Das PostGIS Quellarchiv kann von der Download Webseite https://postgis.net/stuff/postgis-3.4.4dev.tar.gz bezogen werden.

wget https://postgis.net/stuff/postgis-3.4.4dev.tar.gz
tar -xvzf postgis-3.4.4dev.tar.gz
cd postgis-3.4.4dev

Dadurch wird das Verzeichnis postgis-3.4.4dev im aktuellen Arbeitsverzeichnis erzeugt.

Alternativ kann der Quellcode auch von svn repository http://svn.osgeo.org/postgis/trunk/ bezogen werden.

git clone https://git.osgeo.org/gitea/postgis/postgis.git postgis
cd postgis
sh autogen.sh
    

Um die Installation fortzusetzen ist in das neu erstellte Verzeichnis postgis-3.4.4dev zu wechseln.

./configure

Zur Kompilation und Anwendung stellt PostGIS die folgenden Systemanforderungen:

Notwendige Systemvoraussetzungen

Optionale Systemanforderungen

Wie bei den meisten Installationen auf Linux besteht der erste Schritt in der Erstellung eines Makefiles, welches dann zur Kompilation des Quellcodes verwendet wird. Dies wird durch einen Aufruf des Shell Scripts erreicht.

./configure

Ohne zusätzliche Parameter legt dieser Befehl die Komponenten und Bibliotheken fest, welche für die Kompilation des PostGIS Quellcodes auf Ihrem System benötigt werden. Obwohl dies der häufigste Anwendungsfall von ./configure ist, akzeptiert das Skript eine Reihe von Parametern, falls sich die benötigten Bibliotheken und Programme nicht in den Standardverzeichnissen befinden.

Die folgende Liste weist nur die am häufigsten verwendeten Parameter auf. Für eine vollständige Liste benutzen Sie bitte --help oder --help=short .

	Wenn Sie PostGIS vom Code Repository bezogen haben, müssen Sie zu allererst das Skript ausführen ./autogen.sh Dieses Skript erzeugt das configure Skript, welches seinerseits zur Anpassung der Installation von PostGIS eingesetzt wird. Falls Sie stattdessen PostGIS als Tarball vorliegen haben, dann ist es nicht notwendig ./autogen.sh auszuführen, da configure bereits erzeugt wurde.

Sobald das Makefile erzeugt wurde, ist der Build-Prozess für PostGIS so einfach wie

make

Die letzte Zeile der Ausgabe sollte "PostGIS was built successfully. Ready to install." enthalten

Seit PostGIS v1.4.0 haben alle Funktionen Kommentare, welche aus der Dokumentation erstellt werden. Wenn Sie diese Kommentare später in die räumliche Datenbank importieren wollen, können Sie den Befehl ausführen der "docbook" benötigt. Die Dateien "postgis_comments.sql", "raster_comments.sql" und "topology_comments.sql" sind im Ordner "doc" der "tar.gz"-Distribution mit paketiert, weshalb Sie bei einer Installation vom "tar ball" her, die Kommentare nicht selbst erstellen müssen. Die Kommentare werden auch als Teil der Installation "CREATE EXTENSION" angelegt.

make comments

Eingeführt in PostGIS 2.0. Erzeugt HTML-Spickzettel, die als schnelle Referenz oder als Handzettel für Studenten geeignet sind. Dies benötigt xsltproc zur Kompilation und erzeugt 4 Dateien in dem Ordner "doc": topology_cheatsheet.html,tiger_geocoder_cheatsheet.html, raster_cheatsheet.html, postgis_cheatsheet.html

Einige bereits Vorgefertigte können von PostGIS / PostgreSQL Study Guides als HTML oder PDF heruntergeladen werden

make cheatsheets

Die PostGIS Erweiterungen/Extensions werden ab PostgreSQL 9.1+ automatisch kompiliert und installiert.

Wenn Sie aus dem Quell-Repository kompilieren, müssen Sie zuerst die Beschreibung der Funktionen kompilieren. Diese lassen sich kompilieren, wenn Sie docbook installiert haben. Sie können sie aber auch händisch mit folgender Anweisung kompilieren:

make comments

Sie müssen die Kommentare nicht kompilieren, wenn sie von einem Format "tar" weg kompilieren, da diese in der tar-Datei bereits vorkompilierten sind.

Wenn Sie gegen PostgreSQL 9.1 kompilieren, sollten die Erweiterungen automatisch als Teil des Prozesses "make install" kompilieren. Falls notwendig, können Sie auch vom Ordner mit den Erweiterungen aus kompilieren, oder die Dateien auf einen anderen Server kopieren.

cd extensions
cd postgis
make clean
make
export PGUSER=postgres #overwrite psql variables
make check #to test before install
make install
# to test extensions
make check RUNTESTFLAGS=--extension

	make check uses psql to run tests and as such can use psql environment variables. Common ones useful to override are PGUSER,PGPORT, and PGHOST. Refer to psql environment variables

Die Erweiterungsdateien sind für dieselbe Version von PostGIS immer ident, unabhängig vom Betriebssystem. Somit ist es in Ordnung, die Erweiterungsdateien von einem Betriebssystem auf ein anderes zu kopieren, solange die Binärdateien von PostGIS bereits installiert sind.

Falls Sie die Erweiterungen händisch auf einen anderen Server installieren wollen, müssen sie folgende Dateien aus dem Erweiterungsordner in den Ordner PostgreSQL / share / extension Ihrer PostgreSQL Installation kopieren. Ebenso die benötigten Binärdateien für das reguläre PostGIS, falls sich PostGIS noch nicht auf dem Server befindet.

Sobald Sie dies ausgeführt haben, sollten Sie postgis, postgis_topology als verfügbare Erweiterungen in PgAdmin -> extensions sehen.

Falls Sie psql verwenden, können Sie die installierten Erweiterungen folgendermaßen abfragen:

SELECT name, default_version,installed_version
FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name LIKE 'postgis%' or name LIKE 'address%';

             name             | default_version | installed_version
------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------
 address_standardizer         | 3.4.4dev         | 3.4.4dev
 address_standardizer_data_us | 3.4.4dev         | 3.4.4dev
 postgis                      | 3.4.4dev         | 3.4.4dev
 postgis_raster               | 3.4.4dev         | 3.4.4dev
 postgis_sfcgal               | 3.4.4dev         |
 postgis_tiger_geocoder       | 3.4.4dev         | 3.4.4dev
 postgis_topology             | 3.4.4dev         |
(6 rows)

Wenn Sie in der Datenbank, die Sie abfragen, eine Erweiterung installiert haben, dann sehen Sie einen Hinweis in der Spalte installed_version. Wenn Sie keine Datensätze zurückbekommen bedeutet dies, dass Sie überhaupt keine PostGIS Erweiterung auf dem Server installiert haben. PgAdmin III 1.14+ bietet diese Information ebenfalls in der Sparte extensions im Navigationsbaum der Datenbankinstanz an und ermöglicht sogar ein Upgrade oder eine Deinstallation über einen Rechtsklick.

Wenn die Erweiterungen vorhanden sind, können Sie die PostGIS-Extension sowohl mit der erweiterten pgAdmin Oberfläche als auch mittels folgender SQL-Befehle in einer beliebigen Datenbank installieren:

CREATE EXTENSION postgis;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_raster;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_sfcgal;
CREATE EXTENSION fuzzystrmatch; --needed for postgis_tiger_geocoder
--optional used by postgis_tiger_geocoder, or can be used standalone
CREATE EXTENSION address_standardizer;
CREATE EXTENSION address_standardizer_data_us;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_tiger_geocoder;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_topology;

Sie können psql verwenden, um sich die installierten Versionen und die Datenbankschemen in denen sie installiert sind, anzeigen zu lassen.

\connect mygisdb
\x
\dx postgis*

List of installed extensions
-[ RECORD 1 ]-------------------------------------------------
Name        | postgis
Version     | 3.4.4dev
Schema      | public
Description | PostGIS geometry, geography, and raster spat..
-[ RECORD 2 ]-------------------------------------------------
Name        | postgis_raster
Version     | 3.0.0dev
Schema      | public
Description | PostGIS raster types and functions
-[ RECORD 3 ]-------------------------------------------------
Name        | postgis_tiger_geocoder
Version     | 3.4.4dev
Schema      | tiger
Description | PostGIS tiger geocoder and reverse geocoder
-[ RECORD 4 ]-------------------------------------------------
Name        | postgis_topology
Version     | 3.4.4dev
Schema      | topology
Description | PostGIS topology spatial types and functions

Die Erweiterungstabellen spatial_ref_sys. layer und topology können nicht explizit gesichert werden. Sie können nur mit der entsprechenden postgis oder postgis_topology Erweiterung gesichert werden, was nur geschieht, wenn Sie die ganze Datenbank sichern. Ab PostGIS 2.0.2 werden nur diejenigen Datensätze von SRID beim Backup der Datenbank gesichert, die nicht mit PostGIS paketiert sind. Sie sollten daher keine paketierte SRID ändern und Sie können erwarten, dass Ihre Änderungen gesichert werden. Wenn Sie irgendein Problem finden, reichen Sie bitte ein Ticket ein. Die Struktur der Erweiterungstabellen wird niemals gesichert, da diese mit CREATE EXTENSION erstellt wurde und angenommen wird, dass sie für eine bestimmten Version einer Erweiterung gleich ist. Dieses Verhalten ist in dem aktuellen PostgreSQL Extension Model eingebaut, weshalb wir daran nichts ändern können.

