_DWithin - Return true if rasters rastA and rastB are within the specified distance of each other.
ST_Disjoint - Return true if raster rastA does not spatially intersect rastB.
ST_DumpAsPolygons - Returns a set of geomval (geom,val) rows, from a given raster band. If no band number is specified, band num defaults to 1.
ST_DumpValues - Get the values of the specified band as a 2-dimension array.
ST_Envelope - Returns the polygon representation of the extent of the raster.
ST_FromGDALRaster - Returns a raster from a supported GDAL raster file.
ST_GeoReference - Returns the georeference meta data in GDAL or ESRI format as commonly seen in a world file. Default is GDAL.
ST_HasNoBand - Returns true if there is no band with given band number. If no band number is specified, then band number 1 is assumed.
ST_Height - Returns the height of the raster in pixels.
ST_HillShade - Returns the hypothetical illumination of an elevation raster band using provided azimuth, altitude, brightness and scale inputs.
ST_Histogram - Returns a set of record summarizing a raster or raster coverage data distribution separate bin ranges. Number of bins are autocomputed if not specified.
ST_Intersection - Returns a raster or a set of geometry-pixelvalue pairs representing the shared portion of two rasters or the geometrical intersection of a vectorization of the raster and a geometry.
ST_Intersects - Return true if raster rastA spatially intersects raster rastB.
ST_IsEmpty - Returns true if the raster is empty (width = 0 and height = 0). Otherwise, returns false.
ST_MakeEmptyRaster - Returns an empty raster (having no bands) of given dimensions (width & height), upperleft X and Y, pixel size and rotation (scalex, scaley, skewx & skewy) and reference system (srid). If a raster is passed in, returns a new raster with the same size, alignment and SRID. If srid is left out, the spatial ref is set to unknown (0).
ST_MapAlgebra - Callback function version - Returns a one-band raster given one or more input rasters, band indexes and one user-specified callback function.
ST_MapAlgebraExpr - 1 raster band version: Creates a new one band raster formed by applying a valid PostgreSQL algebraic operation on the input raster band and of pixeltype provided. Band 1 is assumed if no band is specified.
ST_MapAlgebraExpr - 2 raster band version: Creates a new one band raster formed by applying a valid PostgreSQL algebraic operation on the two input raster bands and of pixeltype provided. band 1 of each raster is assumed if no band numbers are specified. The resulting raster will be aligned (scale, skew and pixel corners) on the grid defined by the first raster and have its extent defined by the "extenttype" parameter. Values for "extenttype" can be: INTERSECTION, UNION, FIRST, SECOND.
ST_MapAlgebraFct - 1 band version - Creates a new one band raster formed by applying a valid PostgreSQL function on the input raster band and of pixeltype prodived. Band 1 is assumed if no band is specified.
ST_MapAlgebraFct - 2 band version - Creates a new one band raster formed by applying a valid PostgreSQL function on the 2 input raster bands and of pixeltype prodived. Band 1 is assumed if no band is specified. Extent type defaults to INTERSECTION if not specified.
ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb - 1-band version: Map Algebra Nearest Neighbor using user-defined PostgreSQL function. Return a raster which values are the result of a PLPGSQL user function involving a neighborhood of values from the input raster band.
ST_MapAlgebra - Expression version - Returns a one-band raster given one or two input rasters, band indexes and one or more user-specified SQL expressions.
ST_MemSize - Returns the amount of space (in bytes) the raster takes.
ST_MetaData - Returns basic meta data about a raster object such as pixel size, rotation (skew), upper, lower left, etc.
ST_MinConvexHull - Return the convex hull geometry of the raster excluding NODATA pixels.
ST_NearestValue - Returns the nearest non-NODATA value of a given band's pixel specified by a columnx and rowy or a geometric point expressed in the same spatial reference coordinate system as the raster.
ST_Neighborhood - Returns a 2-D double precision array of the non-NODATA values around a given band's pixel specified by either a columnX and rowY or a geometric point expressed in the same spatial reference coordinate system as the raster.
ST_NotSameAlignmentReason - Returns text stating if rasters are aligned and if not aligned, a reason why.
ST_NumBands - Returns the number of bands in the raster object.
ST_Overlaps - Return true if raster rastA and rastB intersect but one does not completely contain the other.
ST_PixelAsCentroid - Returns the centroid (point geometry) of the area represented by a pixel.
ST_PixelAsCentroids - Returns the centroid (point geometry) for each pixel of a raster band along with the value, the X and the Y raster coordinates of each pixel. The point geometry is the centroid of the area represented by a pixel.
ST_PixelAsPoint - Returns a point geometry of the pixel's upper-left corner.
ST_PixelAsPoints - Returns a point geometry for each pixel of a raster band along with the value, the X and the Y raster coordinates of each pixel. The coordinates of the point geometry are of the pixel's upper-left corner.
ST_PixelAsPolygon - Returns the polygon geometry that bounds the pixel for a particular row and column.
ST_PixelAsPolygons - Returns the polygon geometry that bounds every pixel of a raster band along with the value, the X and the Y raster coordinates of each pixel.
ST_PixelHeight - Returns the pixel height in geometric units of the spatial reference system.
ST_PixelOfValue - Get the columnx, rowy coordinates of the pixel whose value equals the search value.
ST_PixelWidth - Returns the pixel width in geometric units of the spatial reference system.
ST_Polygon - Returns a multipolygon geometry formed by the union of pixels that have a pixel value that is not no data value. If no band number is specified, band num defaults to 1.
ST_Quantile - Compute quantiles for a raster or raster table coverage in the context of the sample or population. Thus, a value could be examined to be at the raster's 25%, 50%, 75% percentile.
ST_RasterToWorldCoord - Returns the raster's upper left corner as geometric X and Y (longitude and latitude) given a column and row. Column and row starts at 1.
ST_RasterToWorldCoordX - Returns the geometric X coordinate upper left of a raster, column and row. Numbering of columns and rows starts at 1.
ST_RasterToWorldCoordY - Returns the geometric Y coordinate upper left corner of a raster, column and row. Numbering of columns and rows starts at 1.
ST_Reclass - Creates a new raster composed of band types reclassified from original. The nband is the band to be changed. If nband is not specified assumed to be 1. All other bands are returned unchanged. Use case: convert a 16BUI band to a 8BUI and so forth for simpler rendering as viewable formats.
ST_Resample - Resample a raster using a specified resampling algorithm, new dimensions, an arbitrary grid corner and a set of raster georeferencing attributes defined or borrowed from another raster.
ST_Rescale - Resample a raster by adjusting only its scale (or pixel size). New pixel values are computed using the NearestNeighbor (english or american spelling), Bilinear, Cubic, CubicSpline or Lanczos resampling algorithm. Default is NearestNeighbor.
ST_Resize - Resize a raster to a new width/height
ST_Reskew - Resample a raster by adjusting only its skew (or rotation parameters). New pixel values are computed using the NearestNeighbor (english or american spelling), Bilinear, Cubic, CubicSpline or Lanczos resampling algorithm. Default is NearestNeighbor.
ST_Rotation - Returns the rotation of the raster in radian.
ST_Roughness - Returns a raster with the calculated "roughness" of a DEM.
ST_SRID - Returns the spatial reference identifier of the raster as defined in spatial_ref_sys table.
ST_SameAlignment - Returns true if rasters have same skew, scale, spatial ref, and offset (pixels can be put on same grid without cutting into pixels) and false if they don't with notice detailing issue.
ST_ScaleX - Returns the X component of the pixel width in units of coordinate reference system.
ST_ScaleY - Returns the Y component of the pixel height in units of coordinate reference system.
ST_SetBandIsNoData - Sets the isnodata flag of the band to TRUE.
ST_SetBandNoDataValue - Sets the value for the given band that represents no data. Band 1 is assumed if no band is specified. To mark a band as having no nodata value, set the nodata value = NULL.
ST_SetGeoReference - Set Georeference 6 georeference parameters in a single call. Numbers should be separated by white space. Accepts inputs in GDAL or ESRI format. Default is GDAL.
ST_SetRotation - Set the rotation of the raster in radian.
ST_SetSRID - Sets the SRID of a raster to a particular integer srid defined in the spatial_ref_sys table.
ST_SetScale - Sets the X and Y size of pixels in units of coordinate reference system. Number units/pixel width/height.
ST_SetSkew - Sets the georeference X and Y skew (or rotation parameter). If only one is passed in, sets X and Y to the same value.
ST_SetUpperLeft - Sets the value of the upper left corner of the pixel to projected X and Y coordinates.
ST_SetValue - Returns modified raster resulting from setting the value of a given band in a given columnx, rowy pixel or the pixels that intersect a particular geometry. Band numbers start at 1 and assumed to be 1 if not specified.
ST_SetValues - Returns modified raster resulting from setting the values of a given band.
ST_SkewX - Returns the georeference X skew (or rotation parameter).
ST_SkewY - Returns the georeference Y skew (or rotation parameter).
ST_Slope - Returns the slope (in degrees by default) of an elevation raster band. Useful for analyzing terrain.
ST_SnapToGrid - Resample a raster by snapping it to a grid. New pixel values are computed using the NearestNeighbor (english or american spelling), Bilinear, Cubic, CubicSpline or Lanczos resampling algorithm. Default is NearestNeighbor.
ST_Summary - Returns a text summary of the contents of the raster.
ST_SummaryStats - Returns summarystats consisting of count, sum, mean, stddev, min, max for a given raster band of a raster or raster coverage. Band 1 is assumed is no band is specified.
ST_SummaryStatsAgg - Aggregate. Returns summarystats consisting of count, sum, mean, stddev, min, max for a given raster band of a set of raster. Band 1 is assumed is no band is specified.
ST_TPI - Returns a raster with the calculated Topographic Position Index.
ST_TRI - Returns a raster with the calculated Terrain Ruggedness Index.
ST_Tile - Returns a set of rasters resulting from the split of the input raster based upon the desired dimensions of the output rasters.
ST_Touches - Return true if raster rastA and rastB have at least one point in common but their interiors do not intersect.
ST_Transform - Reprojects a raster in a known spatial reference system to another known spatial reference system using specified resampling algorithm. Options are NearestNeighbor, Bilinear, Cubic, CubicSpline, Lanczos defaulting to NearestNeighbor.
ST_Union - Returns the union of a set of raster tiles into a single raster composed of 1 or more bands.
ST_UpperLeftX - Returns the upper left X coordinate of raster in projected spatial ref.
ST_UpperLeftY - Returns the upper left Y coordinate of raster in projected spatial ref.
ST_Value - Returns the value of a given band in a given columnx, rowy pixel or at a particular geometric point. Band numbers start at 1 and assumed to be 1 if not specified. If exclude_nodata_value is set to false, then all pixels include nodata pixels are considered to intersect and return value. If exclude_nodata_value is not passed in then reads it from metadata of raster.
ST_ValueCount - Returns a set of records containing a pixel band value and count of the number of pixels in a given band of a raster (or a raster coverage) that have a given set of values. If no band is specified defaults to band 1. By default nodata value pixels are not counted. and all other values in the pixel are output and pixel band values are rounded to the nearest integer.
ST_Width - Returns the width of the raster in pixels.
ST_Within - Return true if no points of raster rastA lie in the exterior of raster rastB and at least one point of the interior of rastA lies in the interior of rastB.
ST_WorldToRasterCoord - Returns the upper left corner as column and row given geometric X and Y (longitude and latitude) or a point geometry expressed in the spatial reference coordinate system of the raster.
ST_WorldToRasterCoordX - Returns the column in the raster of the point geometry (pt) or a X and Y world coordinate (xw, yw) represented in world spatial reference system of raster.
ST_WorldToRasterCoordY - Returns the row in the raster of the point geometry (pt) or a X and Y world coordinate (xw, yw) represented in world spatial reference system of raster.
UpdateRasterSRID - Change the SRID of all rasters in the user-specified column and table.

14.6. PostGIS Geometry / Geography / Raster Dump Functions

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that take as input or return as output a set of or single geometry_dump or geomval data type object.

ST_DumpAsPolygons - Returns a set of geomval (geom,val) rows, from a given raster band. If no band number is specified, band num defaults to 1.
ST_Intersection - Returns a raster or a set of geometry-pixelvalue pairs representing the shared portion of two rasters or the geometrical intersection of a vectorization of the raster and a geometry.
ST_Dump - Returns a set of geometry_dump (geom,path) rows, that make up a geometry g1.
ST_DumpPoints - Returns a set of geometry_dump (geom,path) rows of all points that make up a geometry.
ST_DumpRings - Returns a set of geometry_dump rows, representing the exterior and interior rings of a polygon.

14.7. PostGIS Box Functions

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that take as input or return as output the box* family of PostGIS spatial types. The box family of types consists of box2d, and box3d

Box2D - Returns a BOX2D representing the maximum extents of the geometry.
Box3D - Returns a BOX3D representing the maximum extents of the geometry.
Box3D - Returns the box 3d representation of the enclosing box of the raster.
ST_3DExtent - an aggregate function that returns the box3D bounding box that bounds rows of geometries.
ST_3DMakeBox - Creates a BOX3D defined by the given 3d point geometries.
ST_AsTWKB - Returns the geometry as TWKB, aka "Tiny Well-Known Binary"
ST_Box2dFromGeoHash - Return a BOX2D from a GeoHash string.
ST_ClipByBox2D - Returns the portion of a geometry falling within a rectangle.
ST_EstimatedExtent - Return the 'estimated' extent of the given spatial table. The estimated is taken from the geometry column's statistics. The current schema will be used if not specified.
ST_Expand - Returns bounding box expanded in all directions from the bounding box of the input geometry. Uses double-precision
ST_Extent - an aggregate function that returns the bounding box that bounds rows of geometries.
ST_MakeBox2D - Creates a BOX2D defined by the given point geometries.
ST_XMax - Returns X maxima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_XMin - Returns X minima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_YMax - Returns Y maxima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_YMin - Returns Y minima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_ZMax - Returns Z minima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_ZMin - Returns Z minima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
~(box2df,box2df) - Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) contains another 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF).
~(box2df,geometry) - Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) contains a geometry's 2D bonding box.
~(geometry,box2df) - Returns TRUE if a geometry's 2D bonding box contains a 2D float precision bounding box (GIDX).
@(box2df,box2df) - Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) is contained into another 2D float precision bounding box.
@(box2df,geometry) - Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) is contained into a geometry's 2D bounding box.
@(geometry,box2df) - Returns TRUE if a geometry's 2D bounding box is contained into a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF).
&&(box2df,box2df) - Returns TRUE if two 2D float precision bounding boxes (BOX2DF) intersect each other.
&&(box2df,geometry) - Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) intersects a geometry's (cached) 2D bounding box.
&&(geometry,box2df) - Returns TRUE if a geometry's (cached) 2D bounding box intersects a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF).

14.8. PostGIS Functions that support 3D

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that do not throw away the Z-Index.

