Chapter 7. Guida a PostGIS
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Chapter 7. Guida a PostGIS

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Le funzioni elencate sotto sono quelle di cui un utente PostGIS avrà più probabilmente bisogno. Ci sono altre funzioni, di supporto agli oggetti PostGIS, che non sono utili all'utente comune.

[Note]

PostGIS ha iniziato una transizione dalla namin convention esistente a una convenzione SQL-MM-centrica. Di conseguenza, molte funzioni di uso comune sono state rinominate usando il prefisso standard "spatial type" (ST). Le funzioni precedenti sono tuttora disponibili, anche se non elencate nel presente documento. Al loro posto sono presenti le funzioni aggiornate corrispondenti. Le funzioni non ST_ che mancano in questo documento sono deprecate e verranno eliminate in una futura release, quindi NON VANNO PIÙ USATE.

7.1. Tipi di dati PostGIS Geometria/Geografia/Box

Abstract

Questa sezione elenca i tipi di dati PostgreSQL personalizzati installati da PostGIS per rappresentare i dati spaziali.

Ogni tipo di dati descrive il suo comportamento di conversione di tipo. Un cast di tipo converte i valori di un tipo di dati in un altro tipo. PostgreSQL consente di definire il comportamento di conversione per i tipi personalizzati, insieme alle funzioni utilizzate per convertire i valori del tipo. I cast possono avere un comportamento automatico, che consente la conversione automatica di un argomento di funzione in un tipo supportato dalla funzione.

Alcuni cast hanno un comportamento esplicito, il che significa che il cast deve essere specificato usando la sintassi CAST(myval As sometype) o myval::sometype. Il casting esplicito evita il problema dei cast ambigui, che possono verificarsi quando si utilizza una funzione sovraccaricata che non supporta un determinato tipo. Ad esempio, una funzione può accettare un box2d o un box3d, ma non una geometria. Poiché la geometria ha un cast automatico per entrambi i tipi di box, questo produce un errore di "funzione ambigua". Per evitare l'errore, utilizzare un cast esplicito al tipo di box desiderato.

Tutti i tipi di dati possono essere convertiti in text, quindi non è necessario specificarlo esplicitamente.

  • box2d — The type representing a 2-dimensional bounding box.
  • box3d — The type representing a 3-dimensional bounding box.
  • geometry — geography è un tipo spaziale usato per rappresentare un'entità in un sistema di coordinate sferico valido per l'intero pianeta.
  • geometry_dump — A composite type used to describe the parts of complex geometry.
  • geography — The type representing spatial features with geodetic (ellipsoidal) coordinate systems.

7.2. Funzioni di gestione delle tabelle

Abstract

Queste funzioni aiutano a definire tabelle contenenti colonne geometriche.

  • AddGeometryColumn — Aggiunge una colonna geometrica a una tabella esistente.
  • DropGeometryColumn — Rimuove una colonna geometry da una tabella spaziale
  • DropGeometryTable — Rimuove una tabella e tutte le sue referenze da geometry_columns
  • Find_SRID — Restituisce lo SRID di una colonna di tipo geometrico.
  • Populate_Geometry_Columns — Garantisce che le colonne di tipo geometrico siano definite con dei modificatori di tipo o abbiano dei vincoli spaziali appropriati.
  • UpdateGeometrySRID — Aggiorna lo SRID e di tutte le geometrie nella colonna specificata e i metadati di tabella.

7.3. Costruttori geometrici.

  • ST_Collect — Creates a GeometryCollection or Multi* geometry from a set of geometries.
  • ST_LineFromMultiPoint — Crea una LineString da una geometria MultiPoint.
  • ST_MakeEnvelope — Creates a rectangular Polygon from minimum and maximum coordinates.
  • ST_MakeLine — Crea una LineString da una geometria Point, MultiPoint o un set di LineString
  • ST_MakePoint — Creates a 2D, 3DZ or 4D Point.
  • ST_MakePointM — Creates a Point from X, Y and M values.
  • ST_MakePolygon — Creates a Polygon from a shell and optional list of holes.
  • ST_Point — Creates a Point with X, Y and SRID values.
  • ST_PointZ — Creates a Point with X, Y, Z and SRID values.
  • ST_PointM — Creates a Point with X, Y, M and SRID values.
  • ST_PointZM — Creates a Point with X, Y, Z, M and SRID values.
  • ST_Polygon — Creates a Polygon from a LineString with a specified SRID.
  • ST_TileEnvelope — Creates a rectangular Polygon in Web Mercator (SRID:3857) using the XYZ tile system.
  • ST_HexagonGrid — Returns a set of hexagons and cell indices that completely cover the bounds of the geometry argument.
  • ST_Hexagon — Returns a single hexagon, using the provided edge size and cell coordinate within the hexagon grid space.
  • ST_SquareGrid — Returns a set of grid squares and cell indices that completely cover the bounds of the geometry argument.
  • ST_Square — Returns a single square, using the provided edge size and cell coordinate within the square grid space.
  • ST_Letters — Returns the input letters rendered as geometry with a default start position at the origin and default text height of 100.

