gserialized_estimate.c

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/**********************************************************************
 *
 * PostGIS - Spatial Types for PostgreSQL
 * http://postgis.net
 *
 * PostGIS is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * PostGIS is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with PostGIS.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 *
 **********************************************************************
 *
 * Copyright 2012 (C) Paul Ramsey <pramsey@cleverelephant.ca>
 *
 **********************************************************************/
 
 
 
/**********************************************************************
 THEORY OF OPERATION
 
The ANALYZE command hooks to a callback (gserialized_analyze_nd) that
calculates (compute_gserialized_stats_mode) two histograms of occurances of
features, once for the 2D domain (and the && operator) one for the
ND domain (and the &&& operator).
 
Queries in PostgreSQL call into the selectivity sub-system to find out
the relative effectiveness of different clauses in sub-setting
relations. Queries with constant arguments call gserialized_gist_sel,
queries with relations on both sides call gserialized_gist_joinsel.
 
gserialized_gist_sel sums up the values in the histogram that overlap
the contant search box.
 
gserialized_gist_joinsel sums up the product of the overlapping
cells in each relation's histogram.
 
Depending on the operator and type, the mode of selectivity calculation
will be 2D or ND.
 
- geometry && geometry ==> 2D
- geometry &&& geometry ==> ND
- geography && geography ==> ND
 
The 2D mode is put in effect by retrieving the 2D histogram from the
statistics cache and then allowing the generic ND calculations to
go to work.
 
TO DO: More testing and examination of the &&& operator and mixed
dimensionality cases. (2D geometry) &&& (3D column), etc.
 
**********************************************************************/
 
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include "access/genam.h"
#include "access/gin.h"
#include "access/gist.h"
#include "access/gist_private.h"
#include "access/gistscan.h"
#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
#include "access/tuptoaster.h" /* For toast_raw_datum_size */
#else
#include "access/detoast.h" /* For toast_raw_datum_size */
#endif
#include "utils/datum.h"
#include "access/heapam.h"
#include "catalog/index.h"
#include "catalog/pg_am.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "storage/lmgr.h"
#include "catalog/namespace.h"
#include "catalog/indexing.h"
#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 100000
#include "utils/regproc.h"
#include "utils/varlena.h"
#endif
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/datum.h"
#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
#include "funcapi.h"
#include "access/heapam.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "access/relscan.h"
 
#include "executor/spi.h"
#include "fmgr.h"
#include "commands/vacuum.h"
#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120000
#include "nodes/relation.h"
#else
#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
#endif
#include "parser/parsetree.h"
#include "utils/array.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"
#include "utils/rel.h"
#include "utils/selfuncs.h"
 
#include "../postgis_config.h"
 
#include "access/htup_details.h"
 
#include "stringbuffer.h"
#include "liblwgeom.h"
#include "lwgeom_pg.h"       /* For debugging macros. */
#include "gserialized_gist.h" /* For index common functions */
 
#include <math.h>
#if HAVE_IEEEFP_H
#include <ieeefp.h>
#endif
#include <float.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
 
 
/************************************************************************/
 
 
/* Prototypes */
Datum gserialized_gist_joinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum gserialized_gist_joinsel_2d(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum gserialized_gist_joinsel_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum gserialized_gist_sel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum gserialized_gist_sel_2d(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum gserialized_gist_sel_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum gserialized_analyze_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum gserialized_estimated_extent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum _postgis_gserialized_index_extent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum _postgis_gserialized_sel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum _postgis_gserialized_joinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum _postgis_gserialized_stats(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
 
/* Local prototypes */
static Oid table_get_spatial_index(Oid tbl_oid, text *col, int *key_type, int *att_num);
static GBOX * spatial_index_read_extent(Oid idx_oid, int key_type, int att_num);
 
 
/* Other prototypes */
float8 gserialized_joinsel_internal(PlannerInfo *root, List *args, JoinType jointype, int mode);
float8 gserialized_sel_internal(PlannerInfo *root, List *args, int varRelid, int mode);
 
 
/* Old Prototype */
Datum geometry_estimated_extent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
 