AddGeometryColumn - Adds a geometry column to an existing table of attributes. By default uses type modifier to define rather than constraints. Pass in false for use_typmod to get old check constraint based behavior
Box3D - Returns a BOX3D representing the maximum extents of the geometry.
DropGeometryColumn - Removes a geometry column from a spatial table.
GeometryType - Returns the type of the geometry as a string. Eg: 'LINESTRING', 'POLYGON', 'MULTIPOINT', etc.
ST_3DArea - Computes area of 3D surface geometries. Will return 0 for solids.
ST_3DClosestPoint - Returns the 3-dimensional point on g1 that is closest to g2. This is the first point of the 3D shortest line.
ST_3DDFullyWithin - Returns true if all of the 3D geometries are within the specified distance of one another.
ST_3DDWithin - For 3d (z) geometry type Returns true if two geometries 3d distance is within number of units.
ST_3DDifference - Perform 3D difference
ST_3DDistance - For geometry type Returns the 3-dimensional cartesian minimum distance (based on spatial ref) between two geometries in projected units.
ST_3DExtent - an aggregate function that returns the box3D bounding box that bounds rows of geometries.
ST_3DIntersection - Perform 3D intersection
ST_3DIntersects - Returns TRUE if the Geometries "spatially intersect" in 3d - only for points, linestrings, polygons, polyhedral surface (area). With SFCGAL backend enabled also supports TINS
ST_3DLength - Returns the 3-dimensional or 2-dimensional length of the geometry if it is a linestring or multi-linestring.
ST_3DLongestLine - Returns the 3-dimensional longest line between two geometries
ST_3DMakeBox - Creates a BOX3D defined by the given 3d point geometries.
ST_3DMaxDistance - For geometry type Returns the 3-dimensional cartesian maximum distance (based on spatial ref) between two geometries in projected units.
ST_3DPerimeter - Returns the 3-dimensional perimeter of the geometry, if it is a polygon or multi-polygon.
ST_3DShortestLine - Returns the 3-dimensional shortest line between two geometries
ST_3DUnion - Perform 3D union
ST_Accum - Aggregate. Constructs an array of geometries.
ST_AddMeasure - Return a derived geometry with measure elements linearly interpolated between the start and end points.
ST_AddPoint - Add a point to a LineString.
ST_Affine - Apply a 3d affine transformation to a geometry.
ST_ApproximateMedialAxis - Compute the approximate medial axis of an areal geometry.
ST_AsBinary - Return the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID meta data.
ST_AsEWKB - Return the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the geometry with SRID meta data.
ST_AsEWKT - Return the Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the geometry with SRID meta data.
ST_AsGML - Return the geometry as a GML version 2 or 3 element.
ST_AsGeoJSON - Return the geometry as a GeoJSON element.
ST_AsHEXEWKB - Returns a Geometry in HEXEWKB format (as text) using either little-endian (NDR) or big-endian (XDR) encoding.
ST_AsKML - Return the geometry as a KML element. Several variants. Default version=2, default precision=15
ST_AsX3D - Returns a Geometry in X3D xml node element format: ISO-IEC-19776-1.2-X3DEncodings-XML
ST_Boundary - Returns the closure of the combinatorial boundary of this Geometry.
ST_BoundingDiagonal - Returns the diagonal of the supplied geometry's bounding box.
ST_CPAWithin - Returns true if the trajectories' closest points of approachare within the specified distance.
ST_ClosestPointOfApproach - Returns the measure at which points interpolated along two lines are closest.
ST_Collect - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from a collection of other geometries.
ST_ConvexHull - The convex hull of a geometry represents the minimum convex geometry that encloses all geometries within the set.
ST_CoordDim - Return the coordinate dimension of the ST_Geometry value.
ST_CurveToLine - Converts a CIRCULARSTRING/CURVEPOLYGON to a LINESTRING/POLYGON
ST_DelaunayTriangles - Return a Delaunay triangulation around the given input points.
ST_Difference - Returns a geometry that represents that part of geometry A that does not intersect with geometry B.
ST_DistanceCPA - Returns the distance between closest points of approach in two trajectories.
ST_Dump - Returns a set of geometry_dump (geom,path) rows, that make up a geometry g1.
ST_DumpPoints - Returns a set of geometry_dump (geom,path) rows of all points that make up a geometry.
ST_DumpRings - Returns a set of geometry_dump rows, representing the exterior and interior rings of a polygon.
ST_EndPoint - Returns the last point of a LINESTRING or CIRCULARLINESTRING geometry as a POINT.
ST_ExteriorRing - Returns a line string representing the exterior ring of the POLYGON geometry. Return NULL if the geometry is not a polygon. Will not work with MULTIPOLYGON
ST_Extrude - Extrude a surface to a related volume
ST_FlipCoordinates - Returns a version of the given geometry with X and Y axis flipped. Useful for people who have built latitude/longitude features and need to fix them.
ST_Force2D - Force the geometries into a "2-dimensional mode".
ST_ForceCurve - Upcast a geometry into its curved type, if applicable.
ST_ForceLHR - Force LHR orientation
ST_ForceRHR - Force the orientation of the vertices in a polygon to follow the Right-Hand-Rule.
ST_ForceSFS - Force the geometries to use SFS 1.1 geometry types only.
ST_Force_3D - Force the geometries into XYZ mode. This is an alias for ST_Force3DZ.
ST_Force_3DZ - Force the geometries into XYZ mode.
ST_Force_4D - Force the geometries into XYZM mode.
ST_Force_Collection - Convert the geometry into a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION.
ST_GeomFromEWKB - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Extended Well-Known Binary representation (EWKB).
ST_GeomFromEWKT - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Extended Well-Known Text representation (EWKT).
ST_GeomFromGML - Takes as input GML representation of geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object
ST_GeomFromGeoJSON - Takes as input a geojson representation of a geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object
ST_GeomFromKML - Takes as input KML representation of geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object
ST_GeometricMedian - Returns the geometric median of a MultiPoint.
ST_GeometryN - Return the 1-based Nth geometry if the geometry is a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION, (MULTI)POINT, (MULTI)LINESTRING, MULTICURVE or (MULTI)POLYGON, POLYHEDRALSURFACE Otherwise, return NULL.
ST_GeometryType - Return the geometry type of the ST_Geometry value.
ST_HasArc - Returns true if a geometry or geometry collection contains a circular string
ST_InteriorRingN - Return the Nth interior linestring ring of the polygon geometry. Return NULL if the geometry is not a polygon or the given N is out of range.
ST_InterpolatePoint - Return the value of the measure dimension of a geometry at the point closed to the provided point.
ST_IsClosed - Returns TRUE if the LINESTRING's start and end points are coincident. For Polyhedral surface is closed (volumetric).
ST_IsCollection - Returns TRUE if the argument is a collection (MULTI*, GEOMETRYCOLLECTION, ...)
ST_IsPlanar - Check if a surface is or not planar
ST_IsSimple - Returns (TRUE) if this Geometry has no anomalous geometric points, such as self intersection or self tangency.
ST_IsSolid - Test if the geometry is a solid. No validity check is performed.
ST_IsValidTrajectory - Returns true if the geometry is a valid trajectory.
ST_Length_Spheroid - Calculates the 2D or 3D length/perimeter of a geometry on an ellipsoid. This is useful if the coordinates of the geometry are in longitude/latitude and a length is desired without reprojection.
ST_LineFromMultiPoint - Creates a LineString from a MultiPoint geometry.
ST_LineInterpolatePoint - Returns a point interpolated along a line. Second argument is a float8 between 0 and 1 representing fraction of total length of linestring the point has to be located.
ST_LineSubstring - Return a linestring being a substring of the input one starting and ending at the given fractions of total 2d length. Second and third arguments are float8 values between 0 and 1.
ST_LineToCurve - Converts a LINESTRING/POLYGON to a CIRCULARSTRING, CURVEPOLYGON
ST_LocateBetweenElevations - Return a derived geometry (collection) value with elements that intersect the specified range of elevations inclusively. Only 3D, 4D LINESTRINGS and MULTILINESTRINGS are supported.
ST_M - Return the M coordinate of the point, or NULL if not available. Input must be a point.
ST_MakeLine - Creates a Linestring from point, multipoint, or line geometries.
ST_MakePoint - Creates a 2D,3DZ or 4D point geometry.
ST_MakePolygon - Creates a Polygon formed by the given shell. Input geometries must be closed LINESTRINGS.
ST_MakeSolid - Cast the geometry into a solid. No check is performed. To obtain a valid solid, the input geometry must be a closed Polyhedral Surface or a closed TIN.
ST_MakeValid - Attempts to make an invalid geometry valid without losing vertices.
ST_MemSize - Returns the amount of space (in bytes) the geometry takes.
ST_MemUnion - Same as ST_Union, only memory-friendly (uses less memory and more processor time).
ST_NDims - Returns coordinate dimension of the geometry as a small int. Values are: 2,3 or 4.
ST_NPoints - Return the number of points (vertexes) in a geometry.
ST_NRings - If the geometry is a polygon or multi-polygon returns the number of rings.
ST_Node - Node a set of linestrings.
ST_NumGeometries - If geometry is a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (or MULTI*) return the number of geometries, for single geometries will return 1, otherwise return NULL.
ST_NumPatches - Return the number of faces on a Polyhedral Surface. Will return null for non-polyhedral geometries.
ST_Orientation - Determine surface orientation
ST_PatchN - Return the 1-based Nth geometry (face) if the geometry is a POLYHEDRALSURFACE, POLYHEDRALSURFACEM. Otherwise, return NULL.
ST_PointFromWKB - Makes a geometry from WKB with the given SRID
ST_PointN - Return the Nth point in the first LineString or circular LineString in the geometry. Negative values are counted backwards from the end of the LineString. Returns NULL if there is no linestring in the geometry.
ST_PointOnSurface - Returns a POINT guaranteed to lie on the surface.
ST_Points - Returns a MultiPoint containing all of the coordinates of a geometry.
ST_Polygon - Returns a polygon built from the specified linestring and SRID.
ST_RemovePoint - Remove point from a linestring.
ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints - Returns a version of the given geometry with duplicated points removed.
ST_Rotate - Rotate a geometry rotRadians counter-clockwise about an origin.
ST_RotateX - Rotate a geometry rotRadians about the X axis.
ST_RotateY - Rotate a geometry rotRadians about the Y axis.
ST_RotateZ - Rotate a geometry rotRadians about the Z axis.
ST_Scale - Scale a geometry by given factors.
ST_SetPoint - Replace point of a linestring with a given point.
ST_Shift_Longitude - Toggle geometry coordinates between -180..180 and 0..360 ranges.
ST_SnapToGrid - Snap all points of the input geometry to a regular grid.
ST_StartPoint - Returns the first point of a LINESTRING geometry as a POINT.
ST_StraightSkeleton - Compute a straight skeleton from a geometry
ST_SwapOrdinates - Returns a version of the given geometry with given ordinate values swapped.
ST_SymDifference - Returns a geometry that represents the portions of A and B that do not intersect. It is called a symmetric difference because ST_SymDifference(A,B) = ST_SymDifference(B,A).
ST_Tesselate - Perform surface Tesselation of a polygon or polyhedralsurface and returns as a TIN or collection of TINS
ST_TransScale - Translate a geometry by given factors and offsets.
ST_Translate - Translate a geometry by given offsets.
ST_UnaryUnion - Like ST_Union, but working at the geometry component level.
ST_Volume - Computes the volume of a 3D solid. If applied to surface (even closed) geometries will return 0.
ST_WrapX - Wrap a geometry around an X value.
ST_X - Return the X coordinate of the point, or NULL if not available. Input must be a point.
ST_XMax - Returns X maxima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_XMin - Returns X minima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_Y - Return the Y coordinate of the point, or NULL if not available. Input must be a point.
ST_YMax - Returns Y maxima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_YMin - Returns Y minima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_Z - Return the Z coordinate of the point, or NULL if not available. Input must be a point.
ST_ZMax - Returns Z minima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_ZMin - Returns Z minima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_Zmflag - Returns ZM (dimension semantic) flag of the geometries as a small int. Values are: 0=2d, 1=3dm, 2=3dz, 3=4d.
TG_Equals - Returns true if two topogeometries are composed of the same topology primitives.
TG_Intersects - Returns true if any pair of primitives from thetwo topogeometries intersect.
UpdateGeometrySRID - Updates the SRID of all features in a geometry column, geometry_columns metadata and srid. If it was enforced with constraints, the constraints will be updated with new srid constraint. If the old was enforced by type definition, the type definition will be changed.
geometry_overlaps_nd - Returns TRUE if A's n-D bounding box intersects B's n-D bounding box.
overlaps_nd_geometry_gidx - Returns TRUE if a geometry's (cached) n-D bounding box intersects a n-D float precision bounding box (GIDX).
overlaps_nd_gidx_geometry - Returns TRUE if a n-D float precision bounding box (GIDX) intersects a geometry's (cached) n-D bounding box.
overlaps_nd_gidx_gidx - Returns TRUE if two n-D float precision bounding boxes (GIDX) intersect each other.
postgis_sfcgal_version - Returns the version of SFCGAL in use

14.9. PostGIS Curved Geometry Support Functions

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that can use CIRCULARSTRING, CURVEPOLYGON, and other curved geometry types