7.4. Accessori alla geometria

  • GeometryType — Restituisce il tipo di geometria come testo.
  • ST_Boundary — Restituisce il confine di una geometria.
  • ST_BoundingDiagonal — Restituisce la diagonale del rettangolo di confine di una geometria.
  • ST_CoordDim — Restituisce la dimensione delle coordinate di una geometrie.
  • ST_Dimension — Restituisce la dimensione topologica di una geometria.
  • ST_Dump — Returns a set of geometry_dump rows for the components of a geometry.
  • ST_DumpPoints — Returns a set of geometry_dump rows for the coordinates in a geometry.
  • ST_DumpSegments — Returns a set of geometry_dump rows for the segments in a geometry.
  • ST_DumpRings — Returns a set of geometry_dump rows for the exterior and interior rings of a Polygon.
  • ST_EndPoint — Returns the last point of a LineString or CircularLineString.
  • ST_Envelope — Returns a geometry representing the bounding box of a geometry.
  • ST_ExteriorRing — Returns a LineString representing the exterior ring of a Polygon.
  • ST_GeometryN — Restituisce il tipo di geometria per il valore ST_Geometry.
  • ST_GeometryType — Restituisce il tipo di geometria per il valore ST_Geometry.
  • ST_HasArc — Tests if a geometry contains a circular arc
  • ST_InteriorRingN — Returns the Nth interior ring (hole) of a Polygon.
  • ST_NumCurves — Return the number of component curves in a CompoundCurve.
  • ST_CurveN — Returns the Nth component curve geometry of a CompoundCurve.
  • ST_IsClosed — Restituisce TRUE se il punto iniziale e quello finale di LINESTRING coincidono. Per le superfici poliedriche indica una superficie chiusa (volumetrica).
  • ST_IsCollection — Restituisce TRUE se la geometria è una geometrycollection, un poligono o un punto vuoto, ecc.
  • ST_IsEmpty — Tests if a geometry is empty.
  • ST_IsPolygonCCW — Tests if Polygons have exterior rings oriented counter-clockwise and interior rings oriented clockwise.
  • ST_IsPolygonCW — Tests if Polygons have exterior rings oriented clockwise and interior rings oriented counter-clockwise.
  • ST_IsRing — Tests if a LineString is closed and simple.
  • ST_IsSimple — Tests if a geometry has no points of self-intersection or self-tangency.
  • ST_M — Returns the M coordinate of a Point.
  • ST_MemSize — Restituisce il tipo di geometria per il valore ST_Geometry.
  • ST_NDims — Restituisce la dimensione delle coordinate di una geometria.
  • ST_NPoints — Returns the number of points (vertices) in a geometry.
  • ST_NRings — Returns the number of rings in a polygonal geometry.
  • ST_NumGeometries — Restituisce TRUE se la geometria è una geometrycollection, un poligono o un punto vuoto, ecc.
  • ST_NumInteriorRings — Returns the number of interior rings (holes) of a Polygon.
  • ST_NumInteriorRing — Returns the number of interior rings (holes) of a Polygon. Aias for ST_NumInteriorRings
  • ST_NumPatches — Return the number of faces on a Polyhedral Surface. Will return null for non-polyhedral geometries.
  • ST_NumPoints — Returns the number of points in a LineString or CircularString.
  • ST_PatchN — Restituisce il tipo di geometria per il valore ST_Geometry.
  • ST_PointN — Returns the Nth point in the first LineString or circular LineString in a geometry.
  • ST_Points — Restituisce un MultiPoint contenente le coordinate di una geometria.
  • ST_StartPoint — Returns the first point of a LineString.
  • ST_Summary — Returns a text summary of the contents of a geometry.
  • ST_X — Returns the X coordinate of a Point.
  • ST_Y — Returns the Y coordinate of a Point.
  • ST_Z — Returns the Z coordinate of a Point.
  • ST_Zmflag — Restituisce un codice indicante le dimensioni ZM di una geometria.
  • ST_HasZ — Checks if a geometry has a Z dimension.
  • ST_HasM — Checks if a geometry has an M (measure) dimension.

7.5. Editori di geometria

Abstract

Queste funzioni creano geometrie modificate cambiando tipo, struttura o vertici.