/*
 * Assign a number to the n-dimensional statistics kind
 *
 * tgl suggested:
 *
 * 1-100:       reserved for assignment by the core Postgres project
 * 100-199:     reserved for assignment by PostGIS
 * 200-9999:    reserved for other globally-known stats kinds
 * 10000-32767: reserved for private site-local use
 */
#define STATISTIC_KIND_ND 102
#define STATISTIC_KIND_2D 103
 
/*
 * Postgres does not pin its slots and uses them as they come.
 * We need to preserve its Correlation for brin to work
 * 0 may be MCV
 * 1 may be Histogram
 * 2 may be Correlation
 * We take 3 and 4.
 */
#define STATISTIC_SLOT_ND 3
#define STATISTIC_SLOT_2D 4
 
/*
* The SD factor restricts the side of the statistics histogram
* based on the standard deviation of the extent of the data.
* SDFACTOR is the number of standard deviations from the mean
* the histogram will extend.
*/
#define SDFACTOR 3.25
 
#define ND_DIMS 4
 
#define MIN_DIMENSION_WIDTH 0.000000001
 
#define MAX_DIMENSION_WIDTH 1.0E+20
 
#define DEFAULT_ND_SEL 0.0001
#define DEFAULT_ND_JOINSEL 0.001
 
#define FALLBACK_ND_SEL 0.2
#define FALLBACK_ND_JOINSEL 0.3
 
typedef struct ND_BOX_T
{
        float4 min[ND_DIMS];
        float4 max[ND_DIMS];
} ND_BOX;
 
typedef struct ND_IBOX_T
{
        int min[ND_DIMS];
        int max[ND_DIMS];
} ND_IBOX;
 
 
typedef struct ND_STATS_T
{
        /* Dimensionality of the histogram. */
        float4 ndims;
 
        /* Size of n-d histogram in each dimension. */
        float4 size[ND_DIMS];
 
        /* Lower-left (min) and upper-right (max) spatial bounds of histogram. */
        ND_BOX extent;
 
        /* How many rows in the table itself? */
        float4 table_features;
 
        /* How many rows were in the sample that built this histogram? */
        float4 sample_features;
 
        /* How many not-Null/Empty features were in the sample? */
        float4 not_null_features;
 
        /* How many features actually got sampled in the histogram? */
        float4 histogram_features;
 
        /* How many cells in histogram? (sizex*sizey*sizez*sizem) */
        float4 histogram_cells;
 
        /* How many cells did those histogram features cover? */
        /* Since we are pro-rating coverage, this number should */
        /* now always equal histogram_features */
        float4 cells_covered;
 
        /* Variable length # of floats for histogram */
        float4 value[1];
} ND_STATS;
 
typedef struct {
        /* Saved state from std_typanalyze() */
        AnalyzeAttrComputeStatsFunc std_compute_stats;
        void *std_extra_data;
} GserializedAnalyzeExtraData;
 
static int
gbox_ndims(const GBOX* gbox)
{
        int dims = 2;
        if ( FLAGS_GET_GEODETIC(gbox->flags) )
                return 3;
        if ( FLAGS_GET_Z(gbox->flags) )
                dims++;
        if ( FLAGS_GET_M(gbox->flags) )
                dims++;
        return dims;
}
 
static int
text_p_get_mode(const text *txt)
{
        int mode = 2;
        char *modestr;
        if (VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(txt) <= 0)
                return mode;
        modestr = (char*)VARDATA(txt);
        if ( modestr[0] == 'N' )
                mode = 0;
        return mode;
}
 
 
static int
cmp_int (const void *a, const void *b)
{
        int ia = *((const int*)a);
        int ib = *((const int*)b);
 
        if ( ia == ib )
                return 0;
        else if ( ia > ib )
                return 1;
        else
                return -1;
}
 
static int
range_quintile(int *vals, int nvals)
{
        qsort(vals, nvals, sizeof(int), cmp_int);
        return vals[4*nvals/5] - vals[nvals/5];
}
 
static double
total_double(const double *vals, int nvals)
{
        int i;
        float total = 0;
        /* Calculate total */
        for ( i = 0; i < nvals; i++ )
                total += vals[i];
 
        return total;
}
 
#if POSTGIS_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 3
 
static int
total_int(const int *vals, int nvals)
{
        int i;
        int total = 0;
        /* Calculate total */
        for ( i = 0; i < nvals; i++ )
                total += vals[i];
 
        return total;
}
 
static double
avg(const int *vals, int nvals)
{
        int t = total_int(vals, nvals);
        return (double)t / (double)nvals;
}
 
static double
stddev(const int *vals, int nvals)
{
        int i;
        double sigma2 = 0;
        double mean = avg(vals, nvals);
 