AddGeometryColumn - Adds a geometry column to an existing table of attributes. By default uses type modifier to define rather than constraints. Pass in false for use_typmod to get old check constraint based behavior
Box2D - Returns a BOX2D representing the maximum extents of the geometry.
Box3D - Returns a BOX3D representing the maximum extents of the geometry.
DropGeometryColumn - Removes a geometry column from a spatial table.
GeometryType - Returns the type of the geometry as a string. Eg: 'LINESTRING', 'POLYGON', 'MULTIPOINT', etc.
PostGIS_AddBBox - Add bounding box to the geometry.
PostGIS_DropBBox - Drop the bounding box cache from the geometry.
PostGIS_HasBBox - Returns TRUE if the bbox of this geometry is cached, FALSE otherwise.
ST_3DExtent - an aggregate function that returns the box3D bounding box that bounds rows of geometries.
ST_Accum - Aggregate. Constructs an array of geometries.
ST_Affine - Apply a 3d affine transformation to a geometry.
ST_AsBinary - Return the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID meta data.
ST_AsEWKB - Return the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the geometry with SRID meta data.
ST_AsEWKT - Return the Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the geometry with SRID meta data.
ST_AsHEXEWKB - Returns a Geometry in HEXEWKB format (as text) using either little-endian (NDR) or big-endian (XDR) encoding.
ST_AsText - Return the Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID metadata.
ST_Collect - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from a collection of other geometries.
ST_CoordDim - Return the coordinate dimension of the ST_Geometry value.
ST_CurveToLine - Converts a CIRCULARSTRING/CURVEPOLYGON to a LINESTRING/POLYGON
ST_Distance - For geometry type Returns the 2D Cartesian distance between two geometries in projected units (based on spatial ref). For geography type defaults to return minimum geodesic distance between two geographies in meters.
ST_Dump - Returns a set of geometry_dump (geom,path) rows, that make up a geometry g1.
ST_DumpPoints - Returns a set of geometry_dump (geom,path) rows of all points that make up a geometry.
ST_EndPoint - Returns the last point of a LINESTRING or CIRCULARLINESTRING geometry as a POINT.
ST_EstimatedExtent - Return the 'estimated' extent of the given spatial table. The estimated is taken from the geometry column's statistics. The current schema will be used if not specified.
ST_FlipCoordinates - Returns a version of the given geometry with X and Y axis flipped. Useful for people who have built latitude/longitude features and need to fix them.
ST_Force2D - Force the geometries into a "2-dimensional mode".
ST_ForceCurve - Upcast a geometry into its curved type, if applicable.
ST_ForceSFS - Force the geometries to use SFS 1.1 geometry types only.
ST_Force3D - Force the geometries into XYZ mode. This is an alias for ST_Force3DZ.
ST_Force3DM - Force the geometries into XYM mode.
ST_Force3DZ - Force the geometries into XYZ mode.
ST_Force4D - Force the geometries into XYZM mode.
ST_ForceCollection - Convert the geometry into a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION.
ST_GeoHash - Return a GeoHash representation of the geometry.
ST_GeogFromWKB - Creates a geography instance from a Well-Known Binary geometry representation (WKB) or extended Well Known Binary (EWKB).
ST_GeomFromEWKB - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Extended Well-Known Binary representation (EWKB).
ST_GeomFromEWKT - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Extended Well-Known Text representation (EWKT).
ST_GeomFromText - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Text representation (WKT).
ST_GeomFromWKB - Creates a geometry instance from a Well-Known Binary geometry representation (WKB) and optional SRID.
ST_GeometryN - Return the 1-based Nth geometry if the geometry is a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION, (MULTI)POINT, (MULTI)LINESTRING, MULTICURVE or (MULTI)POLYGON, POLYHEDRALSURFACE Otherwise, return NULL.
= - Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is the same as B's. Uses double precision bounding box.
&<| - Returns TRUE if A's bounding box overlaps or is below B's.
ST_HasArc - Returns true if a geometry or geometry collection contains a circular string
ST_IsClosed - Returns TRUE if the LINESTRING's start and end points are coincident. For Polyhedral surface is closed (volumetric).
ST_IsCollection - Returns TRUE if the argument is a collection (MULTI*, GEOMETRYCOLLECTION, ...)
ST_IsEmpty - Returns true if this Geometry is an empty geometrycollection, polygon, point etc.
ST_LineToCurve - Converts a LINESTRING/POLYGON to a CIRCULARSTRING, CURVEPOLYGON
ST_MemSize - Returns the amount of space (in bytes) the geometry takes.
ST_NPoints - Return the number of points (vertexes) in a geometry.
ST_NRings - If the geometry is a polygon or multi-polygon returns the number of rings.
ST_PointFromWKB - Makes a geometry from WKB with the given SRID
ST_PointN - Return the Nth point in the first LineString or circular LineString in the geometry. Negative values are counted backwards from the end of the LineString. Returns NULL if there is no linestring in the geometry.
ST_Points - Returns a MultiPoint containing all of the coordinates of a geometry.
ST_Rotate - Rotate a geometry rotRadians counter-clockwise about an origin.
ST_RotateZ - Rotate a geometry rotRadians about the Z axis.
ST_SRID - Returns the spatial reference identifier for the ST_Geometry as defined in spatial_ref_sys table.
ST_Scale - Scale a geometry by given factors.
ST_SetSRID - Set the SRID on a geometry to a particular integer value.
ST_StartPoint - Returns the first point of a LINESTRING geometry as a POINT.
ST_Summary - Returns a text summary of the contents of the geometry.
ST_SwapOrdinates - Returns a version of the given geometry with given ordinate values swapped.
ST_TransScale - Translate a geometry by given factors and offsets.
ST_Transform - Return a new geometry with its coordinates transformed to a different spatial reference.
ST_Translate - Translate a geometry by given offsets.
ST_XMax - Returns X maxima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_XMin - Returns X minima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_YMax - Returns Y maxima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_YMin - Returns Y minima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_ZMax - Returns Z minima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_ZMin - Returns Z minima of a bounding box 2d or 3d or a geometry.
ST_Zmflag - Returns ZM (dimension semantic) flag of the geometries as a small int. Values are: 0=2d, 1=3dm, 2=3dz, 3=4d.
UpdateGeometrySRID - Updates the SRID of all features in a geometry column, geometry_columns metadata and srid. If it was enforced with constraints, the constraints will be updated with new srid constraint. If the old was enforced by type definition, the type definition will be changed.
~(box2df,box2df) - Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) contains another 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF).
~(box2df,geometry) - Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) contains a geometry's 2D bonding box.
~(geometry,box2df) - Returns TRUE if a geometry's 2D bonding box contains a 2D float precision bounding box (GIDX).
&& - Returns TRUE if A's 2D bounding box intersects B's 2D bounding box.
&&& - Returns TRUE if A's n-D bounding box intersects B's n-D bounding box.
@(box2df,box2df) - Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) is contained into another 2D float precision bounding box.
@(box2df,geometry) - Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) is contained into a geometry's 2D bounding box.
@(geometry,box2df) - Returns TRUE if a geometry's 2D bounding box is contained into a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF).
&&(box2df,box2df) - Returns TRUE if two 2D float precision bounding boxes (BOX2DF) intersect each other.
&&(box2df,geometry) - Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) intersects a geometry's (cached) 2D bounding box.
&&(geometry,box2df) - Returns TRUE if a geometry's (cached) 2D bounding box intersects a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF).
&&&(geometry,gidx) - Returns TRUE if a geometry's (cached) n-D bounding box intersects a n-D float precision bounding box (GIDX).
&&&(gidx,geometry) - Returns TRUE if a n-D float precision bounding box (GIDX) intersects a geometry's (cached) n-D bounding box.
&&&(gidx,gidx) - Returns TRUE if two n-D float precision bounding boxes (GIDX) intersect each other.

14.10. PostGIS Polyhedral Surface Support Functions

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that can use POLYHEDRALSURFACE, POLYHEDRALSURFACEM geometries

Box2D - Returns a BOX2D representing the maximum extents of the geometry.
Box3D - Returns a BOX3D representing the maximum extents of the geometry.
GeometryType - Returns the type of the geometry as a string. Eg: 'LINESTRING', 'POLYGON', 'MULTIPOINT', etc.
ST_3DArea - Computes area of 3D surface geometries. Will return 0 for solids.
ST_3DClosestPoint - Returns the 3-dimensional point on g1 that is closest to g2. This is the first point of the 3D shortest line.
ST_3DDFullyWithin - Returns true if all of the 3D geometries are within the specified distance of one another.
ST_3DDWithin - For 3d (z) geometry type Returns true if two geometries 3d distance is within number of units.
ST_3DDifference - Perform 3D difference
ST_3DDistance - For geometry type Returns the 3-dimensional cartesian minimum distance (based on spatial ref) between two geometries in projected units.
ST_3DExtent - an aggregate function that returns the box3D bounding box that bounds rows of geometries.
ST_3DIntersection - Perform 3D intersection
ST_3DIntersects - Returns TRUE if the Geometries "spatially intersect" in 3d - only for points, linestrings, polygons, polyhedral surface (area). With SFCGAL backend enabled also supports TINS
ST_3DLongestLine - Returns the 3-dimensional longest line between two geometries
ST_3DMaxDistance - For geometry type Returns the 3-dimensional cartesian maximum distance (based on spatial ref) between two geometries in projected units.
ST_3DShortestLine - Returns the 3-dimensional shortest line between two geometries
ST_3DUnion - Perform 3D union
ST_Accum - Aggregate. Constructs an array of geometries.
ST_Affine - Apply a 3d affine transformation to a geometry.
ST_ApproximateMedialAxis - Compute the approximate medial axis of an areal geometry.
ST_Area - Returns the area of the surface if it is a Polygon or MultiPolygon. For geometry, a 2D Cartesian area is determined with units specified by the SRID. For geography, area is determined on a curved surface with units in square meters.
ST_AsBinary - Return the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID meta data.
ST_AsEWKB - Return the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the geometry with SRID meta data.
ST_AsEWKT - Return the Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the geometry with SRID meta data.
ST_AsGML - Return the geometry as a GML version 2 or 3 element.
ST_AsX3D - Returns a Geometry in X3D xml node element format: ISO-IEC-19776-1.2-X3DEncodings-XML
ST_CoordDim - Return the coordinate dimension of the ST_Geometry value.
ST_Dimension - The inherent dimension of this Geometry object, which must be less than or equal to the coordinate dimension.
ST_Dump - Returns a set of geometry_dump (geom,path) rows, that make up a geometry g1.
ST_DumpPoints - Returns a set of geometry_dump (geom,path) rows of all points that make up a geometry.
ST_Expand - Returns bounding box expanded in all directions from the bounding box of the input geometry. Uses double-precision
ST_Extent - an aggregate function that returns the bounding box that bounds rows of geometries.
ST_Extrude - Extrude a surface to a related volume
ST_FlipCoordinates - Returns a version of the given geometry with X and Y axis flipped. Useful for people who have built latitude/longitude features and need to fix them.
ST_Force2D - Force the geometries into a "2-dimensional mode".
ST_ForceLHR - Force LHR orientation
ST_ForceRHR - Force the orientation of the vertices in a polygon to follow the Right-Hand-Rule.
ST_ForceSFS - Force the geometries to use SFS 1.1 geometry types only.
ST_Force3D - Force the geometries into XYZ mode. This is an alias for ST_Force3DZ.
ST_Force3DZ - Force the geometries into XYZ mode.
ST_ForceCollection - Convert the geometry into a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION.
ST_GeomFromEWKB - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Extended Well-Known Binary representation (EWKB).
ST_GeomFromEWKT - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Extended Well-Known Text representation (EWKT).
ST_GeomFromGML - Takes as input GML representation of geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object
ST_GeometryN - Return the 1-based Nth geometry if the geometry is a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION, (MULTI)POINT, (MULTI)LINESTRING, MULTICURVE or (MULTI)POLYGON, POLYHEDRALSURFACE Otherwise, return NULL.
ST_GeometryType - Return the geometry type of the ST_Geometry value.
= - Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is the same as B's. Uses double precision bounding box.
&<| - Returns TRUE if A's bounding box overlaps or is below B's.
~= - Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is the same as B's.
ST_IsClosed - Returns TRUE if the LINESTRING's start and end points are coincident. For Polyhedral surface is closed (volumetric).
ST_IsPlanar - Check if a surface is or not planar
ST_IsSolid - Test if the geometry is a solid. No validity check is performed.
ST_MakeSolid - Cast the geometry into a solid. No check is performed. To obtain a valid solid, the input geometry must be a closed Polyhedral Surface or a closed TIN.
ST_MemSize - Returns the amount of space (in bytes) the geometry takes.
ST_NPoints - Return the number of points (vertexes) in a geometry.
ST_NumGeometries - If geometry is a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (or MULTI*) return the number of geometries, for single geometries will return 1, otherwise return NULL.
ST_NumPatches - Return the number of faces on a Polyhedral Surface. Will return null for non-polyhedral geometries.
ST_PatchN - Return the 1-based Nth geometry (face) if the geometry is a POLYHEDRALSURFACE, POLYHEDRALSURFACEM. Otherwise, return NULL.
ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints - Returns a version of the given geometry with duplicated points removed.
ST_Rotate - Rotate a geometry rotRadians counter-clockwise about an origin.
ST_RotateX - Rotate a geometry rotRadians about the X axis.
ST_RotateY - Rotate a geometry rotRadians about the Y axis.
ST_RotateZ - Rotate a geometry rotRadians about the Z axis.
ST_Scale - Scale a geometry by given factors.
ST_ShiftLongitude - Toggle geometry coordinates between -180..180 and 0..360 ranges.
ST_StraightSkeleton - Compute a straight skeleton from a geometry
ST_Summary - Returns a text summary of the contents of the geometry.
ST_SwapOrdinates - Returns a version of the given geometry with given ordinate values swapped.
ST_Tesselate - Perform surface Tesselation of a polygon or polyhedralsurface and returns as a TIN or collection of TINS
ST_Transform - Return a new geometry with its coordinates transformed to a different spatial reference.
ST_Volume - Computes the volume of a 3D solid. If applied to surface (even closed) geometries will return 0.
~(box2df,box2df) - Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) contains another 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF).
~(box2df,geometry) - Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) contains a geometry's 2D bonding box.
~(geometry,box2df) - Returns TRUE if a geometry's 2D bonding box contains a 2D float precision bounding box (GIDX).
&& - Returns TRUE if A's 2D bounding box intersects B's 2D bounding box.
&&& - Returns TRUE if A's n-D bounding box intersects B's n-D bounding box.
@(box2df,box2df) - Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) is contained into another 2D float precision bounding box.
@(box2df,geometry) - Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) is contained into a geometry's 2D bounding box.
@(geometry,box2df) - Returns TRUE if a geometry's 2D bounding box is contained into a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF).
&&(box2df,box2df) - Returns TRUE if two 2D float precision bounding boxes (BOX2DF) intersect each other.
&&(box2df,geometry) - Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) intersects a geometry's (cached) 2D bounding box.
&&(geometry,box2df) - Returns TRUE if a geometry's (cached) 2D bounding box intersects a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF).
&&&(geometry,gidx) - Returns TRUE if a geometry's (cached) n-D bounding box intersects a n-D float precision bounding box (GIDX).
&&&(gidx,geometry) - Returns TRUE if a n-D float precision bounding box (GIDX) intersects a geometry's (cached) n-D bounding box.
&&&(gidx,gidx) - Returns TRUE if two n-D float precision bounding boxes (GIDX) intersect each other.
postgis_sfcgal_version - Returns the version of SFCGAL in use

14.11. PostGIS Function Support Matrix

Below is an alphabetical listing of spatial specific functions in PostGIS and the kinds of spatial types they work with or OGC/SQL compliance they try to conform to.