Wenn Sie 3.4.4dev ohne unser wunderbares Extension System installiert haben, können Sie auf erweiterungsbasiert wechseln, indem Sie folgende Befehle ausführen, welche die Funktionen in ihre entsprechenden Erweiterungen paketieren.

CREATE EXTENSION postgis FROM unpackaged;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_raster FROM unpackaged;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_topology FROM unpackaged;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_tiger_geocoder FROM unpackaged;

Wenn Sie die Kompilation von PostGIS überprüfen wollen:

make check

Obiger Befehl durchläuft mehere Überprüfungen und Regressionstests, indem er die angelegte Bibliothek in einer aktuellen PostgreSQL Datenbank ausführt.

	Falls Sie PostGIS so konfiguriert haben, dass nicht die Standardverzeichnisse für PostgreSQL, GEOS oder Proj4 verwendet werden, kann es sein, dass Sie die Speicherstellen dieser Bibliotheken in der Umgebungsvariablen "LD_LIBRARY_PATH" eintragen müssen.

Zurzeit beruht make check auf die Umgebungsvariablen PATH undPGPORT beim Ausführen der Überprüfungen - es wird nicht die Version von PostgreSQL verwendet, die mit dem Konfigurationsparameter --with-pgconfig angegeben wurde. Daher stellen Sie sicher, dass die Variable PATH mit der während der Konfiguration dedektierten Installation von PostgreSQL übereinstimmt, oder seien Sie auf drohende Kopfschmerzen vorbereitet.

If successful, make check will produce the output of almost 500 tests. The results will look similar to the following (numerous lines omitted below):

CUnit - A unit testing framework for C - Version 2.1-3
     http://cunit.sourceforge.net/

        .
        .
        .

Run Summary:    Type  Total    Ran Passed Failed Inactive
              suites     44     44    n/a      0        0
               tests    300    300    300      0        0
             asserts   4215   4215   4215      0      n/a
Elapsed time =    0.229 seconds

        .
        .
        .

Running tests

        .
        .
        .

Run tests: 134
Failed: 0


-- if you build with SFCGAL

        .
        .
        .

Running tests

        .
        .
        .

Run tests: 13
Failed: 0

-- if you built with raster support

        .
        .
        .

Run Summary:    Type  Total    Ran Passed Failed Inactive
              suites     12     12    n/a      0        0
               tests     65     65     65      0        0
             asserts  45896  45896  45896      0      n/a


        .
        .
        .

Running tests

        .
        .
        .

Run tests: 101
Failed: 0

-- topology regress

.
.
.

Running tests

        .
        .
        .

Run tests: 51
Failed: 0

-- if you built --with-gui, you should see this too

     CUnit - A unit testing framework for C - Version 2.1-2
     http://cunit.sourceforge.net/

        .
        .
        .

Run Summary:    Type  Total    Ran Passed Failed Inactive
              suites      2      2    n/a      0        0
               tests      4      4      4      0        0
             asserts      4      4      4      0      n/a

Die Erweiterungen postgis_tiger_geocoder und address_standardizer unterstützen zurzeit nur die standardmäßige Installationsüberprüfung von PostgreSQL. Um diese zu überprüfen siehe unterhalb. Anmerkung: "make install" ist nicht notwendig, wenn Sie bereits ein "make install" im Root des Ordners mit dem PostGIS Quellcode durchgeführt haben.

Für den address_standardizer:

cd extensions/address_standardizer
make install
make installcheck
          

Die Ausgabe sollte folgendermaßen aussehen:

============== dropping database "contrib_regression" ==============
DROP DATABASE
============== creating database "contrib_regression" ==============
CREATE DATABASE
ALTER DATABASE
============== running regression test queries        ==============
test test-init-extensions     ... ok
test test-parseaddress        ... ok
test test-standardize_address_1 ... ok
test test-standardize_address_2 ... ok

=====================
 All 4 tests passed.
=====================

Für den Tiger Geokodierer müssen Sie die Erweiterungen "postgis" und "fuzzystrmatch" in Ihrer PostgreSQL Instanz haben. Die Überprüfungen des "address_standardizer" laufen ebenfalls an, wenn Sie postgis mit "address_standardizer" Unterstützung kompiliert haben:

cd extensions/postgis_tiger_geocoder
make install
make installcheck
          

Die Ausgabe sollte folgendermaßen aussehen:

============== dropping database "contrib_regression" ==============
DROP DATABASE
============== creating database "contrib_regression" ==============
CREATE DATABASE
ALTER DATABASE
============== installing fuzzystrmatch               ==============
CREATE EXTENSION
============== installing postgis                     ==============
CREATE EXTENSION
============== installing postgis_tiger_geocoder      ==============
CREATE EXTENSION
============== installing address_standardizer        ==============
CREATE EXTENSION
============== running regression test queries        ==============
test test-normalize_address   ... ok
test test-pagc_normalize_address ... ok

=====================
All 2 tests passed.
=====================

Um PostGIS zu installieren geben Sie bitte folgendes ein

make install

Dies kopiert die Installationsdateien von PostGIS in das entsprechende Unterverzeichnis, welches durch den Konfigurationsparameter --prefix bestimmt wird. Insbesondere:

Falls Sie zuvor den Befehl make comments ausgeführt haben, um die Dateien postgis_comments.sql und raster_comments.sql anzulegen, können Sie die SQL-Dateien folgendermaßen installieren:

make comments-install

	postgis_comments.sql, raster_comments.sql und topology_comments.sql wurden vom klassischen Build- und Installationsprozess getrennt, da diese mit xsltproc eine zusätzliche Abhängigkeit haben.

Eine von vielen Beschwerden betrifft die Funktion Normalize_Address des Adressennormierers, die eine Adresse vor der Geokodierung vorbereitend standardisiert. Der Normierer ist bei weitem nicht perfekt und der Versuch seine Unvollkommenheit auszubessern nimmt viele Ressourcen in Anspruch. Daher haben wir ein anderes Projekt integriert, welches eine wesentlich bessere Funktionseinheit für den Adressennormierer besitzt. Um diesen neuen Adressennormierer zu nutzen, können Sie die Erweiterung so wie unter Section 2.3, “Installation und Verwendung des Adressennormierers” beschrieben kompilieren und als Extension in Ihrer Datenbank installieren.

Sobald Sie diese Extension in der gleichen Datenbank installieren, in der Sie auch postgis_tiger_geocoder installiert haben, dann können Sie Pagc_Normalize_Address anstatt Normalize_Address verwenden. Diese Erweiterung ist nicht auf Tiger beschränkt, wodurch sie auch mit anderen Datenquellen, wie internationalen Adressen, genutzt werden kann. Die Tiger Geokodierer Extension enthält eine eigenen Versionen von rules table (tiger.pagc_rules), gaz table (tiger.pagc_gaz) und lex table (tiger.pagc_lex). Diese können Sie hinzufügen und aktualisieren, um die Normierung an die eigenen Bedürfnisse anzupassen.

Der Ladeprozess lädt Daten von der Census Webseite für die jeweiligen Nationsdateien und die angeforderten Bundesstaaten herunter, extrahiert die Dateien und lädt anschließlich jeden Bundesstaat in einen eigenen Satz von Bundesstaattabellen. Jede Bundesstaattabelle erbt von den Tabellen im Schema tiger, wodurch es ausreicht nur diese Tabellen abzufragen um auf alle Daten zugreifen zu können. Sie können auch jederzeit Bundesstaattabellen mit Drop_State_Tables_Generate_Script löschen, wenn Sie einen Bundesstaat neu laden müssen oder den Bundesstaat nicht mehr benötigen.

Um Daten laden zu können benötigen Sie folgende Werkzeuge:

If you are upgrading from tiger_2010, you'll need to first generate and run Drop_Nation_Tables_Generate_Script. Before you load any state data, you need to load the nation wide data which you do with Loader_Generate_Nation_Script. Which will generate a loader script for you. Loader_Generate_Nation_Script is a one-time step that should be done for upgrading (from a prior year tiger census data) and for new installs.

Wie ein Skript zum Laden der Daten für Ihre Plattform und für die gewünschten Bundesstaaten generiert werden kann siehe Loader_Generate_Script. Sie können diese stückchenweise installieren. Sie müssen nicht alle benötigten Staaten auf einmal laden. Sie können sie laden wenn Sie diese benötigen.

Nachdem die gewünschten Bundesstaaten geladen wurden, führen Sie so wie unter Install_Missing_Indexes beschrieben

SELECT install_missing_indexes();

aus.

Um zu überprüfen, dass alles funktioniert wie es sollte, können Sie eine Geokodierung über eine Adresse Ihres Staates laufen lassen, indem Sie Geocode verwenden

First upgrade your postgis_tiger_geocoder extension as follows:

ALTER EXTENSION postgis_tiger_geocoder UPDATE;

Anschließend löschen Sie alle "nation"-Tabellen und laden die Neuen. Erstellen Sie ein "drop"-Skript mit den unter Drop_Nation_Tables_Generate_Script beschriebenen SQL-Anweisungen

SELECT drop_nation_tables_generate_script();

Führen Sie die erstellten SQL "drop"-Anweisungen aus.

Die untere SELECT Anweisung erstellt ein Skript zum Laden eines Staates. Details dazu finden Sie unter Loader_Generate_Nation_Script.