        /* Calculate sigma2 */
        for ( i = 0; i < nvals; i++ )
        {
                double v = (double)(vals[i]);
                sigma2 += (mean - v) * (mean - v);
        }
        return sqrt(sigma2 / nvals);
}
#endif /* POSTGIS_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 3 */
 
static int
nd_stats_value_index(const ND_STATS *stats, int *indexes)
{
        int d;
        int accum = 1, vdx = 0;
 
        /* Calculate the index into the 1-d values array that the (i,j,k,l) */
        /* n-d histogram coordinate implies. */
        /* index = x + y * sizex + z * sizex * sizey + m * sizex * sizey * sizez */
        for ( d = 0; d < (int)(stats->ndims); d++ )
        {
                int size = (int)(stats->size[d]);
                if ( indexes[d] < 0 || indexes[d] >= size )
                {
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " bad index at (%d, %d)", indexes[0], indexes[1]);
                        return -1;
                }
                vdx += indexes[d] * accum;
                accum *= size;
        }
        return vdx;
}
 
static char*
nd_box_to_json(const ND_BOX *nd_box, int ndims)
{
        char *rv;
        int i;
        stringbuffer_t *sb = stringbuffer_create();
 
        stringbuffer_append(sb, "{\"min\":[");
        for ( i = 0; i < ndims; i++ )
        {
                if ( i ) stringbuffer_append(sb, ",");
                stringbuffer_aprintf(sb, "%.6g", nd_box->min[i]);
        }
        stringbuffer_append(sb,  "],\"max\":[");
        for ( i = 0; i < ndims; i++ )
        {
                if ( i ) stringbuffer_append(sb, ",");
                stringbuffer_aprintf(sb, "%.6g", nd_box->max[i]);
        }
        stringbuffer_append(sb,  "]}");
 
        rv = stringbuffer_getstringcopy(sb);
        stringbuffer_destroy(sb);
        return rv;
}
 
 
static char*
nd_stats_to_json(const ND_STATS *nd_stats)
{
        char *json_extent, *str;
        int d;
        stringbuffer_t *sb = stringbuffer_create();
        int ndims = (int)roundf(nd_stats->ndims);
 
        stringbuffer_append(sb, "{");
        stringbuffer_aprintf(sb, "\"ndims\":%d,", ndims);
 
        /* Size */
        stringbuffer_append(sb, "\"size\":[");
        for ( d = 0; d < ndims; d++ )
        {
                if ( d ) stringbuffer_append(sb, ",");
                stringbuffer_aprintf(sb, "%d", (int)roundf(nd_stats->size[d]));
        }
        stringbuffer_append(sb, "],");
 
        /* Extent */
        json_extent = nd_box_to_json(&(nd_stats->extent), ndims);
        stringbuffer_aprintf(sb, "\"extent\":%s,", json_extent);
        pfree(json_extent);
 
        stringbuffer_aprintf(sb, "\"table_features\":%d,", (int)roundf(nd_stats->table_features));
        stringbuffer_aprintf(sb, "\"sample_features\":%d,", (int)roundf(nd_stats->sample_features));
        stringbuffer_aprintf(sb, "\"not_null_features\":%d,", (int)roundf(nd_stats->not_null_features));
        stringbuffer_aprintf(sb, "\"histogram_features\":%d,", (int)roundf(nd_stats->histogram_features));
        stringbuffer_aprintf(sb, "\"histogram_cells\":%d,", (int)roundf(nd_stats->histogram_cells));
        stringbuffer_aprintf(sb, "\"cells_covered\":%d", (int)roundf(nd_stats->cells_covered));
        stringbuffer_append(sb, "}");
 
        str = stringbuffer_getstringcopy(sb);
        stringbuffer_destroy(sb);
        return str;
}
 