  • ST_AddPoint — Aggiunge un punto a una stringa di linee.
  • ST_CollectionExtract — Given a geometry collection, returns a multi-geometry containing only elements of a specified type.
  • ST_CollectionHomogenize — Returns the simplest representation of a geometry collection.
  • ST_CurveToLine — Converts a geometry containing curves to a linear geometry.
  • ST_Scroll — Change start point of a closed LineString.
  • ST_FlipCoordinates — Returns a version of a geometry with X and Y axis flipped.
  • ST_Force2D — Force the geometries into a "2-dimensional mode".
  • ST_Force3D — Force the geometries into XYZ mode. This is an alias for ST_Force3DZ.
  • ST_Force3DZ — Force the geometries into XYZ mode.
  • ST_Force3DM — Force the geometries into XYM mode.
  • ST_Force4D — Force the geometries into XYZM mode.
  • ST_ForceCollection — Convert the geometry into a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION.
  • ST_ForceCurve — Upcast a geometry into its curved type, if applicable.
  • ST_ForcePolygonCCW — Orients all exterior rings counter-clockwise and all interior rings clockwise.
  • ST_ForcePolygonCW — Orients all exterior rings clockwise and all interior rings counter-clockwise.
  • ST_ForceSFS — Force the geometries to use SFS 1.1 geometry types only.
  • ST_ForceRHR — Force the orientation of the vertices in a polygon to follow the Right-Hand-Rule.
  • ST_LineExtend — Returns a line extended forwards and backwards by specified distances.
  • ST_LineToCurve — Converts a linear geometry to a curved geometry.
  • ST_Multi — Return the geometry as a MULTI* geometry.
  • ST_Normalize — Return the geometry in its canonical form.
  • ST_Project — Returns a point projected from a start point by a distance and bearing (azimuth).
  • ST_QuantizeCoordinates — Sets least significant bits of coordinates to zero
  • ST_RemovePoint — Remove a point from a linestring.
  • ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints — Returns a version of a geometry with duplicate points removed.
  • ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView — Removes points that are irrelevant for rendering a specific rectangluar view of a geometry.
  • ST_RemoveSmallParts — Removes small parts (polygon rings or linestrings) of a geometry.
  • ST_Reverse — Return the geometry with vertex order reversed.
  • ST_Segmentize — Returns a modified geometry/geography having no segment longer than a given distance.
  • ST_SetPoint — Replace point of a linestring with a given point.
  • ST_ShiftLongitude — Shifts the longitude coordinates of a geometry between -180..180 and 0..360.
  • ST_WrapX — Wrap a geometry around an X value.
  • ST_SnapToGrid — Snap all points of the input geometry to a regular grid.
  • ST_Snap — Snap segments and vertices of input geometry to vertices of a reference geometry.
  • ST_SwapOrdinates — Returns a version of the given geometry with given ordinate values swapped.

7.6. Geometry Validation

Abstract

These functions test whether geometries are valid according to the OGC SFS standard. They also provide information about the nature and location of invalidity. There is also a function to create a valid geometry out of an invalid one.

  • ST_IsValid — Tests if a geometry is well-formed in 2D.
  • ST_IsValidDetail — Returns a valid_detail row stating if a geometry is valid or if not a reason and a location.
  • ST_IsValidReason — Returns text stating if a geometry is valid, or a reason for invalidity.
  • ST_MakeValid — Attempts to make an invalid geometry valid without losing vertices.

7.7. Spatial Reference System Functions

Abstract

These functions work with the Spatial Reference System of geometries as defined in the spatial_ref_sys table.

  • ST_InverseTransformPipeline — Return a new geometry with coordinates transformed to a different spatial reference system using the inverse of a defined coordinate transformation pipeline.
  • ST_SetSRID — Set the SRID on a geometry.
  • ST_SRID — Returns the spatial reference identifier for a geometry.
  • ST_Transform — Return a new geometry with coordinates transformed to a different spatial reference system.
  • ST_TransformPipeline — Return a new geometry with coordinates transformed to a different spatial reference system using a defined coordinate transformation pipeline.
  • postgis_srs_codes — Return the list of SRS codes associated with the given authority.
  • postgis_srs — Return a metadata record for the requested authority and srid.
  • postgis_srs_all — Return metadata records for every spatial reference system in the underlying Proj database.
  • postgis_srs_search — Return metadata records for projected coordinate systems that have areas of usage that fully contain the bounds parameter.

7.8. Ingresso geometria

Abstract

Queste funzioni creano oggetti geometrici da vari formati testuali o binari.