Auf Windows:

SELECT loader_generate_nation_script('windows'); 

Auf Unix/Linux:

SELECT loader_generate_nation_script('sh');

Refer to Section 2.4.1, “Tiger Geocoder Enabling your PostGIS database” for instructions on how to run the generate script. This only needs to be done once.

	You can have a mix of different year state tables and can upgrade each state separately. Before you upgrade a state you first need to drop the prior year state tables for that state using Drop_State_Tables_Generate_Script.

These settings are configured in postgresql.conf:

constraint_exclusion

shared_buffers

max_worker_processes This setting is only available for PostgreSQL 9.4+. For PostgreSQL 9.6+ this setting has additional importance in that it controls the max number of processes you can have for parallel queries.

work_mem - sets the size of memory used for sort operations and complex queries

maintenance_work_mem - the memory size used for VACUUM, CREATE INDEX, etc.

max_parallel_workers_per_gather

This setting is only available for PostgreSQL 9.6+ and will only affect PostGIS 2.3+, since only PostGIS 2.3+ supports parallel queries. If set to higher than 0, then some queries such as those involving relation functions like ST_Intersects can use multiple processes and can run more than twice as fast when doing so. If you have a lot of processors to spare, you should change the value of this to as many processors as you have. Also make sure to bump up max_worker_processes to at least as high as this number.

If you are using PostgreSQL 9.1+ and have compiled and installed the extensions/postgis modules, you can turn a database into a spatial one using the EXTENSION mechanism.

Core postgis extension includes geometry, geography, spatial_ref_sys and all the functions and comments. Raster and topology are packaged as a separate extension.

Run the following SQL snippet in the database you want to enable spatially:

CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS plpgsql;
      CREATE EXTENSION postgis;
      CREATE EXTENSION postgis_raster; -- OPTIONAL
      CREATE EXTENSION postgis_topology; -- OPTIONAL

	This is generally only needed if you cannot or don't want to get PostGIS installed in the PostgreSQL extension directory (for example during testing, development or in a restricted environment).

Adding PostGIS objects and function definitions into your database is done by loading the various sql files located in [prefix]/share/contrib as specified during the build phase.

The core PostGIS objects (geometry and geography types, and their support functions) are in the postgis.sql script. Raster objects are in the rtpostgis.sql script. Topology objects are in the topology.sql script.

For a complete set of EPSG coordinate system definition identifiers, you can also load the spatial_ref_sys.sql definitions file and populate the spatial_ref_sys table. This will permit you to perform ST_Transform() operations on geometries.

If you wish to add comments to the PostGIS functions, you can find them in the postgis_comments.sql script. Comments can be viewed by simply typing \dd [function_name] from a psql terminal window.

Run the following Shell commands in your terminal:

DB=[yourdatabase]
    SCRIPTSDIR=`pg_config --sharedir`/contrib/postgis-3.3/

    # Core objects
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/postgis.sql
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/spatial_ref_sys.sql
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/postgis_comments.sql # OPTIONAL

    # Raster support (OPTIONAL)
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/rtpostgis.sql
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/raster_comments.sql # OPTIONAL

    # Topology support (OPTIONAL)
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/topology.sql
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/topology_comments.sql # OPTIONAL

If you installed your database using extensions, you'll need to upgrade using the extension model as well. If you installed using the old sql script way, you are advised to switch your install to extensions because the script way is no longer supported.

3.4.1.1. Soft Upgrade 9.1+ using extensions

If you originally installed PostGIS with extensions, then you need to upgrade using extensions as well. Doing a minor upgrade with extensions, is fairly painless.

If you are running PostGIS 3 or above, then you should use the PostGIS_Extensions_Upgrade function to upgrade to the latest version you have installed.

SELECT postgis_extensions_upgrade();

If you are running PostGIS 2.5 or lower, then do the following:

ALTER EXTENSION postgis UPDATE;
SELECT postgis_extensions_upgrade();
-- This second call is needed to rebundle postgis_raster extension
SELECT postgis_extensions_upgrade();

If you have multiple versions of PostGIS installed, and you don't want to upgrade to the latest, you can explicitly specify the version as follows:

ALTER EXTENSION postgis UPDATE TO "3.4.4dev";
ALTER EXTENSION postgis_topology UPDATE TO "3.4.4dev";

If you get an error notice something like:

No migration path defined for … to 3.4.4dev

Then you'll need to backup your database, create a fresh one as described in Section 3.3.1, “Spatially enable database using EXTENSION” and then restore your backup on top of this new database.

If you get a notice message like:

Version "3.4.4dev" of extension "postgis" is already installed

Then everything is already up to date and you can safely ignore it. UNLESS you're attempting to upgrade from an development version to the next (which doesn't get a new version number); in that case you can append "next" to the version string, and next time you'll need to drop the "next" suffix again:

ALTER EXTENSION postgis UPDATE TO "3.4.4devnext";
ALTER EXTENSION postgis_topology UPDATE TO "3.4.4devnext";

	If you installed PostGIS originally without a version specified, you can often skip the reinstallation of postgis extension before restoring since the backup just has CREATE EXTENSION postgis and thus picks up the newest latest version during restore.

	If you are upgrading PostGIS extension from a version prior to 3.0.0, you will have a new extension postgis_raster which you can safely drop, if you don't need raster support. You can drop as follows: DROP EXTENSION postgis_raster;

3.4.1.2. Soft Upgrade Pre 9.1+ or without extensions

This section applies only to those who installed PostGIS not using extensions. If you have extensions and try to upgrade with this approach you'll get messages like:

can't drop … because postgis extension depends on it

NOTE: if you are moving from PostGIS 1.* to PostGIS 2.* or from PostGIS 2.* prior to r7409, you cannot use this procedure but would rather need to do a HARD UPGRADE.

After compiling and installing (make install) you should find a set of *_upgrade.sql files in the installation folders. You can list them all with:

ls `pg_config --sharedir`/contrib/postgis-3.4.4dev/*_upgrade.sql

Load them all in turn, starting from postgis_upgrade.sql.

psql -f postgis_upgrade.sql -d your_spatial_database

The same procedure applies to raster, topology and sfcgal extensions, with upgrade files named rtpostgis_upgrade.sql, topology_upgrade.sql and sfcgal_upgrade.sql respectively. If you need them:

psql -f rtpostgis_upgrade.sql -d your_spatial_database

psql -f topology_upgrade.sql -d your_spatial_database

psql -f sfcgal_upgrade.sql -d your_spatial_database

You are advised to switch to an extension based install by running

psql -c "SELECT postgis_extensions_upgrade();"

	If you can't find the postgis_upgrade.sql specific for upgrading your version you are using a version too early for a soft upgrade and need to do a HARD UPGRADE.

The PostGIS_Full_Version function should inform you about the need to run this kind of upgrade using a "procs need upgrade" message.

By HARD UPGRADE we mean full dump/reload of postgis-enabled databases. You need a HARD UPGRADE when PostGIS objects' internal storage changes or when SOFT UPGRADE is not possible. The Release Notes appendix reports for each version whether you need a dump/reload (HARD UPGRADE) to upgrade.

The dump/reload process is assisted by the postgis_restore script which takes care of skipping from the dump all definitions which belong to PostGIS (including old ones), allowing you to restore your schemas and data into a database with PostGIS installed without getting duplicate symbol errors or bringing forward deprecated objects.

Supplementary instructions for windows users are available at Windows Hard upgrade.

The Procedure is as follows:

Errors may arise in the following cases:

The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) developed the Simple Features Access standard (SFA) to provide a model for geospatial data. It defines the fundamental spatial type of Geometry, along with operations which manipulate and transform geometry values to perform spatial analysis tasks. PostGIS implements the OGC Geometry model as the PostgreSQL data types geometry and geography.

Geometry is an abstract type. Geometry values belong to one of its concrete subtypes which represent various kinds and dimensions of geometric shapes. These include the atomic types Point, LineString, LinearRing and Polygon, and the collection types MultiPoint, MultiLineString, MultiPolygon and GeometryCollection. The Simple Features Access - Part 1: Common architecture v1.2.1 adds subtypes for the structures PolyhedralSurface, Triangle and TIN.

Geometry models shapes in the 2-dimensional Cartesian plane. The PolyhedralSurface, Triangle, and TIN types can also represent shapes in 3-dimensional space. The size and location of shapes are specified by their coordinates. Each coordinate has a X and Y ordinate value determining its location in the plane. Shapes are constructed from points or line segments, with points specified by a single coordinate, and line segments by two coordinates.

Coordinates may contain optional Z and M ordinate values. The Z ordinate is often used to represent elevation. The M ordinate contains a measure value, which may represent time or distance. If Z or M values are present in a geometry value, they must be defined for each point in the geometry. If a geometry has Z or M ordinates the coordinate dimension is 3D; if it has both Z and M the coordinate dimension is 4D.

Geometry values are associated with a spatial reference system indicating the coordinate system in which it is embedded. The spatial reference system is identified by the geometry SRID number. The units of the X and Y axes are determined by the spatial reference system. In planar reference systems the X and Y coordinates typically represent easting and northing, while in geodetic systems they represent longitude and latitude. SRID 0 represents an infinite Cartesian plane with no units assigned to its axes. See Section 4.5, “Spatial Reference Systems”.

The geometry dimension is a property of geometry types. Point types have dimension 0, linear types have dimension 1, and polygonal types have dimension 2. Collections have the dimension of the maximum element dimension.

A geometry value may be empty. Empty values contain no vertices (for atomic geometry types) or no elements (for collections).