 
// static char*
// nd_stats_to_grid(const ND_STATS *stats)
// {
//  char *rv;
//  int j, k;
//  int sizex = (int)roundf(stats->size[0]);
//  int sizey = (int)roundf(stats->size[1]);
//  stringbuffer_t *sb = stringbuffer_create();
//
//  for ( k = 0; k < sizey; k++ )
//  {
//      for ( j = 0; j < sizex; j++ )
//      {
//          stringbuffer_aprintf(sb, "%3d ", (int)roundf(stats->value[j + k*sizex]));
//      }
//      stringbuffer_append(sb,  "\n");
//  }
//
//  rv = stringbuffer_getstringcopy(sb);
//  stringbuffer_destroy(sb);
//  return rv;
// }
 
 
static int
nd_box_merge(const ND_BOX *source, ND_BOX *target)
{
        int d;
        for ( d = 0; d < ND_DIMS; d++ )
        {
                target->min[d] = Min(target->min[d], source->min[d]);
                target->max[d] = Max(target->max[d], source->max[d]);
        }
        return true;
}
 
static int
nd_box_init(ND_BOX *a)
{
        memset(a, 0, sizeof(ND_BOX));
        return true;
}
 
static int
nd_box_init_bounds(ND_BOX *a)
{
        int d;
        for ( d = 0; d < ND_DIMS; d++ )
        {
                a->min[d] = FLT_MAX;
                a->max[d] = -1 * FLT_MAX;
        }
        return true;
}
 
static void
nd_box_from_gbox(const GBOX *gbox, ND_BOX *nd_box)
{
        int d = 0;
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " %s", gbox_to_string(gbox));
 
        nd_box_init(nd_box);
        nd_box->min[d] = gbox->xmin;
        nd_box->max[d] = gbox->xmax;
        d++;
        nd_box->min[d] = gbox->ymin;
        nd_box->max[d] = gbox->ymax;
        d++;
        if ( FLAGS_GET_GEODETIC(gbox->flags) )
        {
                nd_box->min[d] = gbox->zmin;
                nd_box->max[d] = gbox->zmax;
                return;
        }
        if ( FLAGS_GET_Z(gbox->flags) )
        {
                nd_box->min[d] = gbox->zmin;
                nd_box->max[d] = gbox->zmax;
                d++;
        }
        if ( FLAGS_GET_M(gbox->flags) )
        {
                nd_box->min[d] = gbox->mmin;
                nd_box->max[d] = gbox->mmax;
                d++;
        }
        return;
}
 
static int
nd_box_intersects(const ND_BOX *a, const ND_BOX *b, int ndims)
{
        int d;
        for ( d = 0; d < ndims; d++ )
        {
                if ( (a->min[d] > b->max[d]) || (a->max[d] < b->min[d]) )
                        return false;
        }
        return true;
}
 
static int
nd_box_contains(const ND_BOX *a, const ND_BOX *b, int ndims)
{
        int d;
        for ( d = 0; d < ndims; d++ )
        {
                if ( ! ((a->min[d] < b->min[d]) && (a->max[d] > b->max[d])) )
                        return false;
        }
        return true;
}
 
static int
nd_box_expand(ND_BOX *nd_box, double expansion_factor)
{
        int d;
        double size;
        for ( d = 0; d < ND_DIMS; d++ )
        {
                size = nd_box->max[d] - nd_box->min[d];
                /* Avoid expanding boxes that are either too wide or too narrow*/
                if (size < MIN_DIMENSION_WIDTH || size > MAX_DIMENSION_WIDTH)
                        continue;
                nd_box->min[d] -= size * expansion_factor / 2;
                nd_box->max[d] += size * expansion_factor / 2;
        }
        return true;
}
 
static inline int
nd_box_overlap(const ND_STATS *nd_stats, const ND_BOX *nd_box, ND_IBOX *nd_ibox)
{
        int d;
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(4, " nd_box: %s", nd_box_to_json(nd_box, nd_stats->ndims));
 