7.8.1. Well-Known Text (WKT)

  • ST_BdPolyFromText — Costruisce un poligono an partire da una collezione arbitraria di linee chiuse in forma di multilinee rappresentate come testo Well-Known
  • ST_BdMPolyFromText — Costruisce un MultiPolygon a partire da una collezione arbitraria di linee chiuse sotto forma di MultiLineString in formato Well-Known-Text.
  • ST_GeogFromText — Ritorna un valore geography sotto forma di Well-Know-Text (WKT) oppure di Extended-Well-Know-Text (EWKT)
  • ST_GeographyFromText — Ritorna un valore geography sotto forma di Well-Know-Text (WKT) oppure di Extended-Well-Know-Text (EWKT)
  • ST_GeomCollFromText — Crea una collezione Geometria dalla collezione WKT con il SRID indicato. Se SRID non è indicato, il valore predefinito è 0.
  • ST_GeomFromEWKT — Ritorna un valore ST_Geometry a partire da una rappresentazione Extended Well-Known Text (EWKT).
  • ST_GeomFromMARC21 — Prende in input i dati geografici MARC21/XML e restituisce un oggetto geometrico PostGIS.
  • ST_GeometryFromText — Restituisce un valore ST_Geometry a partire da Well-Known-Text (WKT). È un alias per ST_GeomFromText
  • ST_GeomFromText — Restituisce un valore ST_Geometry a partire da una rappresentazione Well-Known-Text (WKT)
  • ST_LineFromText — Crea una geometria dalla rappresentazione WKT con il SRID indicato. Se SRID non viene indicato, il valore predefinito è 0.
  • ST_MLineFromText — Restituisce un valore ST_MultiLineString specificato dalla rappresentazione WKT.
  • ST_MPointFromText — Crea una geometria da WKT con il SRID indicato. Se SRID non viene indicato, il valore predefinito è 0.
  • ST_MPolyFromText — Crea una geometria multipoligono da WKT con il SRID indicato. Se SRID non è indicato, l'impostazione predefinita è 0.
  • ST_PointFromText — Crea una geometria di punti da WKT con il SRID indicato. Se SRID non è indicato, il valore predefinito è sconosciuto.
  • ST_PolygonFromText — Crea una geometria da WKT con il SRID indicato. Se SRID non viene indicato, il valore predefinito è 0.
  • ST_WKTToSQL — Restituisce un valore ST_Geometry a partire da Well-Known-Text (WKT). È un alias per ST_GeomFromText

7.8.2. Well-Known Binary (WKB)

  • ST_GeogFromWKB — Crea un oggetto geography a partire da una geometria in Well-Known Binary (WKB) oppure Extended Well-Known Binary (EWKB).
  • ST_GeomFromEWKB — Ritorna un valore ST_Geometry a partire da Extended Well-Known Binary (EWKB).
  • ST_GeomFromWKB — Crea un'istanza di geometria da una rappresentazione geometrica Well-Known Binary (WKB) e da un SRID opzionale.
  • ST_LineFromWKB — Crea un LINESTRING da WKB con il SRID indicato
  • ST_LinestringFromWKB — Crea una geometria da WKB con il SRID indicato.
  • ST_PointFromWKB — Crea una geometria da WKB con il SRID indicato
  • ST_WKBToSQL — Restituisce un valore ST_Geometry specificato dalla rappresentazione Well-Known Binary (WKB). Si tratta di un nome alias per ST_GeomFromWKB che non accetta srid

7.8.3. Altri formati

  • ST_Box2dFromGeoHash — Restituisce un BOX2D da una stringa GeoHash.
  • ST_GeomFromGeoHash — Restituisce una geometria da una stringa GeoHash.
  • ST_GeomFromGML — Accetta una geometria in formato GML come input e restituisce un oggetto PostGIS geometry
  • ST_GeomFromGeoJSON — Accetta come input la rappresentazione geojson di una geometria e restituisce una geometria PostGIS
  • ST_GeomFromKML — Accetta come input una geometria in formato KML e restituisce una geometria PostGIS.
  • ST_GeomFromTWKB — Crea un'istanza di geometria da una rappresentazione geometrica TWKB ("Tiny Well Known Binary").
  • ST_GMLToSQL — Restituisce un valore ST_Geometry a partire da una rappresentazione GML. Questo è solo un alias per la funzione ST_GeomFromGML.
  • ST_LineFromEncodedPolyline — Crea una stringa di linee da una polilinea codificata.
  • ST_PointFromGeoHash — Restituisce un punto da una stringa GeoHash.
  • ST_FromFlatGeobufToTable — Crea una tabella basata sulla struttura dei dati di FlatGeobuf.
  • ST_FromFlatGeobuf — Legge i dati di FlatGeobuf.