An important property of geometry values is their spatial extent or bounding box, which the OGC model calls envelope. This is the 2 or 3-dimensional box which encloses the coordinates of a geometry. It is an efficient way to represent a geometry's extent in coordinate space and to check whether two geometries interact.

The geometry model allows evaluating topological spatial relationships as described in Section 5.1.1, “Dimensionally Extended 9-Intersection Model”. To support this the concepts of interior, boundary and exterior are defined for each geometry type. Geometries are topologically closed, so they always contain their boundary. The boundary is a geometry of dimension one less than that of the geometry itself.

The OGC geometry model defines validity rules for each geometry type. These rules ensure that geometry values represents realistic situations (e.g. it is possible to specify a polygon with a hole lying outside the shell, but this makes no sense geometrically and is thus invalid). PostGIS also allows storing and manipulating invalid geometry values. This allows detecting and fixing them if needed. See Section 4.4, “Geometrievalidierung”

POINT (1 2)
POINT Z (1 2 3)
POINT ZM (1 2 3 4)

LINESTRING (1 2, 3 4, 5 6)

LINEARRING (0 0 0, 4 0 0, 4 4 0, 0 4 0, 0 0 0)

POLYGON ((0 0 0,4 0 0,4 4 0,0 4 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,2 1 0,2 2 0,1 2 0,1 1 0))

MULTIPOINT ( (0 0), (1 2) )

MULTILINESTRING ( (0 0,1 1,1 2), (2 3,3 2,5 4) )

MULTIPOLYGON (((1 5, 5 5, 5 1, 1 1, 1 5)), ((6 5, 9 1, 6 1, 6 5)))

GEOMETRYCOLLECTION ( POINT(2 3), LINESTRING(2 3, 3 4))

POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (
  ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
  ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
  ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
  ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
  ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
  ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )

TRIANGLE ((0 0, 0 9, 9 0, 0 0))

TIN Z ( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 0 0 0)) )

The ISO/IEC 13249-3 SQL Multimedia - Spatial standard (SQL/MM) extends the OGC SFA to define Geometry subtypes containing curves with circular arcs. The SQL/MM types support 3DM, 3DZ and 4D coordinates.

	Alle Gleitpunkt Vergleiche der SQL-MM Implementierung werden mit einer bestimmten Toleranz ausgeführt, zurzeit 1E-8.

CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 1 1, 1 0)

CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0)

COMPOUNDCURVE( CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 1 1, 1 0),(1 0, 0 1))

CURVEPOLYGON(
  CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0),
  (1 1, 3 3, 3 1, 1 1) )

CURVEPOLYGON(
  COMPOUNDCURVE( CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,2 0, 2 1, 2 3, 4 3),
                 (4 3, 4 5, 1 4, 0 0)),
  CIRCULARSTRING(1.7 1, 1.4 0.4, 1.6 0.4, 1.6 0.5, 1.7 1) )

MULTICURVE( (0 0, 5 5), CIRCULARSTRING(4 0, 4 4, 8 4))

MULTISURFACE(
  CURVEPOLYGON(
    CIRCULARSTRING( 0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0),
    (1 1, 3 3, 3 1, 1 1)),
  ((10 10, 14 12, 11 10, 10 10), (11 11, 11.5 11, 11 11.5, 11 11)))

The OGC SFA specification defines two formats for representing geometry values for external use: Well-Known Text (WKT) and Well-Known Binary (WKB). Both WKT and WKB include information about the type of the object and the coordinates which define it.

Well-Known Text (WKT) provides a standard textual representation of spatial data. Examples of WKT representations of spatial objects are:

Input and output of WKT is provided by the functions ST_AsText and ST_GeomFromText:

text WKT = ST_AsText(geometry);
geometry = ST_GeomFromText(text WKT, SRID);

For example, a statement to create and insert a spatial object from WKT and a SRID is:

INSERT INTO geotable ( geom, name )
  VALUES ( ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-126.4 45.32)', 312), 'A Place');

Well-Known Binary (WKB) provides a portable, full-precision representation of spatial data as binary data (arrays of bytes). Examples of the WKB representations of spatial objects are:

Input and output of WKB is provided by the functions ST_AsBinary and ST_GeomFromWKB:

bytea WKB = ST_AsBinary(geometry);
geometry = ST_GeomFromWKB(bytea WKB, SRID);

For example, a statement to create and insert a spatial object from WKB is:

INSERT INTO geotable ( geom, name )
  VALUES ( ST_GeomFromWKB('\x0101000000000000000000f03f000000000000f03f', 312), 'A Place');

OGC SFA specifications initially supported only 2D geometries, and the geometry SRID is not included in the input/output representations. The OGC SFA specification 1.2.1 (which aligns with the ISO 19125 standard) adds support for 3D (ZYZ) and measured (XYM and XYZM) coordinates, but still does not include the SRID value.

Because of these limitations PostGIS defined extended EWKB and EWKT formats. They provide 3D (XYZ and XYM) and 4D (XYZM) coordinate support and include SRID information. Including all geometry information allows PostGIS to use EWKB as the format of record (e.g. in DUMP files).

EWKB and EWKT are used for the "canonical forms" of PostGIS data objects. For input, the canonical form for binary data is EWKB, and for text data either EWKB or EWKT is accepted. This allows geometry values to be created by casting a text value in either HEXEWKB or EWKT to a geometry value using ::geometry. For output, the canonical form for binary is EWKB, and for text it is HEXEWKB (hex-encoded EWKB).

For example this statement creates a geometry by casting from an EWKT text value, and outputs it using the canonical form of HEXEWKB:

SELECT 'SRID=4;POINT(0 0)'::geometry;
  geometry
  ----------------------------------------------------
  01010000200400000000000000000000000000000000000000

PostGIS EWKT output has a few differences to OGC WKT:

EWKT avoids over-specifying dimensionality and the inconsistencies that can occur with the OGC/ISO format, such as:

	PostGIS extended formats are currently a superset of the OGC ones, so that every valid OGC WKB/WKT is also valid EWKB/EWKT. However, this might vary in the future, if the OGC extends a format in a way that conflicts with the PosGIS definition. Thus you SHOULD NOT rely on this compatibility!

Examples of the EWKT text representation of spatial objects are:

Input and output using these formats is available using the following functions:

bytea EWKB = ST_AsEWKB(geometry);
text EWKT = ST_AsEWKT(geometry);
geometry = ST_GeomFromEWKB(bytea EWKB);
geometry = ST_GeomFromEWKT(text EWKT);

For example, a statement to create and insert a PostGIS spatial object using EWKT is:

INSERT INTO geotable ( geom, name )
  VALUES ( ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=312;POINTM(-126.4 45.32 15)'), 'A Place' )

You can create a table to store geography data using the CREATE TABLE SQL statement with a column of type geography. The following example creates a table with a geography column storing 2D LineStrings in the WGS84 geodetic coordinate system (SRID 4326):

CREATE TABLE global_points (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(64),
    location geography(POINT,4326)
  );

The geography type supports two optional type modifiers:

Examples of creating tables with geography columns:

Geography fields are registered in the geography_columns system view. You can query the geography_columns view and see that the table is listed:

SELECT * FROM geography_columns;

Creating a spatial index works the same as for geometry columns. PostGIS will note that the column type is GEOGRAPHY and create an appropriate sphere-based index instead of the usual planar index used for GEOMETRY.

-- Index the test table with a spherical index
CREATE INDEX global_points_gix ON global_points USING GIST ( location );

You can insert data into geography tables in the same way as geometry. Geometry data will autocast to the geography type if it has SRID 4326. The EWKT and EWKB formats can also be used to specify geography values.

-- Add some data into the test table
INSERT INTO global_points (name, location) VALUES ('Town', 'SRID=4326;POINT(-110 30)');
INSERT INTO global_points (name, location) VALUES ('Forest', 'SRID=4326;POINT(-109 29)');
INSERT INTO global_points (name, location) VALUES ('London', 'SRID=4326;POINT(0 49)');

Any geodetic (long/lat) spatial reference system listed in spatial_ref_sys table may be specified as a geography SRID. Non-geodetic coordinate systems raise an error if used.

-- NAD 83 lon/lat
SELECT 'SRID=4269;POINT(-123 34)'::geography;
                    geography
----------------------------------------------------
 0101000020AD1000000000000000C05EC00000000000004140

-- NAD27 lon/lat
SELECT 'SRID=4267;POINT(-123 34)'::geography;
                    geography
----------------------------------------------------
 0101000020AB1000000000000000C05EC00000000000004140

-- NAD83 UTM zone meters - gives an error since it is a meter-based planar projection
SELECT 'SRID=26910;POINT(-123 34)'::geography;

ERROR:  Only lon/lat coordinate systems are supported in geography.

Anfrage und Messfunktionen verwenden die Einheit Meter. Daher sollten Entfernungsparameter in Metern ausgedrückt werden und die Rückgabewerte sollten ebenfalls in Meter (oder Quadratmeter für Flächen) erwartet werden.

-- A distance query using a 1000km tolerance
SELECT name FROM global_points WHERE ST_DWithin(location, 'SRID=4326;POINT(-110 29)'::geography, 1000000);

You can see the power of geography in action by calculating how close a plane flying a great circle route from Seattle to London (LINESTRING(-122.33 47.606, 0.0 51.5)) comes to Reykjavik (POINT(-21.96 64.15)) (map the route).