A means the function works with the type or subtype natively.
A means it works but with a transform cast built-in using cast to geometry, transform to a "best srid" spatial ref and then cast back. Results may not be as expected for large areas or areas at poles and may accumulate floating point junk.
A means the function works with the type because of a auto-cast to another such as to box3d rather than direct type support.
A means the function only available if PostGIS compiled with SFCGAL support.
A means the function support is provided by SFCGAL if PostGIS compiled with SFCGAL support, otherwise GEOS/built-in support.
geom - Basic 2D geometry support (x,y).
geog - Basic 2D geography support (x,y).
2.5D - basic 2D geometries in 3 D/4D space (has Z or M coord).
PS - Polyhedral surfaces
T - Triangles and Triangulated Irregular Network surfaces (TIN)

Function	geom	geog	2.5D	Curves	SQL MM	PS	T
Box2D
Box3D
Find_SRID
GeometryType
ST_3DArea
ST_3DClosestPoint
ST_3DDFullyWithin
ST_3DDWithin
ST_3DDifference
ST_3DDistance
ST_3DExtent
ST_3DIntersection
ST_3DIntersects
ST_3DLength
ST_3DLongestLine
ST_3DMakeBox
ST_3DMaxDistance
ST_3DPerimeter
ST_3DShortestLine
ST_3DUnion
ST_Accum
ST_AddMeasure
ST_AddPoint
ST_Affine
ST_ApproximateMedialAxis
ST_Area
ST_AsBinary
ST_AsEWKB
ST_AsEWKT
ST_AsEncodedPolyline
ST_AsGML
ST_AsGeoJSON
ST_AsHEXEWKB
ST_AsKML
ST_AsLatLonText
ST_AsSVG
ST_AsTWKB
ST_AsText
ST_AsX3D
ST_Azimuth
ST_BdMPolyFromText
ST_BdPolyFromText
ST_Boundary
ST_BoundingDiagonal
ST_Box2dFromGeoHash
ST_Buffer
ST_BuildArea
ST_CPAWithin
ST_Centroid
ST_ClipByBox2D
ST_ClosestPoint
ST_ClosestPointOfApproach
ST_ClusterDBSCAN
ST_ClusterIntersecting
ST_ClusterKMeans
ST_ClusterWithin
ST_Collect
ST_CollectionExtract
ST_CollectionHomogenize
ST_ConcaveHull
ST_Contains
ST_ContainsProperly
ST_ConvexHull
ST_CoordDim
ST_CoveredBy
ST_Covers
ST_Crosses
ST_CurveToLine
ST_DFullyWithin
ST_DWithin
ST_DelaunayTriangles
ST_Difference
ST_Dimension
ST_Disjoint
ST_Distance
ST_DistanceCPA
ST_DistanceSphere
ST_DistanceSpheroid
ST_Dump
ST_DumpPoints
ST_DumpRings
ST_EndPoint
ST_Envelope
ST_Equals
ST_EstimatedExtent
ST_Expand
ST_Extent
ST_ExteriorRing
ST_Extrude
ST_FlipCoordinates
ST_Force2D
ST_ForceCurve
ST_ForceLHR
ST_ForceRHR
ST_ForceSFS
ST_Force3D
ST_Force3DM
ST_Force3DZ
ST_Force4D
ST_ForceCollection
ST_GMLToSQL
ST_GeneratePoints
ST_GeoHash
ST_GeogFromText
ST_GeogFromWKB
ST_GeographyFromText
ST_GeomCollFromText
ST_GeomFromEWKB
ST_GeomFromEWKT
ST_GeomFromGML
ST_GeomFromGeoHash
ST_GeomFromGeoJSON
ST_GeomFromKML
ST_GeomFromTWKB
ST_GeomFromText
ST_GeomFromWKB
ST_GeometricMedian
ST_GeometryFromText
ST_GeometryN
ST_GeometryType
\|>>
<<\|
~
@
=
<<
\|&>
&<\|
&<
&>
>>
~=
ST_HasArc
ST_HausdorffDistance
ST_InteriorRingN
ST_InterpolatePoint
ST_Intersection
ST_Intersects
ST_IsClosed
ST_IsCollection
ST_IsEmpty
ST_IsPlanar
ST_IsRing
ST_IsSimple
ST_IsSolid
ST_IsValid
ST_IsValidDetail
ST_IsValidReason
ST_IsValidTrajectory
ST_Length
ST_Length2D
ST_Length2D_Spheroid
ST_LengthSpheroid
ST_LineCrossingDirection
ST_LineFromEncodedPolyline
ST_LineFromMultiPoint
ST_LineFromText
ST_LineFromWKB
ST_LineInterpolatePoint
ST_LineLocatePoint
ST_LineMerge
ST_LineSubstring
ST_LineToCurve
ST_LinestringFromWKB
ST_LocateAlong
ST_LocateBetween
ST_LocateBetweenElevations
ST_LongestLine
ST_M
ST_MLineFromText
ST_MPointFromText
ST_MPolyFromText
ST_MakeBox2D
ST_MakeEnvelope
ST_MakeLine
ST_MakePoint
ST_MakePointM
ST_MakePolygon
ST_MakeSolid
ST_MakeValid
ST_MaxDistance
ST_MemSize
ST_MemUnion
ST_MinimumBoundingCircle
ST_MinimumBoundingRadius
ST_MinimumClearance
ST_MinimumClearanceLine
ST_MinkowskiSum
ST_Multi
ST_NDims
ST_NPoints
ST_NRings
ST_Node
ST_Normalize
ST_NumGeometries
ST_NumInteriorRing
ST_NumInteriorRings
ST_NumPatches
ST_NumPoints
ST_OffsetCurve
ST_OrderingEquals
ST_Orientation
ST_Overlaps
ST_PatchN
ST_Perimeter
ST_Perimeter2D
ST_Point
ST_PointFromGeoHash
ST_PointFromText
ST_PointFromWKB
ST_PointN
ST_PointOnSurface
ST_PointInsideCircle
ST_Points
ST_Polygon
ST_PolygonFromText
ST_Polygonize
ST_Project
ST_Relate
ST_RelateMatch
ST_RemovePoint
ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints
ST_Reverse
ST_Rotate
ST_RotateX
ST_RotateY
ST_RotateZ
ST_SRID
ST_Scale
ST_Segmentize
ST_SetEffectiveArea
ST_SetPoint
ST_SetSRID
ST_SharedPaths
ST_ShiftLongitude
ST_ShortestLine
ST_Simplify
ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology
ST_SimplifyVW
ST_Snap
ST_SnapToGrid
ST_Split
ST_StartPoint
ST_StraightSkeleton
ST_Subdivide
ST_Summary
ST_SwapOrdinates
ST_SymDifference
ST_Tesselate
ST_Touches
ST_TransScale
ST_Transform
ST_Translate
ST_UnaryUnion
ST_Union
ST_Volume
ST_VoronoiLines
ST_VoronoiPolygons
ST_WKBToSQL
ST_WKTToSQL
ST_Within
ST_WrapX
ST_X
ST_XMax
ST_XMin
ST_Y
ST_YMax
ST_YMin
ST_Z
ST_ZMax
ST_ZMin
ST_Zmflag
~(box2df,box2df)
~(box2df,geometry)
~(geometry,box2df)
<#>
<<#>>
<<->>
\|=\|
<->
&&
&&&
@(box2df,box2df)
@(box2df,geometry)
@(geometry,box2df)
&&(box2df,box2df)
&&(box2df,geometry)
&&(geometry,box2df)
&&&(geometry,gidx)
&&&(gidx,geometry)
&&&(gidx,gidx)
postgis.backend
postgis.enable_outdb_rasters
postgis.gdal_datapath
postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers
postgis_sfcgal_version

14.12. New, Enhanced or changed PostGIS Functions

14.12.1. PostGIS Functions new or enhanced in 2.3
14.12.2. PostGIS Functions new or enhanced in 2.2
14.12.3. PostGIS functions breaking changes in 2.2
14.12.4. PostGIS Functions new or enhanced in 2.1
14.12.5. PostGIS functions breaking changes in 2.1
14.12.6. PostGIS Functions new, behavior changed, or enhanced in 2.0
14.12.7. PostGIS Functions changed behavior in 2.0
14.12.8. PostGIS Functions new, behavior changed, or enhanced in 1.5
14.12.9. PostGIS Functions new, behavior changed, or enhanced in 1.4
14.12.10. PostGIS Functions new in 1.3


	PostGIS 2.3.0: PostgreSQL 9.6+ support for parallel queries.


	PostGIS 2.3.0: PostgreSQL 9.4+ support for BRIN indexes. Refer to Section 4.6.2, “BRIN Indexes”.


	PostGIS 2.3.0: Tiger Geocoder upgraded to work with TIGER 2016 data.


	PostGIS 2.3.4: All 3D related including SFCGAL marked as parallel safe.

14.12.1. PostGIS Functions new or enhanced in 2.3

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that were added or enhanced.

Functions new in PostGIS 2.3

ST_GeometricMedian - Availability: 2.3.0 Returns the geometric median of a MultiPoint.
&&&(geometry,gidx) - Availability: 2.3.0 support for Block Range INdexes (BRIN) was introduced. Requires PostgreSQL 9.5+. Returns TRUE if a geometry's (cached) n-D bounding box intersects a n-D float precision bounding box (GIDX).
&&&(gidx,geometry) - Availability: 2.3.0 support for Block Range INdexes (BRIN) was introduced. Requires PostgreSQL 9.5+. Returns TRUE if a n-D float precision bounding box (GIDX) intersects a geometry's (cached) n-D bounding box.
&&&(gidx,gidx) - Availability: 2.3.0 support for Block Range INdexes (BRIN) was introduced. Requires PostgreSQL 9.5+. Returns TRUE if two n-D float precision bounding boxes (GIDX) intersect each other.
&&(box2df,box2df) - Availability: 2.3.0 support for Block Range INdexes (BRIN) was introduced. Requires PostgreSQL 9.5+. Returns TRUE if two 2D float precision bounding boxes (BOX2DF) intersect each other.
&&(box2df,geometry) - Availability: 2.3.0 support for Block Range INdexes (BRIN) was introduced. Requires PostgreSQL 9.5+. Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) intersects a geometry's (cached) 2D bounding box.
&&(geometry,box2df) - Availability: 2.3.0 support for Block Range INdexes (BRIN) was introduced. Requires PostgreSQL 9.5+. Returns TRUE if a geometry's (cached) 2D bounding box intersects a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF).
@(box2df,box2df) - Availability: 2.3.0 support for Block Range INdexes (BRIN) was introduced. Requires PostgreSQL 9.5+. Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) is contained into another 2D float precision bounding box.
@(box2df,geometry) - Availability: 2.3.0 support for Block Range INdexes (BRIN) was introduced. Requires PostgreSQL 9.5+. Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) is contained into a geometry's 2D bounding box.
@(geometry,box2df) - Availability: 2.3.0 support for Block Range INdexes (BRIN) was introduced. Requires PostgreSQL 9.5+. Returns TRUE if a geometry's 2D bounding box is contained into a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF).
Populate_Topology_Layer - Availability: 2.3.0 Adds missing entries to topology.layer table by reading metadata from topo tables.
ST_ClusterDBSCAN - Availability: 2.3.0 - requires GEOS Windowing function that returns integer id for the cluster each input geometry is in based on 2D implementation of Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm.
ST_ClusterKMeans - Availability: 2.3.0 - requires GEOS Windowing function that returns integer id for the cluster each input geometry is in.
ST_GeneratePoints - Availability: 2.3.0 Converts a polygon or multi-polygon into a multi-point composed of randomly location points within the original areas.
ST_MakeLine - Availability: 2.3.0 - Support for multipoint input elements was introduced Creates a Linestring from point, multipoint, or line geometries.
ST_MinimumClearance - Availability: 2.3.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.6.0 Returns the minimum clearance of a geometry, a measure of a geometry's robustness.
ST_MinimumClearanceLine - Availability: 2.3.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.6.0 Returns the two-point LineString spanning a geometry's minimum clearance.
ST_Points - Availability: 2.3.0 Returns a MultiPoint containing all of the coordinates of a geometry.
ST_VoronoiLines - Availability: 2.3.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.5.0. Returns the boundaries between the cells of the Voronoi diagram constructed from the vertices of a geometry.
ST_VoronoiPolygons - Availability: 2.3.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.5.0. Returns the cells of the Voronoi diagram constructed from the vertices of a geometry.
ST_WrapX - Availability: 2.3.0 Wrap a geometry around an X value.
TopoGeom_addElement - Availability: 2.3 Add an element to the definition of a TopoGeometry
TopoGeom_remElement - Availability: 2.3 Remove an element from the definition of a TopoGeometry
~(box2df,box2df) - Availability: 2.3.0 support for Block Range INdexes (BRIN) was introduced. Requires PostgreSQL 9.5+. Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) contains another 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF).
~(box2df,geometry) - Availability: 2.3.0 support for Block Range INdexes (BRIN) was introduced. Requires PostgreSQL 9.5+. Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) contains a geometry's 2D bonding box.
~(geometry,box2df) - Availability: 2.3.0 support for Block Range INdexes (BRIN) was introduced. Requires PostgreSQL 9.5+. Returns TRUE if a geometry's 2D bonding box contains a 2D float precision bounding box (GIDX).

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that are enhanced in PostGIS 2.3.

ST_Contains - Enhanced: 2.3.0 Enhancement to PIP short-circuit extended to support MultiPoints with few points. Prior versions only supported point in polygon.
ST_Covers - Enhanced: 2.3.0 Enhancement to PIP short-circuit for geometry extended to support MultiPoints with few points. Prior versions only supported point in polygon.
ST_Expand - Enhanced: 2.3.0 support was added to expand a box by different amounts in different dimensions.
ST_Intersects - Enhanced: 2.3.0 Enhancement to PIP short-circuit extended to support MultiPoints with few points. Prior versions only supported point in polygon.
ST_Segmentize - Enhanced: 2.3.0 Segmentize geography now uses equal length segments
ST_Transform - Enhanced: 2.3.0 support for direct PROJ.4 text was introduced.
ST_Within - Enhanced: 2.3.0 Enhancement to PIP short-circuit for geometry extended to support MultiPoints with few points. Prior versions only supported point in polygon.

14.12.2. PostGIS Functions new or enhanced in 2.2

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that were added or enhanced.


	postgis_sfcgal now can be installed as an extension using CREATE EXTENSION postgis_sfcgal;


	PostGIS 2.2.0: Tiger Geocoder upgraded to work with TIGER 2015 data.


	address_standardizer, address_standardizer_data_us extensions for standardizing address data refer to Chapter 12, Address Standardizer for details.


	Many functions in topology rewritten as C functions for increased performance.