7.9. Geometry Output

Abstract

Queste funzioni convertono gli oggetti geometrici in vari formati testuali o binari.

7.9.1. Well-Known Text (WKT)

  • ST_AsEWKT — Ritorna la rappresentazione Well-Known Text (WKT) della geometria con incluso lo SRID.
  • ST_AsText — Return the Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID metadata.

7.9.2. Well-Known Binary (WKB)

  • ST_AsBinary — Return the OGC/ISO Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID meta data.
  • ST_AsEWKB — Return the Extended Well-Known Binary (EWKB) representation of the geometry with SRID meta data.
  • ST_AsHEXEWKB — Returns a Geometry in HEXEWKB format (as text) using either little-endian (NDR) or big-endian (XDR) encoding.

7.9.3. Altri formati

  • ST_AsEncodedPolyline — Returns an Encoded Polyline from a LineString geometry.
  • ST_AsFlatGeobuf — Return a FlatGeobuf representation of a set of rows.
  • ST_AsGeobuf — Return a Geobuf representation of a set of rows.
  • ST_AsGeoJSON — Return a geometry or feature in GeoJSON format.
  • ST_AsGML — Return the geometry as a GML version 2 or 3 element.
  • ST_AsKML — Return the geometry as a KML element.
  • ST_AsLatLonText — Return the Degrees, Minutes, Seconds representation of the given point.
  • ST_AsMARC21 — Returns geometry as a MARC21/XML record with a geographic datafield (034).
  • ST_AsMVTGeom — Transforms a geometry into the coordinate space of a MVT tile.
  • ST_AsMVT — Aggregate function returning a MVT representation of a set of rows.
  • ST_AsSVG — Returns SVG path data for a geometry.
  • ST_AsTWKB — Returns the geometry as TWKB, aka "Tiny Well-Known Binary"
  • ST_AsX3D — Returns a Geometry in X3D xml node element format: ISO-IEC-19776-1.2-X3DEncodings-XML
  • ST_GeoHash — Return a GeoHash representation of the geometry.

7.10. Operatori

7.10.1. Bounding Box Operators

  • && — Returns TRUE if A's 2D bounding box intersects B's 2D bounding box.
  • &&(geometry,box2df) — Returns TRUE if a geometry's (cached) 2D bounding box intersects a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF).
  • &&(box2df,geometry) — Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) intersects a geometry's (cached) 2D bounding box.
  • &&(box2df,box2df) — Returns TRUE if two 2D float precision bounding boxes (BOX2DF) intersect each other.
  • &&& — Returns TRUE if A's n-D bounding box intersects B's n-D bounding box.
  • &&&(geometry,gidx) — Returns TRUE if a geometry's (cached) n-D bounding box intersects a n-D float precision bounding box (GIDX).
  • &&&(gidx,geometry) — Returns TRUE if a n-D float precision bounding box (GIDX) intersects a geometry's (cached) n-D bounding box.
  • &&&(gidx,gidx) — Returns TRUE if two n-D float precision bounding boxes (GIDX) intersect each other.
  • &< — Returns TRUE if A's bounding box overlaps or is to the left of B's.
  • &<| — Returns TRUE if A's bounding box overlaps or is below B's.
  • &> — Returns TRUE if A' bounding box overlaps or is to the right of B's.
  • << — Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is strictly to the left of B's.
  • <<| — Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is strictly below B's.
  • = — Returns TRUE if the coordinates and coordinate order geometry/geography A are the same as the coordinates and coordinate order of geometry/geography B.
  • >> — Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is strictly to the right of B's.
  • @ — Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is contained by B's.
  • @(geometry,box2df) — Returns TRUE if a geometry's 2D bounding box is contained into a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF).
  • @(box2df,geometry) — Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) is contained into a geometry's 2D bounding box.
  • @(box2df,box2df) — Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) is contained into another 2D float precision bounding box.
  • |&> — Returns TRUE if A's bounding box overlaps or is above B's.
  • |>> — Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is strictly above B's.
  • ~ — Returns TRUE if A's bounding box contains B's.
  • ~(geometry,box2df) — Returns TRUE if a geometry's 2D bonding box contains a 2D float precision bounding box (GIDX).
  • ~(box2df,geometry) — Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) contains a geometry's 2D bonding box.
  • ~(box2df,box2df) — Returns TRUE if a 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF) contains another 2D float precision bounding box (BOX2DF).
  • ~= — Returns TRUE if A's bounding box is the same as B's.