        /* Initialize ibox */
        memset(nd_ibox, 0, sizeof(ND_IBOX));
 
        /* In each dimension... */
        for ( d = 0; d < nd_stats->ndims; d++ )
        {
                double smin = nd_stats->extent.min[d];
                double smax = nd_stats->extent.max[d];
                double width = smax - smin;
 
                if (width < MIN_DIMENSION_WIDTH)
                {
                        nd_ibox->min[d] = nd_ibox->max[d] = nd_stats->extent.min[d];
                }
                else
                {
                        int size = (int)roundf(nd_stats->size[d]);
 
                        /* ... find cells the box overlaps with in this dimension */
                        nd_ibox->min[d] = floor(size * (nd_box->min[d] - smin) / width);
                        nd_ibox->max[d] = floor(size * (nd_box->max[d] - smin) / width);
 
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(5, " stats: dim %d: min %g: max %g: width %g", d, smin, smax, width);
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(5, " overlap: dim %d: (%d, %d)", d, nd_ibox->min[d], nd_ibox->max[d]);
 
                        /* Push any out-of range values into range */
                        nd_ibox->min[d] = Max(nd_ibox->min[d], 0);
                        nd_ibox->max[d] = Min(nd_ibox->max[d], size - 1);
                }
        }
        return true;
}
 
static inline double
nd_box_ratio(const ND_BOX *b1, const ND_BOX *b2, int ndims)
{
        int d;
        bool covered = true;
        double ivol = 1.0;
        double vol2 = 1.0;
        double vol1 = 1.0;
 
        (void)vol1;
 
        for ( d = 0 ; d < ndims; d++ )
        {
                if ( b1->max[d] <= b2->min[d] || b1->min[d] >= b2->max[d] )
                        return 0.0; /* Disjoint */
 
                if ( b1->min[d] > b2->min[d] || b1->max[d] < b2->max[d] )
                        covered = false;
        }
 
        if ( covered )
                return 1.0;
 
        for ( d = 0; d < ndims; d++ )
        {
                double width1 = b1->max[d] - b1->min[d];
                double width2 = b2->max[d] - b2->min[d];
                double imin, imax, iwidth;
 
                vol1 *= width1;
                vol2 *= width2;
 
                imin = Max(b1->min[d], b2->min[d]);
                imax = Min(b1->max[d], b2->max[d]);
                iwidth = imax - imin;
                iwidth = Max(0.0, iwidth);
 
                ivol *= iwidth;
        }
 
        if ( vol2 == 0.0 )
                return vol2;
 
        return ivol / vol2;
}
 
/* How many bins shall we use in figuring out the distribution? */
#define NUM_BINS 50
 
static int
nd_box_array_distribution(const ND_BOX **nd_boxes, int num_boxes, const ND_BOX *extent, int ndims, double *distribution)
{
        int d, i, k, range;
        int counts[NUM_BINS];
        double smin, smax;   /* Spatial min, spatial max */
        double swidth;       /* Spatial width of dimension */
#if POSTGIS_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 3
        double average, sdev, sdev_ratio;
#endif
        int   bmin, bmax;   /* Bin min, bin max */
        const ND_BOX *ndb;
 
        /* For each dimension... */
        for ( d = 0; d < ndims; d++ )
        {
                /* Initialize counts for this dimension */
                memset(counts, 0, sizeof(counts));
 
                smin = extent->min[d];
                smax = extent->max[d];
                swidth = smax - smin;
 
                /* Don't try and calculate distribution of overly narrow */
                /* or overly wide dimensions. Here we're being pretty geographical, */
                /* expecting "normal" planar or geographic coordinates. */
                /* Otherwise we have to "handle" +/- Inf bounded features and */
                /* the assumptions needed for that are as bad as this hack. */
                if ( swidth < MIN_DIMENSION_WIDTH || swidth > MAX_DIMENSION_WIDTH )
                {
                        distribution[d] = 0;
                        continue;
                }
 
                /* Sum up the overlaps of each feature with the dimensional bins */
                for ( i = 0; i < num_boxes; i++ )
                {
                        double minoffset, maxoffset;
 