Functions new in PostGIS 2.2

<<#>> - Availability: 2.2.0 -- KNN only available for PostgreSQL 9.1+ Returns the n-D distance between A and B bounding boxes.
<<->> - Availability: 2.2.0 -- KNN only available for PostgreSQL 9.1+ Returns the n-D distance between the centroids of A and B boundingboxes.
ST_3DDifference - Availability: 2.2.0 Perform 3D difference
ST_3DUnion - Availability: 2.2.0 Perform 3D union
ST_ApproximateMedialAxis - Availability: 2.2.0 Compute the approximate medial axis of an areal geometry.
ST_AsEncodedPolyline - Availability: 2.2.0 Returns an Encoded Polyline from a LineString geometry.
ST_AsTWKB - Availability: 2.2.0 Returns the geometry as TWKB, aka "Tiny Well-Known Binary"
ST_BoundingDiagonal - Availability: 2.2.0 Returns the diagonal of the supplied geometry's bounding box.
ST_CPAWithin - Availability: 2.2.0 Returns true if the trajectories' closest points of approachare within the specified distance.
ST_ClipByBox2D - Availability: 2.2.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.5.0. Returns the portion of a geometry falling within a rectangle.
ST_ClosestPointOfApproach - Availability: 2.2.0 Returns the measure at which points interpolated along two lines are closest.
ST_ClusterIntersecting - Availability: 2.2.0 - requires GEOS Aggregate. Returns an array with the connected components of a set of geometries
ST_ClusterWithin - Availability: 2.2.0 - requires GEOS Aggregate. Returns an array of GeometryCollections, where each GeometryCollection represents a set of geometries separated by no more than the specified distance.
ST_CountAgg - Availability: 2.2.0 Aggregate. Returns the number of pixels in a given band of a set of rasters. If no band is specified defaults to band 1. If exclude_nodata_value is set to true, will only count pixels that are not equal to the NODATA value.
ST_CreateOverview - Availability: 2.2.0 Create an reduced resolution version of a given raster coverage.
ST_DistanceCPA - Availability: 2.2.0 Returns the distance between closest points of approach in two trajectories.
ST_ForceCurve - Availability: 2.2.0 Upcast a geometry into its curved type, if applicable.
ST_IsPlanar - Availability: 2.2.0: This was documented in 2.1.0 but got accidentally left out in 2.1 release. Check if a surface is or not planar
ST_IsSolid - Availability: 2.2.0 Test if the geometry is a solid. No validity check is performed.
ST_IsValidTrajectory - Availability: 2.2.0 Returns true if the geometry is a valid trajectory.
ST_LineFromEncodedPolyline - Availability: 2.2.0 Creates a LineString from an Encoded Polyline.
ST_MakeSolid - Availability: 2.2.0 Cast the geometry into a solid. No check is performed. To obtain a valid solid, the input geometry must be a closed Polyhedral Surface or a closed TIN.
ST_MapAlgebra - Availability: 2.2.0: Ability to add a mask Callback function version - Returns a one-band raster given one or more input rasters, band indexes and one user-specified callback function.
ST_MemSize - Availability: 2.2.0 Returns the amount of space (in bytes) the raster takes.
ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints - Availability: 2.2.0 Returns a version of the given geometry with duplicated points removed.
ST_Retile - Availability: 2.2.0 Return a set of configured tiles from an arbitrarily tiled raster coverage.
ST_SetEffectiveArea - Availability: 2.2.0 Sets the effective area for each vertex, storing the value in the M ordinate. A simplified geometry can then be generated by filtering on the M ordinate.
ST_SimplifyVW - Availability: 2.2.0 Returns a "simplified" version of the given geometry using the Visvalingam-Whyatt algorithm
ST_Subdivide - Availability: 2.2.0 requires GEOS >= 3.5.0. Returns a set of geometry where no geometry in the set has more than the specified number of vertices.
ST_SummaryStatsAgg - Availability: 2.2.0 Aggregate. Returns summarystats consisting of count, sum, mean, stddev, min, max for a given raster band of a set of raster. Band 1 is assumed is no band is specified.
ST_SwapOrdinates - Availability: 2.2.0 Returns a version of the given geometry with given ordinate values swapped.
ST_Volume - Availability: 2.2.0 Computes the volume of a 3D solid. If applied to surface (even closed) geometries will return 0.
parse_address - Availability: 2.2.0 Takes a 1 line address and breaks into parts
postgis.enable_outdb_rasters - Availability: 2.2.0 A boolean configuration option to enable access to out-db raster bands.
postgis.gdal_datapath - Availability: 2.2.0 A configuration option to assign the value of GDAL's GDAL_DATA option. If not set, the environmentally set GDAL_DATA variable is used.
postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers - Availability: 2.2.0 A configuration option to set the enabled GDAL drivers in the PostGIS environment. Affects the GDAL configuration variable GDAL_SKIP.
standardize_address - Availability: 2.2.0 Returns an stdaddr form of an input address utilizing lex, gaz, and rule tables.
|=| - Availability: 2.2.0. Index-supported only available for PostgreSQL 9.5+ Returns the distance between A and B trajectories at their closest point of approach.

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that are enhanced in PostGIS 2.2.

AsTopoJSON - Enhanced: 2.2.1 added support for puntal inputs
ST_Area - Enhanced: 2.2.0 - measurement on spheroid performed with GeographicLib for improved accuracy and robustness. Requires Proj >= 4.9.0 to take advantage of the new feature.
ST_AsX3D - Enhanced: 2.2.0: Support for GeoCoordinates and axis (x/y, long/lat) flipping. Look at options for details.
ST_Azimuth - Enhanced: 2.2.0 measurement on spheroid performed with GeographicLib for improved accuracy and robustness. Requires Proj >= 4.9.0 to take advantage of the new feature.
ST_Distance - Enhanced: 2.2.0 - measurement on spheroid performed with GeographicLib for improved accuracy and robustness. Requires Proj >= 4.9.0 to take advantage of the new feature.
ST_Scale - Enhanced: 2.2.0 support for scaling all dimension (geometry parameter) was introduced.
ST_Summary - Enhanced: 2.2.0 Added support for TIN and Curves
<-> - Enhanced: 2.2.0 -- True KNN ("K nearest neighbor") behavior for geometry and geography for PostgreSQL 9.5+. Note for geography KNN is based on sphere rather than spheroid. For PostgreSQL 9.4 and below, geography support is new but only supports centroid box.

14.12.3. PostGIS functions breaking changes in 2.2

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that have possibly breaking changes in PostGIS 2.2. If you use any of these, you may need to check your existing code.

Get_Geocode_Setting - Changed: 2.2.0 : default settings are now kept in a table called geocode_settings_default. Use customized settingsa are in geocode_settings and only contain those that have been set by user.
ST_3DClosestPoint - Changed: 2.2.0 - if 2 2D geometries are input, a 2D point is returned (instead of old behavior assuming 0 for missing Z). In case of 2D and 3D, Z is no longer assumed to be 0 for missing Z.
ST_3DDistance - Changed: 2.2.0 - In case of 2D and 3D, Z is no longer assumed to be 0 for missing Z.
ST_3DLongestLine - Changed: 2.2.0 - if 2 2D geometries are input, a 2D point is returned (instead of old behavior assuming 0 for missing Z). In case of 2D and 3D, Z is no longer assumed to be 0 for missing Z.
ST_3DMaxDistance - Changed: 2.2.0 - In case of 2D and 3D, Z is no longer assumed to be 0 for missing Z.
ST_3DShortestLine - Changed: 2.2.0 - if 2 2D geometries are input, a 2D point is returned (instead of old behavior assuming 0 for missing Z). In case of 2D and 3D, Z is no longer assumed to be 0 for missing Z.
ST_DistanceSphere - Changed: 2.2.0 In prior versions this used to be called ST_Distance_Sphere
ST_DistanceSpheroid - Changed: 2.2.0 In prior versions this used to be called ST_Distance_Spheroid
ST_Equals - Changed: 2.2.0 Returns true even for invalid geometries if they are binary equal
ST_LengthSpheroid - Changed: 2.2.0 In prior versions this used to be called ST_Length_Spheroid and used to have a ST_3DLength_Spheroid alias
ST_MemSize - Changed: 2.2.0 name changed to ST_MemSize to follow naming convention. In prior versions this function was called ST_Mem_Size, old name deprecated though still available.
ST_PointInsideCircle - Changed: 2.2.0 In prior versions this used to be called ST_Point_Inside_Circle
ST_Split - Changed: 2.2.0 support for splitting a line by a multiline, a multipoint or (multi)polygon boundary was introduced.
ValidateTopology - Changed: 2.2.0 values for id1 and id2 were swapped for 'edge crosses node' to be consistent with error description.
<-> - Changed: 2.2.0 -- For PostgreSQL 9.5 users, old Hybrid syntax may be slower, so you'll want to get rid of that hack if you are running your code only on PostGIS 2.2+ 9.5+. See examples below.

14.12.4. PostGIS Functions new or enhanced in 2.1

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that were added or enhanced.


	More Topology performance Improvements. Please refer to Chapter 11, Topology for more details.


	Bug fixes (particularly with handling of out-of-band rasters), many new functions (often shortening code you have to write to accomplish a common task) and massive speed improvements to raster functionality. Refer to Chapter 9, Raster Reference for more details.


	PostGIS 2.1.0: Tiger Geocoder upgraded to work with TIGER 2012 census data. `geocode_settings` added for debugging and tweaking rating preferences, loader made less greedy, now only downloads tables to be loaded. PostGIS 2.1.1: Tiger Geocoder upgraded to work with TIGER 2013 data. Please refer to Section 13.1, “Tiger Geocoder” for more details.

Functions new in PostGIS 2.1

AsTopoJSON - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns the TopoJSON representation of a topogeometry.
Drop_Nation_Tables_Generate_Script - Availability: 2.1.0 Generates a script that drops all tables in the specified schema that start with county_all, state_all or state code followed by county or state.
Get_Geocode_Setting - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns value of specific setting stored in tiger.geocode_settings table.
Loader_Generate_Nation_Script - Availability: 2.1.0 Generates a shell script for the specified platform that loads in the county and state lookup tables.
Pagc_Normalize_Address - Availability: 2.1.0 Given a textual street address, returns a composite norm_addy type that has road suffix, prefix and type standardized, street, streetname etc. broken into separate fields. This function will work with just the lookup data packaged with the tiger_geocoder (no need for tiger census data). Requires address_standardizer extension.
ST_3DArea - Availability: 2.1.0 Computes area of 3D surface geometries. Will return 0 for solids.
ST_3DIntersection - Availability: 2.1.0 Perform 3D intersection
ST_Box2dFromGeoHash - Availability: 2.1.0 Return a BOX2D from a GeoHash string.
ST_ColorMap - Availability: 2.1.0 Creates a new raster of up to four 8BUI bands (grayscale, RGB, RGBA) from the source raster and a specified band. Band 1 is assumed if not specified.
ST_Contains - Availability: 2.1.0 Return true if no points of raster rastB lie in the exterior of raster rastA and at least one point of the interior of rastB lies in the interior of rastA.
ST_ContainsProperly - Availability: 2.1.0 Return true if rastB intersects the interior of rastA but not the boundary or exterior of rastA.
ST_CoveredBy - Availability: 2.1.0 Return true if no points of raster rastA lie outside raster rastB.
ST_Covers - Availability: 2.1.0 Return true if no points of raster rastB lie outside raster rastA.
ST_DFullyWithin - Availability: 2.1.0 Return true if rasters rastA and rastB are fully within the specified distance of each other.
ST_DWithin - Availability: 2.1.0 Return true if rasters rastA and rastB are within the specified distance of each other.
ST_DelaunayTriangles - Availability: 2.1.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.4.0. Return a Delaunay triangulation around the given input points.
ST_Disjoint - Availability: 2.1.0 Return true if raster rastA does not spatially intersect rastB.
ST_DumpValues - Availability: 2.1.0 Get the values of the specified band as a 2-dimension array.
ST_Extrude - Availability: 2.1.0 Extrude a surface to a related volume
ST_ForceLHR - Availability: 2.1.0 Force LHR orientation
ST_FromGDALRaster - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns a raster from a supported GDAL raster file.
ST_GeomFromGeoHash - Availability: 2.1.0 Return a geometry from a GeoHash string.
ST_InvDistWeight4ma - Availability: 2.1.0 Raster processing function that interpolates a pixel's value from the pixel's neighborhood.
ST_MapAlgebra - Availability: 2.1.0 Callback function version - Returns a one-band raster given one or more input rasters, band indexes and one user-specified callback function.
ST_MapAlgebra - Availability: 2.1.0 Expression version - Returns a one-band raster given one or two input rasters, band indexes and one or more user-specified SQL expressions.
ST_MinConvexHull - Availability: 2.1.0 Return the convex hull geometry of the raster excluding NODATA pixels.
ST_MinDist4ma - Availability: 2.1.0 Raster processing function that returns the minimum distance (in number of pixels) between the pixel of interest and a neighboring pixel with value.
ST_MinkowskiSum - Availability: 2.1.0 Performs Minkowski sum
ST_NearestValue - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns the nearest non-NODATA value of a given band's pixel specified by a columnx and rowy or a geometric point expressed in the same spatial reference coordinate system as the raster.
ST_Neighborhood - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns a 2-D double precision array of the non-NODATA values around a given band's pixel specified by either a columnX and rowY or a geometric point expressed in the same spatial reference coordinate system as the raster.
ST_NotSameAlignmentReason - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns text stating if rasters are aligned and if not aligned, a reason why.
ST_Orientation - Availability: 2.1.0 Determine surface orientation
ST_Overlaps - Availability: 2.1.0 Return true if raster rastA and rastB intersect but one does not completely contain the other.
ST_PixelAsCentroid - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns the centroid (point geometry) of the area represented by a pixel.
ST_PixelAsCentroids - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns the centroid (point geometry) for each pixel of a raster band along with the value, the X and the Y raster coordinates of each pixel. The point geometry is the centroid of the area represented by a pixel.
ST_PixelAsPoint - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns a point geometry of the pixel's upper-left corner.
ST_PixelAsPoints - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns a point geometry for each pixel of a raster band along with the value, the X and the Y raster coordinates of each pixel. The coordinates of the point geometry are of the pixel's upper-left corner.
ST_PixelOfValue - Availability: 2.1.0 Get the columnx, rowy coordinates of the pixel whose value equals the search value.
ST_PointFromGeoHash - Availability: 2.1.0 Return a point from a GeoHash string.
ST_RasterToWorldCoord - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns the raster's upper left corner as geometric X and Y (longitude and latitude) given a column and row. Column and row starts at 1.
ST_Resize - Availability: 2.1.0 Requires GDAL 1.6.1+ Resize a raster to a new width/height
ST_Roughness - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns a raster with the calculated "roughness" of a DEM.
ST_SetValues - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns modified raster resulting from setting the values of a given band.
ST_Simplify - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns a "simplified" geometry version of the given TopoGeometry using the Douglas-Peucker algorithm.
ST_StraightSkeleton - Availability: 2.1.0 Compute a straight skeleton from a geometry
ST_Summary - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns a text summary of the contents of the raster.
ST_TPI - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns a raster with the calculated Topographic Position Index.
ST_TRI - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns a raster with the calculated Terrain Ruggedness Index.
ST_Tesselate - Availability: 2.1.0 Perform surface Tesselation of a polygon or polyhedralsurface and returns as a TIN or collection of TINS
ST_Tile - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns a set of rasters resulting from the split of the input raster based upon the desired dimensions of the output rasters.
ST_Touches - Availability: 2.1.0 Return true if raster rastA and rastB have at least one point in common but their interiors do not intersect.
ST_Union - Availability: 2.1.0 ST_Union(rast, unionarg) variant was introduced. Returns the union of a set of raster tiles into a single raster composed of 1 or more bands.
ST_Within - Availability: 2.1.0 Return true if no points of raster rastA lie in the exterior of raster rastB and at least one point of the interior of rastA lies in the interior of rastB.
ST_WorldToRasterCoord - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns the upper left corner as column and row given geometric X and Y (longitude and latitude) or a point geometry expressed in the spatial reference coordinate system of the raster.
Set_Geocode_Setting - Availability: 2.1.0 Sets a setting that affects behavior of geocoder functions.
UpdateRasterSRID - Availability: 2.1.0 Change the SRID of all rasters in the user-specified column and table.
clearTopoGeom - Availability: 2.1 Clears the content of a topo geometry
postgis.backend - Availability: 2.1.0 The backend to service a function where GEOS and SFCGAL overlap. Options: geos or sfcgal. Defaults to geos.
postgis_sfcgal_version - Availability: 2.1.0 Returns the version of SFCGAL in use

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that are enhanced in PostGIS 2.1.