7.10.2. Operatori

  • <-> — Returns the 2D distance between A and B.
  • |=| — Returns the distance between A and B trajectories at their closest point of approach.
  • <#> — Returns the 2D distance between A and B bounding boxes.
  • <<->> — Returns the n-D distance between the A and B geometries or bounding boxes

7.11. Relazioni Spaziali

Abstract

Queste funzioni determinano la relazione spaziale tra due geometrie.

7.11.1. Relazioni Topologiche

  • ST_3DIntersects — Tests if two geometries spatially intersect in 3D - only for points, linestrings, polygons, polyhedral surface (area)
  • ST_Contains — Tests if every point of B lies in A, and their interiors have a point in common
  • ST_ContainsProperly — Tests if every point of B lies in the interior of A
  • ST_CoveredBy — Tests if every point of A lies in B
  • ST_Covers — Tests if every point of B lies in A
  • ST_Crosses — Tests if two geometries have some, but not all, interior points in common
  • ST_Disjoint — Tests if two geometries have no points in common
  • ST_Equals — Tests if two geometries include the same set of points
  • ST_Intersects — Tests if two geometries intersect (they have at least one point in common)
  • ST_LineCrossingDirection — Returns a number indicating the crossing behavior of two LineStrings
  • ST_OrderingEquals — Tests if two geometries represent the same geometry and have points in the same directional order
  • ST_Overlaps — Tests if two geometries have the same dimension and intersect, but each has at least one point not in the other
  • ST_Relate — Tests if two geometries have a topological relationship matching an Intersection Matrix pattern, or computes their Intersection Matrix
  • ST_RelateMatch — Tests if a DE-9IM Intersection Matrix matches an Intersection Matrix pattern
  • ST_Touches — Tests if two geometries have at least one point in common, but their interiors do not intersect
  • ST_Within — Tests if every point of A lies in B, and their interiors have a point in common

7.11.2. Distance Relationships

  • ST_3DDWithin — Tests if two 3D geometries are within a given 3D distance
  • ST_3DDFullyWithin — Tests if two 3D geometries are entirely within a given 3D distance
  • ST_DFullyWithin — Tests if a geometry is entirely inside a distance of another
  • ST_DWithin — Tests if two geometries are within a given distance
  • ST_PointInsideCircle — Tests if a point geometry is inside a circle defined by a center and radius

7.12. Measurement Functions

Abstract

These functions compute measurements of distance, area and angles. There are also functions to compute geometry values determined by measurements.

  • ST_Area — Returns the area of a polygonal geometry.
  • ST_Azimuth — Returns the north-based azimuth of a line between two points.
  • ST_Angle — Returns the angle between two vectors defined by 3 or 4 points, or 2 lines.
  • ST_ClosestPoint — Returns the 2D point on g1 that is closest to g2. This is the first point of the shortest line from one geometry to the other.
  • ST_3DClosestPoint — Returns the 3D point on g1 that is closest to g2. This is the first point of the 3D shortest line.
  • ST_Distance — Returns the distance between two geometry or geography values.
  • ST_3DDistance — Returns the 3D cartesian minimum distance (based on spatial ref) between two geometries in projected units.
  • ST_DistanceSphere — Returns minimum distance in meters between two lon/lat geometries using a spherical earth model.
  • ST_DistanceSpheroid — Returns the minimum distance between two lon/lat geometries using a spheroidal earth model.
  • ST_FrechetDistance — Returns the Fréchet distance between two geometries.
  • ST_HausdorffDistance — Returns the Hausdorff distance between two geometries.
  • ST_Length — Returns the 2D length of a linear geometry.
  • ST_Length2D — Returns the 2D length of a linear geometry. Alias for ST_Length
  • ST_3DLength — Returns the 3D length of a linear geometry.
  • ST_LengthSpheroid — Returns the 2D or 3D length/perimeter of a lon/lat geometry on a spheroid.
  • ST_LongestLine — Returns the 2D longest line between two geometries.
  • ST_3DLongestLine — Returns the 3D longest line between two geometries
  • ST_MaxDistance — Returns the 2D largest distance between two geometries in projected units.
  • ST_3DMaxDistance — Returns the 3D cartesian maximum distance (based on spatial ref) between two geometries in projected units.
  • ST_MinimumClearance — Returns the minimum clearance of a geometry, a measure of a geometry's robustness.
  • ST_MinimumClearanceLine — Returns the two-point LineString spanning a geometry's minimum clearance.
  • ST_Perimeter — Returns the length of the boundary of a polygonal geometry or geography.
  • ST_Perimeter2D — Returns the 2D perimeter of a polygonal geometry. Alias for ST_Perimeter.
  • ST_3DPerimeter — Returns the 3D perimeter of a polygonal geometry.
  • ST_ShortestLine — Returns the 2D shortest line between two geometries
  • ST_3DShortestLine — Returns the 3D shortest line between two geometries

7.13. Overlay Functions

Abstract

These functions compute results arising from the overlay of two geometries. These are also known as point-set theoretic boolean operations. Some related functions are also provided.