The geography type calculates the true shortest distance of 122.235 km over the sphere between Reykjavik and the great circle flight path between Seattle and London.

-- Distance calculation using GEOGRAPHY
SELECT ST_Distance('LINESTRING(-122.33 47.606, 0.0 51.5)'::geography, 'POINT(-21.96 64.15)'::geography);
   st_distance
-----------------
 122235.23815667

The geometry type calculates a meaningless cartesian distance between Reykjavik and the straight line path from Seattle to London plotted on a flat map of the world. The nominal units of the result is "degrees", but the result doesn't correspond to any true angular difference between the points, so even calling them "degrees" is inaccurate.

-- Distance calculation using GEOMETRY
SELECT ST_Distance('LINESTRING(-122.33 47.606, 0.0 51.5)'::geometry, 'POINT(-21.96 64.15)'::geometry);
      st_distance
--------------------
 13.342271221453624

The geography data type allows you to store data in longitude/latitude coordinates, but at a cost: there are fewer functions defined on GEOGRAPHY than there are on GEOMETRY; those functions that are defined take more CPU time to execute.

The data type you choose should be determined by the expected working area of the application you are building. Will your data span the globe or a large continental area, or is it local to a state, county or municipality?

Für einen Vergleich, welche Funktionalität von Geography vs. Geometry unterstützt wird, siehe Section 12.11, “PostGIS Function Support Matrix”. Für eine kurze Liste mit der Beschreibung der geographischen Funktionen, siehe Section 12.4, “PostGIS Geography Support Functions”

A simple geometry is one that has no anomalous geometric points, such as self intersection or self tangency.

A POINT is inherently simple as a 0-dimensional geometry object.

MULTIPOINTs sind simple, wenn sich keine zwei Koordinaten (POINTs) decken (keine identischen Koordinatenpaare aufweisen).

A LINESTRING is simple if it does not pass through the same point twice, except for the endpoints. If the endpoints of a simple LineString are identical it is called closed and referred to as a Linear Ring.

(a) and (c) are simple LINESTRINGs. (b) and (d) are not simple. (c) is a closed Linear Ring.

(a)	(b)
(c)	(d)

A MULTILINESTRING is simple only if all of its elements are simple and the only intersection between any two elements occurs at points that are on the boundaries of both elements.

(e) and (f) are simple MULTILINESTRINGs. (g) is not simple.

(e)

(f)

(g)

POLYGONs are formed from linear rings, so valid polygonal geometry is always simple.

To test if a geometry is simple use the ST_IsSimple function:

SELECT
   ST_IsSimple('LINESTRING(0 0, 100 100)') AS straight,
   ST_IsSimple('LINESTRING(0 0, 100 100, 100 0, 0 100)') AS crossing;

 straight | crossing
----------+----------
 t        | f

Generally, PostGIS functions do not require geometric arguments to be simple. Simplicity is primarily used as a basis for defining geometric validity. It is also a requirement for some kinds of spatial data models (for example, linear networks often disallow lines that cross). Multipoint and linear geometry can be made simple using ST_UnaryUnion.

Geometry validity primarily applies to 2-dimensional geometries (POLYGONs and MULTIPOLYGONs) . Validity is defined by rules that allow polygonal geometry to model planar areas unambiguously.

A POLYGON is valid if:

(h) and (i) are valid POLYGONs. (j-m) are invalid. (j) can be represented as a valid MULTIPOLYGON.

(h)	(i)	(j)
(k)	(l)	(m)

A MULTIPOLYGON is valid if:

(n) is a valid MULTIPOLYGON. (o) and (p) are invalid.

(n)

(o)

(p)

These rules mean that valid polygonal geometry is also simple.

For linear geometry the only validity rule is that LINESTRINGs must have at least two points and have non-zero length (or equivalently, have at least two distinct points.) Note that non-simple (self-intersecting) lines are valid.

SELECT
   ST_IsValid('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)') AS len_nonzero,
   ST_IsValid('LINESTRING(0 0, 0 0, 0 0)') AS len_zero,
   ST_IsValid('LINESTRING(10 10, 150 150, 180 50, 20 130)') AS self_int;

 len_nonzero | len_zero | self_int
-------------+----------+----------
 t           | f        | t

POINT and MULTIPOINT geometries have no validity rules.

PostGIS allows creating and storing both valid and invalid Geometry. This allows invalid geometry to be detected and flagged or fixed. There are also situations where the OGC validity rules are stricter than desired (examples of this are zero-length linestrings and polygons with inverted holes.)

Many of the functions provided by PostGIS rely on the assumption that geometry arguments are valid. For example, it does not make sense to calculate the area of a polygon that has a hole defined outside of the polygon, or to construct a polygon from a non-simple boundary line. Assuming valid geometric inputs allows functions to operate more efficiently, since they do not need to check for topological correctness. (Notable exceptions are that zero-length lines and polygons with inversions are generally handled correctly.) Also, most PostGIS functions produce valid geometry output if the inputs are valid. This allows PostGIS functions to be chained together safely.

If you encounter unexpected error messages when calling PostGIS functions (such as "GEOS Intersection() threw an error!"), you should first confirm that the function arguments are valid. If they are not, then consider using one of the techniques below to ensure the data you are processing is valid.

	If a function reports an error with valid inputs, then you may have found an error in either PostGIS or one of the libraries it uses, and you should report this to the PostGIS project. The same is true if a PostGIS function returns an invalid geometry for valid input.

To test if a geometry is valid use the ST_IsValid function:

SELECT ST_IsValid('POLYGON ((20 180, 180 180, 180 20, 20 20, 20 180))');
-----------------
 t

Information about the nature and location of an geometry invalidity are provided by the ST_IsValidDetail function:

SELECT valid, reason, ST_AsText(location) AS location
    FROM ST_IsValidDetail('POLYGON ((20 20, 120 190, 50 190, 170 50, 20 20))') AS t;

 valid |      reason       |                  location
-------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------
 f     | Self-intersection | POINT(91.51162790697674 141.56976744186045)

In some situations it is desirable to correct invalid geometry automatically. Use the ST_MakeValid function to do this. (ST_MakeValid is a case of a spatial function that does allow invalid input!)

By default, PostGIS does not check for validity when loading geometry, because validity testing can take a lot of CPU time for complex geometries. If you do not trust your data sources, you can enforce a validity check on your tables by adding a check constraint:

ALTER TABLE mytable
  ADD CONSTRAINT geometry_valid_check
        CHECK (ST_IsValid(geom));

The SPATIAL_REF_SYS table used by PostGIS is an OGC-compliant database table that defines the available spatial reference systems. It holds the numeric SRIDs and textual descriptions of the coordinate systems.

The spatial_ref_sys table definition is:

CREATE TABLE spatial_ref_sys (
  srid       INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
  auth_name  VARCHAR(256),
  auth_srid  INTEGER,
  srtext     VARCHAR(2048),
  proj4text  VARCHAR(2048)
)

The columns are:

When retrieving spatial reference system definitions for use in transformations, PostGIS uses fhe following strategy:

The PostGIS spatial_ref_sys table contains over 3000 of the most common spatial reference system definitions that are handled by the PROJ projection library. But there are many coordinate systems that it does not contain. You can add SRS definitions to the table if you have the required information about the spatial reference system. Or, you can define your own custom spatial reference system if you are familiar with PROJ constructs. Keep in mind that most spatial reference systems are regional and have no meaning when used outside of the bounds they were intended for.

A resource for finding spatial reference systems not defined in the core set is http://spatialreference.org/

Some commonly used spatial reference systems are: 4326 - WGS 84 Long Lat, 4269 - NAD 83 Long Lat, 3395 - WGS 84 World Mercator, 2163 - US National Atlas Equal Area, and the 60 WGS84 UTM zones. UTM zones are one of the most ideal for measurement, but only cover 6-degree regions. (To determine which UTM zone to use for your area of interest, see the utmzone PostGIS plpgsql helper function.)

US states use State Plane spatial reference systems (meter or feet based) - usually one or 2 exists per state. Most of the meter-based ones are in the core set, but many of the feet-based ones or ESRI-created ones will need to be copied from spatialreference.org.

You can even define non-Earth-based coordinate systems, such as Mars 2000 This Mars coordinate system is non-planar (it's in degrees spheroidal), but you can use it with the geography type to obtain length and proximity measurements in meters instead of degrees.