ST_AddBand - Enhanced: 2.1.0 support for addbandarg added.
ST_AddBand - Enhanced: 2.1.0 support for new out-db bands added.
ST_AsBinary - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Addition of outasin
ST_Aspect - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Uses ST_MapAlgebra() and added optional interpolate_nodata function parameter
ST_Clip - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Rewritten in C
ST_Distinct4ma - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Addition of Variant 2
ST_HillShade - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Uses ST_MapAlgebra() and added optional interpolate_nodata function parameter
ST_Max4ma - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Addition of Variant 2
ST_Mean4ma - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Addition of Variant 2
ST_Min4ma - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Addition of Variant 2
ST_PixelAsPolygons - Enhanced: 2.1.0 exclude_nodata_value optional argument was added.
ST_Polygon - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Improved Speed (fully C-Based) and the returning multipolygon is ensured to be valid.
ST_Range4ma - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Addition of Variant 2
ST_SameAlignment - Enhanced: 2.1.0 addition of Aggegrate variant
ST_SetGeoReference - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Addition of ST_SetGeoReference(raster, double precision, ...) variant
ST_SetValue - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Geometry variant of ST_SetValue() now supports any geometry type, not just point. The geometry variant is a wrapper around the geomval[] variant of ST_SetValues()
ST_Slope - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Uses ST_MapAlgebra() and added optional units, scale, interpolate_nodata function parameters
ST_StdDev4ma - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Addition of Variant 2
ST_Sum4ma - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Addition of Variant 2
ST_Transform - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Addition of ST_Transform(rast, alignto) variant
ST_Union - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Improved Speed (fully C-Based).
ST_Union - Enhanced: 2.1.0 ST_Union(rast) (variant 1) unions all bands of all input rasters. Prior versions of PostGIS assumed the first band.
ST_Union - Enhanced: 2.1.0 ST_Union(rast, uniontype) (variant 4) unions all bands of all input rasters.
ST_AsGML - Enhanced: 2.1.0 id support was introduced, for GML 3.
ST_Boundary - Enhanced: 2.1.0 support for Triangle was introduced
ST_DWithin - Enhanced: 2.1.0 improved speed for geography. See Making Geography faster for details.
ST_DWithin - Enhanced: 2.1.0 support for curved geometries was introduced.
ST_Distance - Enhanced: 2.1.0 improved speed for geography. See Making Geography faster for details.
ST_Distance - Enhanced: 2.1.0 - support for curved geometries was introduced.
ST_DumpPoints - Enhanced: 2.1.0 Faster speed. Reimplemented as native-C.
ST_MakeValid - Enhanced: 2.1.0 added support for GEOMETRYCOLLECTION and MULTIPOINT.
ST_Segmentize - Enhanced: 2.1.0 support for geography was introduced.
ST_Summary - Enhanced: 2.1.0 S flag to denote if has a known spatial reference system
toTopoGeom - Enhanced: 2.1.0 adds the version taking an existing TopoGeometry.

14.12.5. PostGIS functions breaking changes in 2.1

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that have possibly breaking changes in PostGIS 2.1. If you use any of these, you may need to check your existing code.

ST_Aspect - Changed: 2.1.0 In prior versions, return values were in radians. Now, return values default to degrees
ST_HillShade - Changed: 2.1.0 In prior versions, azimuth and altitude were expressed in radians. Now, azimuth and altitude are expressed in degrees
ST_Intersects - Changed: 2.1.0 The behavior of the ST_Intersects(raster, geometry) variants changed to match that of ST_Intersects(geometry, raster).
ST_PixelAsCentroids - Changed: 2.1.1 Changed behavior of exclude_nodata_value.
ST_PixelAsPoints - Changed: 2.1.1 Changed behavior of exclude_nodata_value.
ST_PixelAsPolygons - Changed: 2.1.1 Changed behavior of exclude_nodata_value.
ST_Polygon - Changed: 2.1.0 In prior versions would sometimes return a polygon, changed to always return multipolygon.
ST_RasterToWorldCoordX - Changed: 2.1.0 In prior versions, this was called ST_Raster2WorldCoordX
ST_RasterToWorldCoordY - Changed: 2.1.0 In prior versions, this was called ST_Raster2WorldCoordY
ST_Resample - Changed: 2.1.0 Parameter srid removed. Variants with a reference raster no longer applies the reference raster's SRID. Use ST_Transform() to reproject raster. Works on rasters with no SRID.
ST_Rescale - Changed: 2.1.0 Works on rasters with no SRID
ST_Reskew - Changed: 2.1.0 Works on rasters with no SRID
ST_Slope - Changed: 2.1.0 In prior versions, return values were in radians. Now, return values default to degrees
ST_SnapToGrid - Changed: 2.1.0 Works on rasters with no SRID
ST_WorldToRasterCoordX - Changed: 2.1.0 In prior versions, this was called ST_World2RasterCoordX
ST_WorldToRasterCoordY - Changed: 2.1.0 In prior versions, this was called ST_World2RasterCoordY
ST_EstimatedExtent - Changed: 2.1.0. Up to 2.0.x this was called ST_Estimated_Extent.
ST_Force2D - Changed: 2.1.0. Up to 2.0.x this was called ST_Force_2D.
ST_Force3D - Changed: 2.1.0. Up to 2.0.x this was called ST_Force_3D.
ST_Force3DM - Changed: 2.1.0. Up to 2.0.x this was called ST_Force_3DM.
ST_Force3DZ - Changed: 2.1.0. Up to 2.0.x this was called ST_Force_3DZ.
ST_Force4D - Changed: 2.1.0. Up to 2.0.x this was called ST_Force_4D.
ST_ForceCollection - Changed: 2.1.0. Up to 2.0.x this was called ST_Force_Collection.
ST_LineInterpolatePoint - Changed: 2.1.0. Up to 2.0.x this was called ST_Line_Interpolate_Point.
ST_LineLocatePoint - Changed: 2.1.0. Up to 2.0.x this was called ST_Line_Locate_Point.
ST_LineSubstring - Changed: 2.1.0. Up to 2.0.x this was called ST_Line_Substring.
ST_Segmentize - Changed: 2.1.0 As a result of the introduction of geography support: The construct SELECT ST_Segmentize('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)',0.5); will result in ambiguous function error. You need to have properly typed object e.g. a geometry/geography column, use ST_GeomFromText, ST_GeogFromText or SELECT ST_Segmentize('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)'::geometry,0.5);

14.12.6. PostGIS Functions new, behavior changed, or enhanced in 2.0

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that were added, enhanced, or have Section 14.12.7, “PostGIS Functions changed behavior in 2.0” breaking changes in 2.0 releases.

New geometry types: TIN and Polyhedral surfaces was introduced in 2.0


	Greatly improved support for Topology. Please refer to Chapter 11, Topology for more details.

In PostGIS 2.0, raster type and raster functionality has been integrated. There are way too many new raster functions to list here and all are new so please refer to Chapter 9, Raster Reference for more details of the raster functions available. Earlier pre-2.0 versions had raster_columns/raster_overviews as real tables. These were changed to views before release. Functions such as ST_AddRasterColumn were removed and replaced with AddRasterConstraints, DropRasterConstraints as a result some apps that created raster tables may need changing.


	Tiger Geocoder upgraded to work with TIGER 2010 census data and now included in the core PostGIS documentation. A reverse geocoder function was also added. Please refer to Section 13.1, “Tiger Geocoder” for more details.

&& - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns TRUE if A's bounding box intersects B's bounding box.
&&& - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns TRUE if A's n-D bounding box intersects B's n-D bounding box.
<#> - Availability: 2.0.0 -- KNN only available for PostgreSQL 9.1+ Returns the 2D distance between A and B bounding boxes.
<-> - Availability: 2.0.0 -- Weak KNN provides nearest neighbors based on geometry centroid distances instead of true distances. Exact results for points, inexact for all other types. Available for PostgreSQL 9.1+ Returns the 2D distance between A and B.
AddEdge - Availability: 2.0.0 requires GEOS >= 3.3.0. Adds a linestring edge to the edge table and associated start and end points to the point nodes table of the specified topology schema using the specified linestring geometry and returns the edgeid of the new (or existing) edge.
AddFace - Availability: 2.0.0 Registers a face primitive to a topology and gets its identifier.
AddNode - Availability: 2.0.0 Adds a point node to the node table in the specified topology schema and returns the nodeid of new node. If point already exists as node, the existing nodeid is returned.
AddOverviewConstraints - Availability: 2.0.0 Tag a raster column as being an overview of another.
AddRasterConstraints - Availability: 2.0.0 Adds raster constraints to a loaded raster table for a specific column that constrains spatial ref, scaling, blocksize, alignment, bands, band type and a flag to denote if raster column is regularly blocked. The table must be loaded with data for the constraints to be inferred. Returns true of the constraint setting was accomplished and if issues a notice.
AsGML - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns the GML representation of a topogeometry.
CopyTopology - Availability: 2.0.0 Makes a copy of a topology structure (nodes, edges, faces, layers and TopoGeometries).
DropOverviewConstraints - Availability: 2.0.0 Untag a raster column from being an overview of another.
DropRasterConstraints - Availability: 2.0.0 Drops PostGIS raster constraints that refer to a raster table column. Useful if you need to reload data or update your raster column data.
Drop_Indexes_Generate_Script - Availability: 2.0.0 Generates a script that drops all non-primary key and non-unique indexes on tiger schema and user specified schema. Defaults schema to tiger_data if no schema is specified.
Drop_State_Tables_Generate_Script - Availability: 2.0.0 Generates a script that drops all tables in the specified schema that are prefixed with the state abbreviation. Defaults schema to tiger_data if no schema is specified.
Geocode_Intersection - Availability: 2.0.0 Takes in 2 streets that intersect and a state, city, zip, and outputs a set of possible locations on the first cross street that is at the intersection, also includes a geomout as the point location in NAD 83 long lat, a normalized_address (addy) for each location, and the rating. The lower the rating the more likely the match. Results are sorted by lowest rating first. Can optionally pass in maximum results, defaults to 10. Uses Tiger data (edges, faces, addr), PostgreSQL fuzzy string matching (soundex, levenshtein).
GetEdgeByPoint - Availability: 2.0.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.3.0. Find the edge-id of an edge that intersects a given point
GetFaceByPoint - Availability: 2.0.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.3.0. Find the face-id of a face that intersects a given point
GetNodeByPoint - Availability: 2.0.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.3.0. Find the id of a node at a point location
GetNodeEdges - Availability: 2.0 Returns an ordered set of edges incident to the given node.
GetRingEdges - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns the ordered set of signed edge identifiers met by walking on ana given edge side.
GetTopoGeomElements - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns a set of topoelement objects containing the topological element_id,element_type of the given TopoGeometry (primitive elements)
GetTopologySRID - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns the SRID of a topology in the topology.topology table given the name of the topology.
Get_Tract - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns census tract or field from tract table of where the geometry is located. Default to returning short name of tract.
Install_Missing_Indexes - Availability: 2.0.0 Finds all tables with key columns used in geocoder joins and filter conditions that are missing used indexes on those columns and will add them.
Loader_Generate_Census_Script - Availability: 2.0.0 Generates a shell script for the specified platform for the specified states that will download Tiger census state tract, bg, and tabblocks data tables, stage and load into tiger_data schema. Each state script is returned as a separate record.
Loader_Generate_Script - Availability: 2.0.0 to support Tiger 2010 structured data and load census tract (tract), block groups (bg), and blocks (tabblocks) tables . Generates a shell script for the specified platform for the specified states that will download Tiger data, stage and load into tiger_data schema. Each state script is returned as a separate record. Latest version supports Tiger 2010 structural changes and also loads census tract, block groups, and blocks tables.
Missing_Indexes_Generate_Script - Availability: 2.0.0 Finds all tables with key columns used in geocoder joins that are missing indexes on those columns and will output the SQL DDL to define the index for those tables.
Polygonize - Availability: 2.0.0 Find and register all faces defined by topology edges
Reverse_Geocode - Availability: 2.0.0 Takes a geometry point in a known spatial ref sys and returns a record containing an array of theoretically possible addresses and an array of cross streets. If include_strnum_range = true, includes the street range in the cross streets.
ST_3DClosestPoint - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns the 3-dimensional point on g1 that is closest to g2. This is the first point of the 3D shortest line.
ST_3DDFullyWithin - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns true if all of the 3D geometries are within the specified distance of one another.
ST_3DDWithin - Availability: 2.0.0 For 3d (z) geometry type Returns true if two geometries 3d distance is within number of units.
ST_3DDistance - Availability: 2.0.0 For geometry type Returns the 3-dimensional cartesian minimum distance (based on spatial ref) between two geometries in projected units.
ST_3DIntersects - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns TRUE if the Geometries "spatially intersect" in 3d - only for points, linestrings, polygons, polyhedral surface (area). With SFCGAL backend enabled also supports TINS
ST_3DLongestLine - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns the 3-dimensional longest line between two geometries
ST_3DMaxDistance - Availability: 2.0.0 For geometry type Returns the 3-dimensional cartesian maximum distance (based on spatial ref) between two geometries in projected units.
ST_3DShortestLine - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns the 3-dimensional shortest line between two geometries
ST_AddEdgeModFace - Availability: 2.0 Add a new edge and, if in doing so it splits a face, modify the original face and add a new face.
ST_AddEdgeNewFaces - Availability: 2.0 Add a new edge and, if in doing so it splits a face, delete the original face and replace it with two new faces.
ST_AsGDALRaster - Availability: 2.0.0 - requires GDAL >= 1.6.0. Return the raster tile in the designated GDAL Raster format. Raster formats are one of those supported by your compiled library. Use ST_GDALRasters() to get a list of formats supported by your library.
ST_AsJPEG - Availability: 2.0.0 - requires GDAL >= 1.6.0. Return the raster tile selected bands as a single Joint Photographic Exports Group (JPEG) image (byte array). If no band is specified and 1 or more than 3 bands, then only the first band is used. If only 3 bands then all 3 bands are used and mapped to RGB.
ST_AsLatLonText - Availability: 2.0 Return the Degrees, Minutes, Seconds representation of the given point.
ST_AsPNG - Availability: 2.0.0 - requires GDAL >= 1.6.0. Return the raster tile selected bands as a single portable network graphics (PNG) image (byte array). If 1, 3, or 4 bands in raster and no bands are specified, then all bands are used. If more 2 or more than 4 bands and no bands specified, then only band 1 is used. Bands are mapped to RGB or RGBA space.
ST_AsRaster - Availability: 2.0.0 - requires GDAL >= 1.6.0. Converts a PostGIS geometry to a PostGIS raster.
ST_AsTIFF - Availability: 2.0.0 - requires GDAL >= 1.6.0. Return the raster selected bands as a single TIFF image (byte array). If no band is specified, then will try to use all bands.
ST_AsX3D - Availability: 2.0.0: ISO-IEC-19776-1.2-X3DEncodings-XML Returns a Geometry in X3D xml node element format: ISO-IEC-19776-1.2-X3DEncodings-XML
ST_Aspect - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns the aspect (in degrees by default) of an elevation raster band. Useful for analyzing terrain.
ST_Band - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns one or more bands of an existing raster as a new raster. Useful for building new rasters from existing rasters.
ST_BandIsNoData - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns true if the band is filled with only nodata values.
ST_Clip - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns the raster clipped by the input geometry. If band number not is specified, all bands are processed. If crop is not specified or TRUE, the output raster is cropped.
ST_CollectionHomogenize - Availability: 2.0.0 Given a geometry collection, return the "simplest" representation of the contents.
ST_ConcaveHull - Availability: 2.0.0 The concave hull of a geometry represents a possibly concave geometry that encloses all geometries within the set. You can think of it as shrink wrapping.
ST_Count - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns the number of pixels in a given band of a raster or raster coverage. If no band is specified defaults to band 1. If exclude_nodata_value is set to true, will only count pixels that are not equal to the nodata value.
ST_CreateTopoGeo - Availability: 2.0 Adds a collection of geometries to a given empty topology and returns a message detailing success.
ST_Distinct4ma - Availability: 2.0.0 Raster processing function that calculates the number of unique pixel values in a neighborhood.
ST_FlipCoordinates - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns a version of the given geometry with X and Y axis flipped. Useful for people who have built latitude/longitude features and need to fix them.
ST_GDALDrivers - Availability: 2.0.0 - requires GDAL >= 1.6.0. Returns a list of raster formats supported by your lib gdal. These are the formats you can output your raster using ST_AsGDALRaster.
ST_GeomFromGeoJSON - Availability: 2.0.0 requires - JSON-C >= 0.9 Takes as input a geojson representation of a geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object
ST_GetFaceEdges - Availability: 2.0 Returns a set of ordered edges that bound aface.
ST_HasNoBand - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns true if there is no band with given band number. If no band number is specified, then band number 1 is assumed.
ST_HillShade - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns the hypothetical illumination of an elevation raster band using provided azimuth, altitude, brightness and scale inputs.
ST_Histogram - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns a set of record summarizing a raster or raster coverage data distribution separate bin ranges. Number of bins are autocomputed if not specified.
ST_InterpolatePoint - Availability: 2.0.0 Return the value of the measure dimension of a geometry at the point closed to the provided point.
ST_IsEmpty - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns true if the raster is empty (width = 0 and height = 0). Otherwise, returns false.
ST_IsValidDetail - Availability: 2.0.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.3.0. Returns a valid_detail (valid,reason,location) row stating if a geometry is valid or not and if not valid, a reason why and a location where.
ST_IsValidReason - Availability: 2.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.3.0 for the version taking flags. Returns text stating if a geometry is valid or not and if not valid, a reason why.
ST_MakeLine - Availability: 2.0.0 - Support for linestring input elements was introduced Creates a Linestring from point, multipoint, or line geometries.
ST_MakeValid - Availability: 2.0.0, requires GEOS-3.3.0 Attempts to make an invalid geometry valid without losing vertices.
ST_MapAlgebraExpr - Availability: 2.0.0 1 raster band version: Creates a new one band raster formed by applying a valid PostgreSQL algebraic operation on the input raster band and of pixeltype provided. Band 1 is assumed if no band is specified.
ST_MapAlgebraExpr - Availability: 2.0.0 2 raster band version: Creates a new one band raster formed by applying a valid PostgreSQL algebraic operation on the two input raster bands and of pixeltype provided. band 1 of each raster is assumed if no band numbers are specified. The resulting raster will be aligned (scale, skew and pixel corners) on the grid defined by the first raster and have its extent defined by the "extenttype" parameter. Values for "extenttype" can be: INTERSECTION, UNION, FIRST, SECOND.
ST_MapAlgebraFct - Availability: 2.0.0 1 band version - Creates a new one band raster formed by applying a valid PostgreSQL function on the input raster band and of pixeltype prodived. Band 1 is assumed if no band is specified.
ST_MapAlgebraFct - Availability: 2.0.0 2 band version - Creates a new one band raster formed by applying a valid PostgreSQL function on the 2 input raster bands and of pixeltype prodived. Band 1 is assumed if no band is specified. Extent type defaults to INTERSECTION if not specified.
ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb - Availability: 2.0.0 1-band version: Map Algebra Nearest Neighbor using user-defined PostgreSQL function. Return a raster which values are the result of a PLPGSQL user function involving a neighborhood of values from the input raster band.
ST_Max4ma - Availability: 2.0.0 Raster processing function that calculates the maximum pixel value in a neighborhood.
ST_Mean4ma - Availability: 2.0.0 Raster processing function that calculates the mean pixel value in a neighborhood.
ST_Min4ma - Availability: 2.0.0 Raster processing function that calculates the minimum pixel value in a neighborhood.
ST_ModEdgeHeal - Availability: 2.0 Heal two edges by deleting the node connecting them, modifying the first edgeand deleting the second edge. Returns the id of the deleted node.
ST_NewEdgeHeal - Availability: 2.0 Heal two edges by deleting the node connecting them, deleting both edges,and replacing them with an edge whose direction is the same as the firstedge provided.
ST_Node - Availability: 2.0.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.3.0. Node a set of linestrings.
ST_NumPatches - Availability: 2.0.0 Return the number of faces on a Polyhedral Surface. Will return null for non-polyhedral geometries.
ST_OffsetCurve - Availability: 2.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.2, improved with GEOS >= 3.3 Return an offset line at a given distance and side from an input line. Useful for computing parallel lines about a center line
ST_PatchN - Availability: 2.0.0 Return the 1-based Nth geometry (face) if the geometry is a POLYHEDRALSURFACE, POLYHEDRALSURFACEM. Otherwise, return NULL.
ST_PixelAsPolygon - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns the polygon geometry that bounds the pixel for a particular row and column.
ST_PixelAsPolygons - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns the polygon geometry that bounds every pixel of a raster band along with the value, the X and the Y raster coordinates of each pixel.
ST_Project - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns a POINT projected from a start point using a distance in meters and bearing (azimuth) in radians.
ST_Quantile - Availability: 2.0.0 Compute quantiles for a raster or raster table coverage in the context of the sample or population. Thus, a value could be examined to be at the raster's 25%, 50%, 75% percentile.
ST_Range4ma - Availability: 2.0.0 Raster processing function that calculates the range of pixel values in a neighborhood.
ST_Reclass - Availability: 2.0.0 Creates a new raster composed of band types reclassified from original. The nband is the band to be changed. If nband is not specified assumed to be 1. All other bands are returned unchanged. Use case: convert a 16BUI band to a 8BUI and so forth for simpler rendering as viewable formats.
ST_RelateMatch - Availability: 2.0.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.3.0. Returns true if intersectionMattrixPattern1 implies intersectionMatrixPattern2
ST_RemEdgeModFace - Availability: 2.0 Removes an edge and, if the removed edge separated two faces,delete one of the them and modify the other to take the space of both.
ST_RemEdgeNewFace - Availability: 2.0 Removes an edge and, if the removed edge separated two faces,delete the original faces and replace them with a new face.
ST_Resample - Availability: 2.0.0 Requires GDAL 1.6.1+ Resample a raster using a specified resampling algorithm, new dimensions, an arbitrary grid corner and a set of raster georeferencing attributes defined or borrowed from another raster.
ST_Rescale - Availability: 2.0.0 Requires GDAL 1.6.1+ Resample a raster by adjusting only its scale (or pixel size). New pixel values are computed using the NearestNeighbor (english or american spelling), Bilinear, Cubic, CubicSpline or Lanczos resampling algorithm. Default is NearestNeighbor.
ST_Reskew - Availability: 2.0.0 Requires GDAL 1.6.1+ Resample a raster by adjusting only its skew (or rotation parameters). New pixel values are computed using the NearestNeighbor (english or american spelling), Bilinear, Cubic, CubicSpline or Lanczos resampling algorithm. Default is NearestNeighbor.
ST_SameAlignment - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns true if rasters have same skew, scale, spatial ref, and offset (pixels can be put on same grid without cutting into pixels) and false if they don't with notice detailing issue.
ST_SetBandIsNoData - Availability: 2.0.0 Sets the isnodata flag of the band to TRUE.
ST_SharedPaths - Availability: 2.0.0 requires GEOS >= 3.3.0. Returns a collection containing paths shared by the two input linestrings/multilinestrings.
ST_Slope - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns the slope (in degrees by default) of an elevation raster band. Useful for analyzing terrain.
ST_Snap - Availability: 2.0.0 requires GEOS >= 3.3.0. Snap segments and vertices of input geometry to vertices of a reference geometry.
ST_SnapToGrid - Availability: 2.0.0 Requires GDAL 1.6.1+ Resample a raster by snapping it to a grid. New pixel values are computed using the NearestNeighbor (english or american spelling), Bilinear, Cubic, CubicSpline or Lanczos resampling algorithm. Default is NearestNeighbor.
ST_Split - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns a collection of geometries resulting by splitting a geometry.
ST_StdDev4ma - Availability: 2.0.0 Raster processing function that calculates the standard deviation of pixel values in a neighborhood.
ST_Sum4ma - Availability: 2.0.0 Raster processing function that calculates the sum of all pixel values in a neighborhood.
ST_SummaryStats - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns summarystats consisting of count, sum, mean, stddev, min, max for a given raster band of a raster or raster coverage. Band 1 is assumed is no band is specified.
ST_Transform - Availability: 2.0.0 Requires GDAL 1.6.1+ Reprojects a raster in a known spatial reference system to another known spatial reference system using specified resampling algorithm. Options are NearestNeighbor, Bilinear, Cubic, CubicSpline, Lanczos defaulting to NearestNeighbor.
ST_UnaryUnion - Availability: 2.0.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.3.0. Like ST_Union, but working at the geometry component level.
ST_Union - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns the union of a set of raster tiles into a single raster composed of 1 or more bands.
ST_ValueCount - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns a set of records containing a pixel band value and count of the number of pixels in a given band of a raster (or a raster coverage) that have a given set of values. If no band is specified defaults to band 1. By default nodata value pixels are not counted. and all other values in the pixel are output and pixel band values are rounded to the nearest integer.
TopoElementArray_Agg - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns a topoelementarray for a set of element_id, type arrays (topoelements)
TopoGeo_AddLineString - Availability: 2.0.0 Adds a linestring to an existing topology using a tolerance and possibly splitting existing edges/faces. Returns edge identifiers
TopoGeo_AddPoint - Availability: 2.0.0 Adds a point to an existing topology using a tolerance and possibly splitting an existing edge.
TopoGeo_AddPolygon - Availability: 2.0.0 Adds a polygon to an existing topology using a tolerance and possibly splitting existing edges/faces.
TopologySummary - Availability: 2.0.0 Takes a topology name and provides summary totals of types of objects in topology
Topology_Load_Tiger - Availability: 2.0.0 Loads a defined region of tiger data into a PostGIS Topology and transforming the tiger data to spatial reference of the topology and snapping to the precision tolerance of the topology.
toTopoGeom - Availability: 2.0 Converts a simple Geometry into a topo geometry
~= - Availability: 2.0.0 Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is the same as B's.

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that are enhanced in PostGIS 2.0.

AddGeometryColumn - Enhanced: 2.0.0 use_typmod argument introduced. Defaults to creating typmod geometry column instead of constraint-based.
Box2D - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
Box3D - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
Geocode - Enhanced: 2.0.0 to support Tiger 2010 structured data and revised some logic to improve speed, accuracy of geocoding, and to offset point from centerline to side of street address is located on. The new parameter max_results useful for specifying number of best results or just returning the best result.
GeometryType - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
Populate_Geometry_Columns - Enhanced: 2.0.0 use_typmod optional argument was introduced that allows controlling if columns are created with typmodifiers or with check constraints.
ST_Intersection - Enhanced: 2.0.0 - Intersection in the raster space was introduced. In earlier pre-2.0.0 versions, only intersection performed in vector space were supported.
ST_Intersects - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support raster/raster intersects was introduced.
ST_Value - Enhanced: 2.0.0 exclude_nodata_value optional argument was added.
ST_3DExtent - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_Accum - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_Affine - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_Area - Enhanced: 2.0.0 - support for 2D polyhedral surfaces was introduced.
ST_AsBinary - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_AsBinary - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for higher coordinate dimensions was introduced.
ST_AsBinary - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for specifying endian with geography was introduced.
ST_AsEWKB - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_AsEWKT - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Geography, Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_AsGML - Enhanced: 2.0.0 prefix support was introduced. Option 4 for GML3 was introduced to allow using LineString instead of Curve tag for lines. GML3 Support for Polyhedral surfaces and TINS was introduced. Option 32 was introduced to output the box.
ST_AsKML - Enhanced: 2.0.0 - Add prefix namespace. Default is no prefix
ST_Azimuth - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for geography was introduced.
ST_ChangeEdgeGeom - Enhanced: 2.0.0 adds topological consistency enforcement
ST_Dimension - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces and TINs was introduced. No longer throws an exception if given empty geometry.
ST_Dump - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_DumpPoints - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_Expand - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_Extent - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_Force2D - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces was introduced.
ST_ForceRHR - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces was introduced.
ST_Force3D - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces was introduced.
ST_Force3DZ - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces was introduced.
ST_ForceCollection - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces was introduced.
ST_GMLToSQL - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces and TIN was introduced.
ST_GMLToSQL - Enhanced: 2.0.0 default srid optional parameter added.
ST_GeomFromEWKB - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces and TIN was introduced.
ST_GeomFromEWKT - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces and TIN was introduced.
ST_GeomFromGML - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces and TIN was introduced.
ST_GeomFromGML - Enhanced: 2.0.0 default srid optional parameter added.
ST_GeometryN - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_GeometryType - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces was introduced.
ST_IsClosed - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces was introduced.
ST_MakeEnvelope - Enhanced: 2.0: Ability to specify an envelope without specifying an SRID was introduced.
ST_MakeValid - Enhanced: 2.0.1, speed improvements requires GEOS-3.3.4
ST_NPoints - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces was introduced.
ST_NumGeometries - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_Relate - Enhanced: 2.0.0 - added support for specifying boundary node rule (requires GEOS >= 3.0).
ST_Rotate - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_Rotate - Enhanced: 2.0.0 additional parameters for specifying the origin of rotation were added.
ST_RotateX - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_RotateY - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_RotateZ - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_Scale - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces, Triangles and TIN was introduced.
ST_ShiftLongitude - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces and TIN was introduced.
ST_Summary - Enhanced: 2.0.0 added support for geography
ST_Transform - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces was introduced.
ValidateTopology - Enhanced: 2.0.0 more efficient edge crossing detection and fixes for false positives that were existent in prior versions.
&& - Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces was introduced.