  • ST_ClipByBox2D — Computes the portion of a geometry falling within a rectangle.
  • ST_Difference — Computes a geometry representing the part of geometry A that does not intersect geometry B.
  • ST_Intersection — Computes a geometry representing the shared portion of geometries A and B.
  • ST_MemUnion — Aggregate function which unions geometries in a memory-efficent but slower way
  • ST_Node — Nodes a collection of lines.
  • ST_Split — Returns a collection of geometries created by splitting a geometry by another geometry.
  • ST_Subdivide — Computes a rectilinear subdivision of a geometry.
  • ST_SymDifference — Computes a geometry representing the portions of geometries A and B that do not intersect.
  • ST_UnaryUnion — Computes the union of the components of a single geometry.
  • ST_Union — Computes a geometry representing the point-set union of the input geometries.

7.14. Geometry Processing

Abstract

These functions compute geometric constructions, or alter geometry size or shape.

  • ST_Buffer — Computes a geometry covering all points within a given distance from a geometry.
  • ST_BuildArea — Creates a polygonal geometry formed by the linework of a geometry.
  • ST_Centroid — Restituisce il centro geometrico di una geometria.
  • ST_ChaikinSmoothing — Returns a smoothed version of a geometry, using the Chaikin algorithm
  • ST_ConcaveHull — Computes a possibly concave geometry that contains all input geometry vertices
  • ST_ConvexHull — Computes the convex hull of a geometry.
  • ST_DelaunayTriangles — Returns the Delaunay triangulation of the vertices of a geometry.
  • ST_FilterByM — Removes vertices based on their M value
  • ST_GeneratePoints — Generates a multipoint of random points contained in a Polygon or MultiPolygon.
  • ST_GeometricMedian — Returns the geometric median of a MultiPoint.
  • ST_LineMerge — Return the lines formed by sewing together a MultiLineString.
  • ST_MaximumInscribedCircle — Computes the largest circle contained within a geometry.
  • ST_LargestEmptyCircle — Computes the largest circle not overlapping a geometry.
  • ST_MinimumBoundingCircle — Returns the smallest circle polygon that contains a geometry.
  • ST_MinimumBoundingRadius — Restituisce il punto centrale e il raggio del cerchio più piccolo che contiene una geometria.
  • ST_OrientedEnvelope — Returns a minimum-area rectangle containing a geometry.
  • ST_OffsetCurve — Returns an offset line at a given distance and side from an input line.
  • ST_PointOnSurface — Calcola un punto che si trova in un poligono o su una geometria.
  • ST_Polygonize — Calcola un insieme di poligoni formati dalle linee di un insieme di geometrie.
  • ST_ReducePrecision — Restituisce una geometria valida con punti arrotondati alla tolleranza della griglia.
  • ST_SharedPaths — Restituisce un insieme contenente i percorsi condivisi dalle due stringhe/multilinghe in ingresso.
  • ST_Simplify — Returns a simplified representation of a geometry, using the Douglas-Peucker algorithm.
  • ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology — Returns a simplified and valid representation of a geometry, using the Douglas-Peucker algorithm.
  • ST_SimplifyPolygonHull — Computes a simplifed topology-preserving outer or inner hull of a polygonal geometry.
  • ST_SimplifyVW — Returns a simplified representation of a geometry, using the Visvalingam-Whyatt algorithm
  • ST_SetEffectiveArea — Sets the effective area for each vertex, using the Visvalingam-Whyatt algorithm.
  • ST_TriangulatePolygon — Computes the constrained Delaunay triangulation of polygons
  • ST_VoronoiLines — Returns the boundaries of the Voronoi diagram of the vertices of a geometry.
  • ST_VoronoiPolygons — Returns the cells of the Voronoi diagram of the vertices of a geometry.

7.15. Coverages

Abstract

These functions operate on sets of polygonal geometry that form "implicit coverages". To form a valid coverage polygons must not overlap, and the vertices of adjacent edges must match exactly. Coverages are fast to process, and can be operated on with window functions, which retain the coverage topology inside the window partition while altering the edges.

  • ST_CoverageInvalidEdges — Window function that finds locations where polygons fail to form a valid coverage.
  • ST_CoverageSimplify — Window function that simplifies the edges of a polygonal coverage.
  • ST_CoverageUnion — Computes the union of a set of polygons forming a coverage by removing shared edges.