Here is an example of loading a custom coordinate system using an unassigned SRID and the PROJ definition for a US-centric Lambert Conformal projection:

INSERT INTO spatial_ref_sys (srid, proj4text)
VALUES ( 990000,
  '+proj=lcc  +lon_0=-95 +lat_0=25 +lat_1=25 +lat_2=25 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs'
);

You can create a table to store geometry data using the CREATE TABLE SQL statement with a column of type geometry. The following example creates a table with a geometry column storing 2D (XY) LineStrings in the BC-Albers coordinate system (SRID 3005):

CREATE TABLE roads (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(64),
    geom geometry(LINESTRING,3005)
  );

The geometry type supports two optional type modifiers:

Examples of creating tables with geometry columns:

It is possible to have more than one geometry column in a table. This can be specified when the table is created, or a column can be added using the ALTER TABLE SQL statement. This example adds a column that can hold 3D LineStrings:

ALTER TABLE roads ADD COLUMN geom2 geometry(LINESTRINGZ,4326);

The OGC Simple Features Specification for SQL defines the GEOMETRY_COLUMNS metadata table to describe geometry table structure. In PostGIS geometry_columns is a view reading from database system catalog tables. This ensures that the spatial metadata information is always consistent with the currently defined tables and views. The view structure is:

\d geometry_columns

View "public.geometry_columns"
      Column       |          Type          | Modifiers
-------------------+------------------------+-----------
 f_table_catalog   | character varying(256) |
 f_table_schema    | character varying(256) |
 f_table_name      | character varying(256) |
 f_geometry_column | character varying(256) |
 coord_dimension   | integer                |
 srid              | integer                |
 type              | character varying(30)  |

The columns are:

Zwei Fälle bei denen Sie dies benötigen könnten sind SQL-Views und Masseninserts. Beim Fall von Masseninserts können Sie die Registrierung in der Tabelle "geometry_columns" korrigieren, indem Sie auf die Spalte einen CONSTRAINT setzen oder ein "ALTER TABLE" durchführen. Falls Ihre Spalte Typmod basiert ist, geschieht die Registrierung beim Erstellungsprozess auf korrekte Weise, so dass Sie hier nichts tun müssen. Auch Views, bei denen keine räumliche Funktion auf die Geometrie angewendet wird, werden auf gleiche Weise wie die Geometrie der zugrunde liegenden Tabelle registriert.

-- Lets say you have a view created like this
CREATE VIEW public.vwmytablemercator AS
        SELECT gid, ST_Transform(geom, 3395) As geom, f_name
        FROM public.mytable;

-- For it to register correctly
-- You need to cast the geometry
--
DROP VIEW public.vwmytablemercator;
CREATE VIEW  public.vwmytablemercator AS
        SELECT gid, ST_Transform(geom, 3395)::geometry(Geometry, 3395) As geom, f_name
        FROM public.mytable;

-- If you know the geometry type for sure is a 2D POLYGON then you could do
DROP VIEW public.vwmytablemercator;
CREATE VIEW  public.vwmytablemercator AS
        SELECT gid, ST_Transform(geom,3395)::geometry(Polygon, 3395) As geom, f_name
        FROM public.mytable;

--Lets say you created a derivative table by doing a bulk insert
SELECT poi.gid, poi.geom, citybounds.city_name
INTO myschema.my_special_pois
FROM poi INNER JOIN citybounds ON ST_Intersects(citybounds.geom, poi.geom);

-- Create 2D index on new table
CREATE INDEX idx_myschema_myspecialpois_geom_gist
  ON myschema.my_special_pois USING gist(geom);

-- If your points are 3D points or 3M points,
-- then you might want to create an nd index instead of a 2D index
CREATE INDEX my_special_pois_geom_gist_nd
        ON my_special_pois USING gist(geom gist_geometry_ops_nd);

-- To manually register this new table's geometry column in geometry_columns.
-- Note it will also change the underlying structure of the table to
-- to make the column typmod based.
SELECT populate_geometry_columns('myschema.my_special_pois'::regclass);

-- If you are using PostGIS 2.0 and for whatever reason, you
-- you need the constraint based definition behavior
-- (such as case of inherited tables where all children do not have the same type and srid)
-- set optional use_typmod argument to false
SELECT populate_geometry_columns('myschema.my_special_pois'::regclass, false); 

Obwohl die alte auf CONSTRAINTs basierte Methode immer noch unterstützt wird, wird eine auf Constraints basierende Geometriespalte, die direkt in einem View verwendet wird, nicht korrekt in geometry_columns registriert. Eine Typmod basierte wird korrekt registriert. Im folgenden Beispiel definieren wir eine Spalte mit Typmod und eine andere mit Constraints.

CREATE TABLE pois_ny(gid SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, poi_name text, cat text, geom geometry(POINT,4326));
SELECT AddGeometryColumn('pois_ny', 'geom_2160', 2160, 'POINT', 2, false);

In psql:

\d pois_ny;

Wir sehen, das diese Spalten unterschiedlich definiert sind -- eine mittels Typmodifizierer, eine nutzt einen Constraint

Table "public.pois_ny"
  Column   |         Type          |                       Modifiers

-----------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------
 gid       | integer               | not null default nextval('pois_ny_gid_seq'::regclass)
 poi_name  | text                  |
 cat       | character varying(20) |
 geom      | geometry(Point,4326)  |
 geom_2160 | geometry              |
Indexes:
    "pois_ny_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (gid)
Check constraints:
    "enforce_dims_geom_2160" CHECK (st_ndims(geom_2160) = 2)
    "enforce_geotype_geom_2160" CHECK (geometrytype(geom_2160) = 'POINT'::text
        OR geom_2160 IS NULL)
    "enforce_srid_geom_2160" CHECK (st_srid(geom_2160) = 2160)

Beide registrieren sich korrekt in "geometry_columns"

SELECT f_table_name, f_geometry_column, srid, type
        FROM geometry_columns
        WHERE f_table_name = 'pois_ny';

f_table_name | f_geometry_column | srid | type
-------------+-------------------+------+-------
pois_ny      | geom              | 4326 | POINT
pois_ny      | geom_2160         | 2160 | POINT

Jedoch -- wenn wir einen View auf die folgende Weise erstellen

CREATE VIEW vw_pois_ny_parks AS
SELECT *
  FROM pois_ny
  WHERE cat='park';

SELECT f_table_name, f_geometry_column, srid, type
        FROM geometry_columns
        WHERE f_table_name = 'vw_pois_ny_parks';

Die Typmod basierte geometrische Spalte eines View registriert sich korrekt, die auf Constraint basierende nicht.

f_table_name   | f_geometry_column | srid |   type
------------------+-------------------+------+----------
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom              | 4326 | POINT
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom_2160         |    0 | GEOMETRY

This may change in future versions of PostGIS, but for now to force the constraint-based view column to register correctly, you need to do this:

DROP VIEW vw_pois_ny_parks;
CREATE VIEW vw_pois_ny_parks AS
SELECT gid, poi_name, cat,
  geom,
  geom_2160::geometry(POINT,2160) As geom_2160
  FROM pois_ny
  WHERE cat = 'park';
SELECT f_table_name, f_geometry_column, srid, type
        FROM geometry_columns
        WHERE f_table_name = 'vw_pois_ny_parks';

f_table_name   | f_geometry_column | srid | type
------------------+-------------------+------+-------
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom              | 4326 | POINT
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom_2160         | 2160 | POINT

If spatial data can be converted to a text representation (as either WKT or WKB), then using SQL might be the easiest way to get data into PostGIS. Data can be bulk-loaded into PostGIS/PostgreSQL by loading a text file of SQL INSERT statements using the psql SQL utility.

A SQL load file (roads.sql for example) might look like this:

BEGIN;
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (1,'LINESTRING(191232 243118,191108 243242)','Jeff Rd');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (2,'LINESTRING(189141 244158,189265 244817)','Geordie Rd');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (3,'LINESTRING(192783 228138,192612 229814)','Paul St');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (4,'LINESTRING(189412 252431,189631 259122)','Graeme Ave');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (5,'LINESTRING(190131 224148,190871 228134)','Phil Tce');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (6,'LINESTRING(198231 263418,198213 268322)','Dave Cres');
COMMIT;

The SQL file can be loaded into PostgreSQL using psql:

psql -d [database] -f roads.sql

The shp2pgsql data loader converts Shapefiles into SQL suitable for insertion into a PostGIS/PostgreSQL database either in geometry or geography format. The loader has several operating modes selected by command line flags.

There is also a shp2pgsql-gui graphical interface with most of the options as the command-line loader. This may be easier to use for one-off non-scripted loading or if you are new to PostGIS. It can also be configured as a plugin to PgAdminIII.

An example session using the loader to create an input file and loading it might look like this:

# shp2pgsql -c -D -s 4269 -i -I shaperoads.shp myschema.roadstable > roads.sql
# psql -d roadsdb -f roads.sql

A conversion and load can be done in one step using UNIX pipes:

# shp2pgsql shaperoads.shp myschema.roadstable | psql -d roadsdb

The most straightforward way of extracting spatial data out of the database is to use a SQL SELECT query to define the data set to be extracted and dump the resulting columns into a parsable text file:

db=# SELECT road_id, ST_AsText(road_geom) AS geom, road_name FROM roads;

road_id | geom                                    | road_name
--------+-----------------------------------------+-----------
          1 | LINESTRING(191232 243118,191108 243242) | Jeff Rd
          2 | LINESTRING(189141 244158,189265 244817) | Geordie Rd
          3 | LINESTRING(192783 228138,192612 229814) | Paul St
          4 | LINESTRING(189412 252431,189631 259122) | Graeme Ave
          5 | LINESTRING(190131 224148,190871 228134) | Phil Tce
          6 | LINESTRING(198231 263418,198213 268322) | Dave Cres
          7 | LINESTRING(218421 284121,224123 241231) | Chris Way
(6 rows)

There will be times when some kind of restriction is necessary to cut down the number of records returned. In the case of attribute-based restrictions, use the same SQL syntax as used with a non-spatial table. In the case of spatial restrictions, the following functions are useful:

Außerdem können Sie diese Operatoren in Anfragen verwenden. Beachten Sie bitte, wenn Sie eine Geometrie oder eine Box auf der SQL-Befehlszeile eingeben, dass Sie die Zeichensatzdarstellung explizit in eine Geometrie umwandeln müssen. 312 ist ein fiktives Koordinatenreferenzsystem das zu unseren Daten passt. Also, zum Beispiel:

SELECT road_id, road_name
  FROM roads
  WHERE roads_geom='SRID=312;LINESTRING(191232 243118,191108 243242)'::geometry;

Die obere Abfrage würde einen einzelnen Datensatz aus der Tabelle "ROADS_GEOM" zurückgeben, in dem die Geometrie gleich dem angegebenen Wert ist.