14.12.7. PostGIS Functions changed behavior in 2.0

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that have changed behavior in PostGIS 2.0 and may require application changes.

Most deprecated functions have been removed. These are functions that haven't been documented since 1.2 or some internal functions that were never documented. If you are using a function that you don't see documented, it's probably deprecated, about to be deprecated, or internal and should be avoided. If you have applications or tools that rely on deprecated functions, please refer to Q: 3.2 for more details.


	Bounding boxes of geometries have been changed from float4 to double precision (float8). This has an impact on answers you get using bounding box operators and casting of bounding boxes to geometries. E.g ST_SetSRID(abbox) will often return a different more accurate answer in PostGIS 2.0+ than it did in prior versions which may very well slightly change answers to view port queries.


	The arguments hasnodata was replaced with exclude_nodata_value which has the same meaning as the older hasnodata but clearer in purpose.

AddGeometryColumn - Changed: 2.0.0 This function no longer updates geometry_columns since geometry_columns is a view that reads from system catalogs. It by default also does not create constraints, but instead uses the built in type modifier behavior of PostgreSQL. So for example building a wgs84 POINT column with this function is now equivalent to: ALTER TABLE some_table ADD COLUMN geom geometry(Point,4326);
AddGeometryColumn - Changed: 2.0.0 If you require the old behavior of constraints use the default use_typmod, but set it to false.
AddGeometryColumn - Changed: 2.0.0 Views can no longer be manually registered in geometry_columns, however views built against geometry typmod tables geometries and used without wrapper functions will register themselves correctly because they inherit the typmod behavior of their parent table column. Views that use geometry functions that output other geometries will need to be cast to typmod geometries for these view geometry columns to be registered correctly in geometry_columns. Refer to .
DropGeometryColumn - Changed: 2.0.0 This function is provided for backward compatibility. Now that since geometry_columns is now a view against the system catalogs, you can drop a geometry column like any other table column using ALTER TABLE
DropGeometryTable - Changed: 2.0.0 This function is provided for backward compatibility. Now that since geometry_columns is now a view against the system catalogs, you can drop a table with geometry columns like any other table using DROP TABLE
Populate_Geometry_Columns - Changed: 2.0.0 By default, now uses type modifiers instead of check constraints to constrain geometry types. You can still use check constraint behavior instead by using the new use_typmod and setting it to false.
Box3D - Changed: 2.0.0 In pre-2.0 versions, there used to be a box2d instead of box3d. Since box2d is a deprecated type, this was changed to box3d.
ST_GDALDrivers - Changed: 2.0.6, 2.1.3 - by default no drivers are enabled, unless GUC or Environment variable gdal_enabled_drivers is set.
ST_ScaleX - Changed: 2.0.0. In WKTRaster versions this was called ST_PixelSizeX.
ST_ScaleY - Changed: 2.0.0. In WKTRaster versions this was called ST_PixelSizeY.
ST_SetScale - Changed: 2.0.0 In WKTRaster versions this was called ST_SetPixelSize. This was changed in 2.0.0.
ST_3DExtent - Changed: 2.0.0 In prior versions this used to be called ST_Extent3D
ST_3DLength - Changed: 2.0.0 In prior versions this used to be called ST_Length3D
ST_3DMakeBox - Changed: 2.0.0 In prior versions this used to be called ST_MakeBox3D
ST_3DPerimeter - Changed: 2.0.0 In prior versions this used to be called ST_Perimeter3D
ST_AsBinary - Changed: 2.0.0 Inputs to this function can not be unknown -- must be geometry. Constructs such as ST_AsBinary('POINT(1 2)') are no longer valid and you will get an n st_asbinary(unknown) is not unique error. Code like that needs to be changed to ST_AsBinary('POINT(1 2)'::geometry);. If that is not possible, then install legacy.sql.
ST_AsGML - Changed: 2.0.0 use default named args
ST_AsGeoJSON - Changed: 2.0.0 support default args and named args.
ST_AsKML - Changed: 2.0.0 - uses default args and supports named args
ST_AsSVG - Changed: 2.0.0 to use default args and support named args
ST_EndPoint - Changed: 2.0.0 no longer works with single geometry multilinestrings. In older versions of PostGIS -- a single line multilinestring would work happily with this function and return the start point. In 2.0.0 it just returns NULL like any other multilinestring. The older behavior was an undocumented feature, but people who assumed they had their data stored as LINESTRING may experience these returning NULL in 2.0 now.
ST_GeomFromText - Changed: 2.0.0 In prior versions of PostGIS ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(EMPTY)') was allowed. This is now illegal in PostGIS 2.0.0 to better conform with SQL/MM standards. This should now be written as ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY')
ST_GeometryN - Changed: 2.0.0 Prior versions would return NULL for singular geometries. This was changed to return the geometry for ST_GeometryN(..,1) case.
ST_IsEmpty - Changed: 2.0.0 In prior versions of PostGIS ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(EMPTY)') was allowed. This is now illegal in PostGIS 2.0.0 to better conform with SQL/MM standards
ST_Length - Changed: 2.0.0 Breaking change -- in prior versions applying this to a MULTI/POLYGON of type geography would give you the perimeter of the POLYGON/MULTIPOLYGON. In 2.0.0 this was changed to return 0 to be in line with geometry behavior. Please use ST_Perimeter if you want the perimeter of a polygon
ST_LocateAlong - Changed: 2.0.0 in prior versions this used to be called ST_Locate_Along_Measure. The old name has been deprecated and will be removed in the future but is still available.
ST_LocateBetween - Changed: 2.0.0 - in prior versions this used to be called ST_Locate_Between_Measures. The old name has been deprecated and will be removed in the future but is still available for backward compatibility.
ST_ModEdgeSplit - Changed: 2.0 - In prior versions, this was misnamed ST_ModEdgesSplit
ST_NumGeometries - Changed: 2.0.0 In prior versions this would return NULL if the geometry was not a collection/MULTI type. 2.0.0+ now returns 1 for single geometries e.g POLYGON, LINESTRING, POINT.
ST_NumInteriorRings - Changed: 2.0.0 - in prior versions it would allow passing a MULTIPOLYGON, returning the number of interior rings of first POLYGON.
ST_PointN - Changed: 2.0.0 no longer works with single geometry multilinestrings. In older versions of PostGIS -- a single line multilinestring would work happily with this function and return the start point. In 2.0.0 it just returns NULL like any other multilinestring.
ST_StartPoint - Changed: 2.0.0 no longer works with single geometry multilinestrings. In older versions of PostGIS -- a single line multilinestring would work happily with this function and return the start point. In 2.0.0 it just returns NULL like any other multilinestring. The older behavior was an undocumented feature, but people who assumed they had their data stored as LINESTRING may experience these returning NULL in 2.0 now.

14.12.8. PostGIS Functions new, behavior changed, or enhanced in 1.5

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that were introduced or enhanced in this minor release.

PostGIS_LibXML_Version - Availability: 1.5 Returns the version number of the libxml2 library.
ST_AddMeasure - Availability: 1.5.0 Return a derived geometry with measure elements linearly interpolated between the start and end points.
ST_AsBinary - Availability: 1.5.0 geography support was introduced. Return the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID meta data.
ST_AsGML - Availability: 1.5.0 geography support was introduced. Return the geometry as a GML version 2 or 3 element.
ST_AsGeoJSON - Availability: 1.5.0 geography support was introduced. Return the geometry as a GeoJSON element.
ST_AsText - Availability: 1.5 - support for geography was introduced. Return the Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID metadata.
ST_Buffer - Availability: 1.5 - ST_Buffer was enhanced to support different endcaps and join types. These are useful for example to convert road linestrings into polygon roads with flat or square edges instead of rounded edges. Thin wrapper for geography was added. - requires GEOS >= 3.2 to take advantage of advanced geometry functionality. (T)Returns a geometry covering all points within a given distancefrom the input geometry.
ST_ClosestPoint - Availability: 1.5.0 Returns the 2-dimensional point on g1 that is closest to g2. This is the first point of the shortest line.
ST_CollectionExtract - Availability: 1.5.0 Given a (multi)geometry, return a (multi)geometry consisting only of elements of the specified type.
ST_Covers - Availability: 1.5 - support for geography was introduced. Returns 1 (TRUE) if no point in Geometry B is outside Geometry A
ST_DFullyWithin - Availability: 1.5.0 Returns true if all of the geometries are within the specified distance of one another
ST_DWithin - Availability: 1.5.0 support for geography was introduced Returns true if the geometries are within the specified distance of one another. For geometry units are in those of spatial reference and For geography units are in meters and measurement is defaulted to use_spheroid=true (measure around spheroid), for faster check, use_spheroid=false to measure along sphere.
ST_Distance - Availability: 1.5.0 geography support was introduced in 1.5. Speed improvements for planar to better handle large or many vertex geometries For geometry type Returns the 2D Cartesian distance between two geometries in projected units (based on spatial ref). For geography type defaults to return minimum geodesic distance between two geographies in meters.
ST_DistanceSphere - Availability: 1.5 - support for other geometry types besides points was introduced. Prior versions only work with points. Returns minimum distance in meters between two lon/lat geometries. Uses a spherical earth and radius derived from the spheroid defined by the SRID. Faster than ST_DistanceSpheroid , but less accurate. PostGIS versions prior to 1.5 only implemented for points.
ST_DistanceSpheroid - Availability: 1.5 - support for other geometry types besides points was introduced. Prior versions only work with points. Returns the minimum distance between two lon/lat geometries given a particular spheroid. PostGIS versions prior to 1.5 only support points.
ST_DumpPoints - Availability: 1.5.0 Returns a set of geometry_dump (geom,path) rows of all points that make up a geometry.
ST_Envelope - Availability: 1.5.0 behavior changed to output double precision instead of float4 Returns a geometry representing the double precision (float8) bounding box of the supplied geometry.
ST_GMLToSQL - Availability: 1.5, requires libxml2 1.6+ Return a specified ST_Geometry value from GML representation. This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromGML
ST_GeomFromGML - Availability: 1.5, requires libxml2 1.6+ Takes as input GML representation of geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object
ST_GeomFromKML - Availability: 1.5,libxml2 2.6+ Takes as input KML representation of geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object
~= - Availability: 1.5.0 changed behavior Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is the same as B's.
ST_HausdorffDistance - Availability: 1.5.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.2.0 Returns the Hausdorff distance between two geometries. Basically a measure of how similar or dissimilar 2 geometries are. Units are in the units of the spatial reference system of the geometries.
ST_Intersection - Availability: 1.5 support for geography data type was introduced. (T)Returns a geometry that represents the shared portion of geomA and geomB.
ST_Intersects - Availability: 1.5 support for geography was introduced. Returns TRUE if the Geometries/Geography "spatially intersect in 2D" - (share any portion of space) and FALSE if they don't (they are Disjoint). For geography -- tolerance is 0.00001 meters (so any points that close are considered to intersect)
ST_Length - Availability: 1.5.0 geography support was introduced in 1.5. Returns the 2D length of the geometry if it is a LineString or MultiLineString. geometry are in units of spatial reference and geography are in meters (default spheroid)
ST_LongestLine - Availability: 1.5.0 Returns the 2-dimensional longest line points of two geometries. The function will only return the first longest line if more than one, that the function finds. The line returned will always start in g1 and end in g2. The length of the line this function returns will always be the same as st_maxdistance returns for g1 and g2.
ST_MakeEnvelope - Availability: 1.5 Creates a rectangular Polygon formed from the given minimums and maximums. Input values must be in SRS specified by the SRID.
ST_MaxDistance - Availability: 1.5.0 Returns the 2-dimensional largest distance between two geometries in projected units.
ST_ShortestLine - Availability: 1.5.0 Returns the 2-dimensional shortest line between two geometries
&& - Availability: 1.5.0 support for geography was introduced. Returns TRUE if A's 2D bounding box intersects B's 2D bounding box.

14.12.9. PostGIS Functions new, behavior changed, or enhanced in 1.4

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that were introduced or enhanced in the 1.4 release.

Populate_Geometry_Columns - Ensures geometry columns are defined with type modifiers or have appropriate spatial constraints This ensures they will be registered correctly in geometry_columns view. By default will convert all geometry columns with no type modifier to ones with type modifiers. To get old behavior set use_typmod=false Availability: 1.4.0
ST_AsSVG - Returns a Geometry in SVG path data given a geometry or geography object. Availability: 1.2.2. Availability: 1.4.0 Changed in PostGIS 1.4.0 to include L command in absolute path to conform to http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/paths.html#PathDataBNF
ST_Collect - Return a specified ST_Geometry value from a collection of other geometries. Availability: 1.4.0 - ST_Collect(geomarray) was introduced. ST_Collect was enhanced to handle more geometries faster.
ST_ContainsProperly - Returns true if B intersects the interior of A but not the boundary (or exterior). A does not contain properly itself, but does contain itself. Availability: 1.4.0 - requires GEOS >= 3.1.0.
ST_Extent - an aggregate function that returns the bounding box that bounds rows of geometries. Availability: 1.4.0
ST_GeoHash - Return a GeoHash representation of the geometry. Availability: 1.4.0
ST_IsValidReason - Returns text stating if a geometry is valid or not and if not valid, a reason why. Availability: 1.4 - requires GEOS >= 3.1.0.
ST_LineCrossingDirection - Given 2 linestrings, returns a number between -3 and 3 denoting what kind of crossing behavior. 0 is no crossing. Availability: 1.4
ST_LocateBetweenElevations - Return a derived geometry (collection) value with elements that intersect the specified range of elevations inclusively. Only 3D, 4D LINESTRINGS and MULTILINESTRINGS are supported. Availability: 1.4.0
ST_MakeLine - Creates a Linestring from point, multipoint, or line geometries. Availability: 1.4.0 - ST_MakeLine(geomarray) was introduced. ST_MakeLine aggregate functions was enhanced to handle more points faster.
ST_MinimumBoundingCircle - Returns the smallest circle polygon that can fully contain a geometry. Default uses 48 segments per quarter circle. Availability: 1.4.0 - requires GEOS
ST_Union - Returns a geometry that represents the point set union of the Geometries. Availability: 1.4.0 - ST_Union was enhanced. ST_Union(geomarray) was introduced and also faster aggregate collection in PostgreSQL. If you are using GEOS 3.1.0+ ST_Union will use the faster Cascaded Union algorithm described in http://blog.cleverelephant.ca/2009/01/must-faster-unions-in-postgis-14.html

14.12.10. PostGIS Functions new in 1.3

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that were introduced in the 1.3 release.

ST_AsGML - Return the geometry as a GML version 2 or 3 element. Availability: 1.3.2
ST_AsGeoJSON - Return the geometry as a GeoJSON element. Availability: 1.3.4
ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology - Returns a "simplified" version of the given geometry using the Douglas-Peucker algorithm. Will avoid creating derived geometries (polygons in particular) that are invalid. Availability: 1.3.3

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