7.16. Affine Transformations

Abstract

These functions change the position and shape of geometries using affine transformations.

  • ST_Affine — Apply a 3D affine transformation to a geometry.
  • ST_Rotate — Rotates a geometry about an origin point.
  • ST_RotateX — Rotates a geometry about the X axis.
  • ST_RotateY — Rotates a geometry about the Y axis.
  • ST_RotateZ — Rotates a geometry about the Z axis.
  • ST_Scale — Scales a geometry by given factors.
  • ST_Translate — Translates a geometry by given offsets.
  • ST_TransScale — Translates and scales a geometry by given offsets and factors.

7.17. Clustering Functions

Abstract

These functions implement clustering algorithms for sets of geometries.

  • ST_ClusterDBSCAN — Window function that returns a cluster id for each input geometry using the DBSCAN algorithm.
  • ST_ClusterIntersecting — Aggregate function that clusters input geometries into connected sets.
  • ST_ClusterIntersectingWin — Window function that returns a cluster id for each input geometry, clustering input geometries into connected sets.
  • ST_ClusterKMeans — Window function that returns a cluster id for each input geometry using the K-means algorithm.
  • ST_ClusterWithin — Aggregate function that clusters geometries by separation distance.
  • ST_ClusterWithinWin — Window function that returns a cluster id for each input geometry, clustering using separation distance.

7.18. Bounding Box Functions

Abstract

These functions produce or operate on bounding boxes. They can also provide and accept geometry values, by using automatic or explicit casts.

See also Section 13.7, “Funzioni del box PostGIS”.

  • Box2D — Returns a BOX2D representing the 2D extent of a geometry.
  • Box3D — Returns a BOX3D representing the 3D extent of a geometry.
  • ST_EstimatedExtent — Returns the estimated extent of a spatial table.
  • ST_Expand — Returns a bounding box expanded from another bounding box or a geometry.
  • ST_Extent — Funzione aggregata che restituisce il rettangolo di selezione delle geometrie.
  • ST_3DExtent — Funzione aggregata che restituisce il rettangolo di selezione 3D delle geometrie.
  • ST_MakeBox2D — Crea un BOX2D definito da due geometrie di punti 2D.
  • ST_3DMakeBox — Creates a BOX3D defined by two 3D point geometries.
  • ST_XMax — Returns the X maxima of a 2D or 3D bounding box or a geometry.
  • ST_XMin — Returns the X minima of a 2D or 3D bounding box or a geometry.
  • ST_YMax — Returns the Y maxima of a 2D or 3D bounding box or a geometry.
  • ST_YMin — Returns the Y minima of a 2D or 3D bounding box or a geometry.
  • ST_ZMax — Returns the Z maxima of a 2D or 3D bounding box or a geometry.
  • ST_ZMin — Returns the Z minima of a 2D or 3D bounding box or a geometry.

7.19. Sistemi di riferimento lineare

7.20. Trajectory Functions

Abstract

These functions support working with trajectories. A trajectory is a linear geometry with increasing measures (M value) on each coordinate. Spatio-temporal data can be modeled by using relative times (such as the epoch) as the measure values.

  • ST_IsValidTrajectory — Tests if the geometry is a valid trajectory.
  • ST_ClosestPointOfApproach — Returns a measure at the closest point of approach of two trajectories.
  • ST_DistanceCPA — Returns the distance between the closest point of approach of two trajectories.
  • ST_CPAWithin — Tests if the closest point of approach of two trajectories is within the specified distance.

7.21. Version Functions

Abstract

These functions report and upgrade PostGIS versions.

7.22. Grand Unified Custom Variables (GUCs)

Abstract

This section lists custom PostGIS Grand Unified Custom Variables (GUC). These can be set globally, by database, by session or by transaction. Best set at global or database level.

For more examples of usage refer to SQL SET and SQL ALTER SYSTEM

  • postgis.backend — The backend to service a function where GEOS and SFCGAL overlap. Options: geos or sfcgal. Defaults to geos.
  • postgis.gdal_datapath — A configuration option to assign the value of GDAL's GDAL_DATA option. If not set, the environmentally set GDAL_DATA variable is used.
  • postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers — A configuration option to set the enabled GDAL drivers in the PostGIS environment. Affects the GDAL configuration variable GDAL_SKIP.
  • postgis.enable_outdb_rasters — A boolean configuration option to enable access to out-db raster bands.
  • postgis.gdal_vsi_options — A string configuration to set options used when working with an out-db raster.

7.23. Troubleshooting Functions

Abstract

These functions are utilities for troubleshooting and repairing geometry data. They are only needed if the geometry data is corrupted in some way, which should never happen under normal circumstances.