Überprüfung ob einige der Strassen in die Polygonfläche hineinreichen:

SELECT road_id, road_name
FROM roads
WHERE ST_Intersects(roads_geom, 'SRID=312;POLYGON((...))');

Die häufigsten räumlichen Abfragen werden vermutlich in einem bestimmten Ausschnitt ausgeführt. Insbesondere von Client-Software, wie Datenbrowsern und Kartendiensten, die auf diese Weise die Daten für die Darstellung eines "Kartenausschnitts" erfassen.

Der Operator "&&" kann entweder mit einer BOX3D oder mit einer Geometrie verwendet werden. Allerdings wird auch bei einer Geometrie nur das Umgebungsrechteck für den Vergleich herangezogen.

Die Abfrage zur Verwendung des "BOX3D" Objekts für einen solchen Ausschnitt sieht folgendermaßen aus:

SELECT ST_AsText(roads_geom) AS geom
FROM roads
WHERE
  roads_geom && ST_MakeEnvelope(191232, 243117,191232, 243119,312);

Achten Sie auf die Verwendung von SRID=312, welche die Projektion Einhüllenden/Enveloppe bestimmt.

The pgsql2shp table dumper connects to the database and converts a table (possibly defined by a query) into a shape file. The basic syntax is:

pgsql2shp [<options>] <database> [<schema>.]<table>

pgsql2shp [<options>] <database> <query>

Optionen auf der Befehlszeile:

GiST stands for "Generalized Search Tree" and is a generic form of indexing for multi-dimensional data. PostGIS uses an R-Tree index implemented on top of GiST to index spatial data. GiST is the most commonly-used and versatile spatial index method, and offers very good query performance. Other implementations of GiST are used to speed up searches on all kinds of irregular data structures (integer arrays, spectral data, etc) which are not amenable to normal B-Tree indexing. For more information see the PostgreSQL manual.

Once a spatial data table exceeds a few thousand rows, you will want to build an index to speed up spatial searches of the data (unless all your searches are based on attributes, in which case you'll want to build a normal index on the attribute fields).

Die Syntax, mit der ein GIST-Index auf eine Geometriespalte gelegt wird, lautet:

CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING GIST ( [geometryfield] ); 

Die obere Syntax erzeugt immer einen 2D-Index. Um einen n-dimensionalen Index für den geometrischen Datentyp zu erhalten, können Sie die folgende Syntax verwenden:

CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING GIST ([geometryfield] gist_geometry_ops_nd);

Die Erstellung eines räumlichen Indizes ist eine rechenintensive Aufgabe. Während der Erstellung wird auch der Schreibzugriff auf die Tabelle blockiert. Bei produktiven Systemen empfiehlt sich daher die langsamere Option CONCURRENTLY:

CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY [indexname] ON [tablename] USING GIST ( [geometryfield] ); 

Nachdem ein Index aufgebaut wurde sollte PostgreSQL gezwungen werden die Tabellenstatistik zu sammeln, da diese zur Optmierung der Auswertungspläne verwendet wird:

VACUUM ANALYZE [table_name] [(column_name)];

BRIN stands for "Block Range Index". It is a general-purpose index method introduced in PostgreSQL 9.5. BRIN is a lossy index method, meaning that a secondary check is required to confirm that a record matches a given search condition (which is the case for all provided spatial indexes). It provides much faster index creation and much smaller index size, with reasonable read performance. Its primary purpose is to support indexing very large tables on columns which have a correlation with their physical location within the table. In addition to spatial indexing, BRIN can speed up searches on various kinds of attribute data structures (integer, arrays etc). For more information see the PostgreSQL manual.

Once a spatial table exceeds a few thousand rows, you will want to build an index to speed up spatial searches of the data. GiST indexes are very performant as long as their size doesn't exceed the amount of RAM available for the database, and as long as you can afford the index storage size, and the cost of index update on write. Otherwise, for very large tables BRIN index can be considered as an alternative.

A BRIN index stores the bounding box enclosing all the geometries contained in the rows in a contiguous set of table blocks, called a block range. When executing a query using the index the block ranges are scanned to find the ones that intersect the query extent. This is efficient only if the data is physically ordered so that the bounding boxes for block ranges have minimal overlap (and ideally are mutually exclusive). The resulting index is very small in size, but is typically less performant for read than a GiST index over the same data.

Building a BRIN index is much less CPU-intensive than building a GiST index. It's common to find that a BRIN index is ten times faster to build than a GiST index over the same data. And because a BRIN index stores only one bounding box for each range of table blocks, it's common to use up to a thousand times less disk space than a GiST index.

You can choose the number of blocks to summarize in a range. If you decrease this number, the index will be bigger but will probably provide better performance.

For BRIN to be effective, the table data should be stored in a physical order which minimizes the amount of block extent overlap. It may be that the data is already sorted appropriately (for instance, if it is loaded from another dataset that is already sorted in spatial order). Otherwise, this can be accomplished by sorting the data by a one-dimensional spatial key. One way to do this is to create a new table sorted by the geometry values (which in recent PostGIS versions uses an efficient Hilbert curve ordering):

CREATE TABLE table_sorted AS
   SELECT * FROM table  ORDER BY geom;

Alternatively, data can be sorted in-place by using a GeoHash as a (temporary) index, and clustering on that index:

CREATE INDEX idx_temp_geohash ON table
    USING btree (ST_GeoHash( ST_Transform( geom, 4326 ), 20));
CLUSTER table USING idx_temp_geohash;

The syntax for building a BRIN index on a geometry column is:

CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING BRIN ( [geome_col] ); 

The above syntax builds a 2D index. To build a 3D-dimensional index, use this syntax:

CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
    USING BRIN ([geome_col] brin_geometry_inclusion_ops_3d);

You can also get a 4D-dimensional index using the 4D operator class:

CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
    USING BRIN ([geome_col] brin_geometry_inclusion_ops_4d);

The above commands use the default number of blocks in a range, which is 128. To specify the number of blocks to summarise in a range, use this syntax

CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
    USING BRIN ( [geome_col] ) WITH (pages_per_range = [number]); 

Keep in mind that a BRIN index only stores one index entry for a large number of rows. If your table stores geometries with a mixed number of dimensions, it's likely that the resulting index will have poor performance. You can avoid this performance penalty by choosing the operator class with the least number of dimensions of the stored geometries

The geography datatype is supported for BRIN indexing. The syntax for building a BRIN index on a geography column is:

CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING BRIN ( [geog_col] ); 

The above syntax builds a 2D-index for geospatial objects on the spheroid.

Currently, only "inclusion support" is provided, meaning that just the &&, ~ and @ operators can be used for the 2D cases (for both geometry and geography), and just the &&& operator for 3D geometries. There is currently no support for kNN searches.

An important difference between BRIN and other index types is that the database does not maintain the index dynamically. Changes to spatial data in the table are simply appended to the end of the index. This will cause index search performance to degrade over time. The index can be updated by performing a VACUUM, or by using a special function brin_summarize_new_values(regclass). For this reason BRIN may be most appropriate for use with data that is read-only, or only rarely changing. For more information refer to the manual.

To summarize using BRIN for spatial data:

SP-GiST stands for "Space-Partitioned Generalized Search Tree" and is a generic form of indexing for multi-dimensional data types that supports partitioned search trees, such as quad-trees, k-d trees, and radix trees (tries). The common feature of these data structures is that they repeatedly divide the search space into partitions that need not be of equal size. In addition to spatial indexing, SP-GiST is used to speed up searches on many kinds of data, such as phone routing, ip routing, substring search, etc. For more information see the PostgreSQL manual.

As it is the case for GiST indexes, SP-GiST indexes are lossy, in the sense that they store the bounding box enclosing spatial objects. SP-GiST indexes can be considered as an alternative to GiST indexes.

Sobald eine Geodatentabelle einige tausend Zeilen überschreitet, kann es sinnvoll sein einen SP-GIST Index zu erzeugen, um die räumlichen Abfragen auf die Daten zu beschleunigen. Die Syntax zur Erstellung eines SP-GIST Index auf eine "Geometriespalte" lautet:

CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING SPGIST ( [geometryfield] ); 

Die obere Syntax erzeugt einen 2D-Index. Ein 3-dimensionaler Index für den geometrischen Datentyp können Sie mit der 3D Operatorklasse erstellen:

CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING SPGIST ([geometryfield] spgist_geometry_ops_3d);

Die Erstellung eines räumlichen Indizes ist eine rechenintensive Aufgabe. Während der Erstellung wird auch der Schreibzugriff auf die Tabelle blockiert. Bei produktiven Systemen empfiehlt sich daher die langsamere Option CONCURRENTLY:

CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY [indexname] ON [tablename] USING SPGIST ( [geometryfield] ); 

Nachdem ein Index aufgebaut wurde sollte PostgreSQL gezwungen werden die Tabellenstatistik zu sammeln, da diese zur Optmierung der Auswertungspläne verwendet wird:

VACUUM ANALYZE [table_name] [(column_name)];

Ein SP-GiST Index kann Abfragen mit folgenden Operatoren beschleunigen:

kNN Suche wird zurzeit nicht unterstützt.

Ordinarily, indexes invisibly speed up data access: once an index is built, the PostgreSQL query planner automatically decides when to use it to improve query performance. But there are some situations where the planner does not choose to use existing indexes, so queries end up using slow sequential scans instead of a spatial index.

If you find your spatial indexes are not being used, there are a few things you can do:

For more information see the Postgres manual section on Query Planning.

According to the OpenGIS Simple Features Implementation Specification for SQL, "the basic approach to comparing two geometries is to make pair-wise tests of the intersections between the Interiors, Boundaries and Exteriors of the two geometries and to classify the relationship between the two geometries based on the entries in the resulting 'intersection' matrix."

In the theory of point-set topology, the points in a geometry embedded in 2-dimensional space are categorized into three sets:

The Dimensionally Extended 9-Intersection Model (DE-9IM) describes the spatial relationship between two geometries by specifying the dimensions of the 9 intersections between the above sets for each geometry. The intersection dimensions can be formally represented in a 3x3 intersection matrix.

For a geometry g the Interior, Boundary, and Exterior are denoted using the notation I(g), B(g), and E(g). Also, dim(s) denotes the dimension of a set s with the domain of {0,1,2,F}:

Using this notation, the intersection matrix for two geometries a and b is:

Visually, for two overlapping polygonal geometries, this looks like:

	Interior Boundary Exterior Interior dim( I(a) ∩ I(b) ) = 2 dim( I(a) ∩ B(b) = 1 dim( I(a) ∩ E(b) ) = 2 Boundary dim( B(a) ∩ I(b) ) = 1 dim( B(a) ∩ B(b) ) = 0 dim( B(a) ∩ E(b) ) = 1 Exterior dim( E(a) ∩ I(b) ) = 2 dim( E(a) ∩ B(b) ) = 1 dim( E(a) ∩ E(b) = 2

Reading from left to right and top to bottom, the intersection matrix is represented as the text string '212101212'.

For more information, refer to:

To make it easy to determine common spatial relationships, the OGC SFS defines a set of named spatial relationship predicates. PostGIS provides these as the functions ST_Contains, ST_Crosses, ST_Disjoint, ST_Equals, ST_Intersects, ST_Overlaps, ST_Touches, ST_Within. It also defines the non-standard relationship predicates ST_Covers, ST_CoveredBy, and ST_ContainsProperly.

Spatial predicates are usually used as conditions in SQL WHERE or JOIN clauses. The named spatial predicates automatically use a spatial index if one is available, so there is no need to use the bounding box operator && as well. For example:

SELECT city.name, state.name, city.geom
FROM city JOIN state ON ST_Intersects(city.geom, state.geom);

For more details and illustrations, see the PostGIS Workshop.

In some cases the named spatial relationships are insufficient to provide a desired spatial filter condition.

For example, consider a linear dataset representing a road network. It may be required to identify all road segments that cross each other, not at a point, but in a line (perhaps to validate some business rule). In this case ST_Crosses does not provide the necessary spatial filter, since for linear features it returns true only where they cross at a point. A two-step solution would be to first compute the actual intersection (ST_Intersection) of pairs of road lines that spatially intersect (ST_Intersects), and then check if the intersection's ST_GeometryType is 'LINESTRING' (properly dealing with cases that return GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONs of [MULTI]POINTs, [MULTI]LINESTRINGs, etc.). Clearly, a simpler and faster solution is desirable.

A second example is locating wharves that intersect a lake's boundary on a line and where one end of the wharf is up on shore. In other words, where a wharf is within but not completely contained by a lake, intersects the boundary of a lake on a line, and where exactly one of the wharf's endpoints is within or on the boundary of the lake. It is possible to use a combination of spatial predicates to find the required features: ST_Contains(lake, wharf) = TRUE ST_ContainsProperly(lake, wharf) = FALSE ST_GeometryType(ST_Intersection(wharf, lake)) = 'LINESTRING' ST_NumGeometries(ST_Multi(ST_Intersection(ST_Boundary(wharf), ST_Boundary(lake)))) = 1 ... but needless to say, this is quite complicated.

These requirements can be met by computing the full DE-9IM intersection matrix. PostGIS provides the ST_Relate function to do this:

SELECT ST_Relate( 'LINESTRING (1 1, 5 5)',
                  'POLYGON ((3 3, 3 7, 7 7, 7 3, 3 3))' );
st_relate
-----------
1010F0212

To test a particular spatial relationship, an intersection matrix pattern is used. This is the matrix representation augmented with the additional symbols {T,*}:

Using intersection matrix patterns, specific spatial relationships can be evaluated in a more succinct way. The ST_Relate and the ST_RelateMatch functions can be used to test intersection matrix patterns. For the first example above, the intersection matrix pattern specifying two lines intersecting in a line is '1*1***1**':

-- Find road segments that intersect in a line
SELECT a.id
FROM roads a, roads b
WHERE a.id != b.id
      AND a.geom && b.geom
      AND ST_Relate(a.geom, b.geom, '1*1***1**');

For the second example, the intersection matrix pattern specifying a line partly inside and partly outside a polygon is '102101FF2':

-- Find wharves partly on a lake's shoreline
SELECT a.lake_id, b.wharf_id
FROM lakes a, wharfs b
WHERE a.geom && b.geom
      AND ST_Relate(a.geom, b.geom, '102101FF2');

Aktuelle PostgreSQL Versionen (inklusive 9.6) haben eine Schwäche des Optimizers in Bezug auf TOAST Tabellen. TOAST Tabellen bieten eine Art "Erweiterungsraum", der benutzt wird um große Werte (im Sinne der Datengröße), welche nicht in die üblichen Datenspeicherseiten passen (wie lange Texte, Bilder oder eine komplexe Geometrie mit vielen Stützpunkten) auszulagern, siehe the PostgreSQL Documentation for TOAST für mehr Information).

Das Problem tritt bei Tabellen mit relativ großen Geometrien, aber wenigen Zeilen auf (z.B. eine Tabelle welche die europäischen Ländergrenzen in hoher Auflösung beinhaltet). Dann ist die Tabelle selbst klein, aber sie benützt eine Menge an TOAST Speicherplatz. In unserem Beispiel hat die Tabelle um die 80 Zeilen und nutzt dafür nur 3 Speicherseiten, während die TOAST Tabelle 8225 Speicherseiten benützt.

Stellen Sie sich nun eine Abfrage vor, die den geometrischen Operator && verwendet, um ein Umgebungsrechteck mit nur wenigen Zeilen zu ermitteln. Der Abfrageoptimierer stellt fest, dass die Tabelle nur 3 Speicherseiten und 80 Zeilen aufweist. Er nimmt an, das ein sequentieller Scan bei einer derart kleinen Tabelle wesentlich schneller abläuft als die Verwendung eines Indizes. Und so entscheidet er den GIST Index zu ignorieren. Normalerweise stimmt diese Annahme. Aber in unserem Fall, muss der && Operator die gesamte Geometrie von der Festplatte lesen um den BoundingBox-Vergleich durchführen zu können, wodurch auch alle TOAST-Speicherseiten gelesen werden.

Um zu sehen, ob dieses Problem auftritt, können Sie den "EXPLAIN ANALYZE" Befehl von PostgreSQL anwenden. Mehr Information und die technischen Feinheiten entnehmen Sie bitte dem Thread auf der Postgres Performance Mailing List: http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-performance/2005-02/msg00030.php

und einem neueren Thread über PostGIS https://lists.osgeo.org/pipermail/postgis-devel/2017-June/026209.html

Die PostgreSQL Entwickler versuchen das Problem zu lösen, indem sie die Abschätzung der Abfragen TOAST-gewahr machen. Zur Überbrückung zwei Workarounds:

Der erste Workaround besteht darin den Query Planer zu zwingen, den Index zu nutzen. Setzen Sie "SET enable_seqscan TO off;" am Server bevor Sie die Abfrage ausführen. Dies zwingt den Query Planer grundsätzlich dazu sequentielle Scans, wann immer möglich, zu vermeiden. Womit der GIST Index wie üblich verwendet wird. Aber dieser Parameter muss bei jeder Verbindung neu gesetzt werden, und er verursacht das der Query Planer Fehleinschätzungen in anderen Fällen macht. Daher sollte "SET enable_seqscan TO on;" nach der Abfrage ausgeführt werden.

Der zweite Workaround besteht darin, den sequentiellen Scan so schnell zu machen wie der Query Planer annimmt. Dies kann durch eine zusätzliche Spalte, welche die BBOX "zwischenspeichert" und über die abgefragt wird, erreicht werden. In Unserem Beispiel sehen die Befehle dazu folgendermaßen aus:

SELECT AddGeometryColumn('myschema','mytable','bbox','4326','GEOMETRY','2');
UPDATE mytable SET bbox = ST_Envelope(ST_Force2D(geom));

Nun ändern Sie bitte Ihre Abfrage so, das der && Operator gegen die bbox anstelle der geom_column benutzt wird:

SELECT geom_column
FROM mytable
WHERE bbox && ST_SetSRID('BOX3D(0 0,1 1)'::box3d,4326);

Selbstverständlich muss man die BBOX synchron halten. Die transparenteste Möglichkeit dies zu erreichen wäre über Trigger. Sie können Ihre Anwendung derart abändern, das die BBOX Spalte aktuell bleibt oder ein UPDATE nach jeder Änderung durchführen.