                        /* Skip null entries */
                        ndb = nd_boxes[i];
                        if ( ! ndb ) continue;
 
                        /* Where does box fall relative to the working range */
                        minoffset = ndb->min[d] - smin;
                        maxoffset = ndb->max[d] - smin;
 
                        /* Skip boxes that our outside our working range */
                        if ( minoffset < 0 || minoffset > swidth ||
                             maxoffset < 0 || maxoffset > swidth )
                        {
                                continue;
                        }
 
                        /* What bins does this range correspond to? */
                        bmin = floor(NUM_BINS * minoffset / swidth);
                        bmax = floor(NUM_BINS * maxoffset / swidth);
 
                        /* Should only happen when maxoffset==swidth */
                        if (bmax >= NUM_BINS)
                                bmax = NUM_BINS-1;
 
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(4, " dimension %d, feature %d: bin %d to bin %d", d, i, bmin, bmax);
 
                        /* Increment the counts in all the bins this feature overlaps */
                        for ( k = bmin; k <= bmax; k++ )
                        {
                                counts[k] += 1;
                        }
 
                }
 
                /* How dispersed is the distribution of features across bins? */
                range = range_quintile(counts, NUM_BINS);
 
#if POSTGIS_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 3
                average = avg(counts, NUM_BINS);
                sdev = stddev(counts, NUM_BINS);
                sdev_ratio = sdev/average;
 
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " dimension %d: range = %d", d, range);
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " dimension %d: average = %.6g", d, average);
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " dimension %d: stddev = %.6g", d, sdev);
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " dimension %d: stddev_ratio = %.6g", d, sdev_ratio);
#endif
 
                distribution[d] = range;
        }
 
        return true;
}
 
static inline int
nd_increment(ND_IBOX *ibox, int ndims, int *counter)
{
        int d = 0;
 
        while ( d < ndims )
        {
                if ( counter[d] < ibox->max[d] )
                {
                        counter[d] += 1;
                        break;
                }
                counter[d] = ibox->min[d];
                d++;
        }
        /* That's it, cannot increment any more! */
        if ( d == ndims )
                return false;
 
        /* Increment complete! */
        return true;
}
 
static ND_STATS*
pg_nd_stats_from_tuple(HeapTuple stats_tuple, int mode)
{
        int stats_kind = STATISTIC_KIND_ND;
        int rv;
        ND_STATS *nd_stats;
 
        /* If we're in 2D mode, set the kind appropriately */
        if ( mode == 2 ) stats_kind = STATISTIC_KIND_2D;
 
    /* Then read the geom status histogram from that */
 
#if POSTGIS_PGSQL_VERSION < 100
        {
                float4 *floatptr;
                int nvalues;
 
                rv = get_attstatsslot(stats_tuple, 0, 0, stats_kind, InvalidOid,
                                                        NULL, NULL, NULL, &floatptr, &nvalues);
 
                if ( ! rv ) {
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "no slot of kind %d in stats tuple", stats_kind);
                        return NULL;
                }
 
                /* Clone the stats here so we can release the attstatsslot immediately */
                nd_stats = palloc(sizeof(float) * nvalues);
                memcpy(nd_stats, floatptr, sizeof(float) * nvalues);
 
                /* Clean up */
                free_attstatsslot(0, NULL, 0, floatptr, nvalues);
        }
#else /* PostgreSQL 10 or higher */
        {
                AttStatsSlot sslot;
                rv = get_attstatsslot(&sslot, stats_tuple, stats_kind, InvalidOid,
                                                         ATTSTATSSLOT_NUMBERS);
                if ( ! rv ) {
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "no slot of kind %d in stats tuple", stats_kind);
                        return NULL;
                }
 
                /* Clone the stats here so we can release the attstatsslot immediately */
                nd_stats = palloc(sizeof(float4) * sslot.nnumbers);
                memcpy(nd_stats, sslot.numbers, sizeof(float4) * sslot.nnumbers);
 
                free_attstatsslot(&sslot);
        }
#endif
 
        return nd_stats;
}
 
static ND_STATS*
pg_get_nd_stats(const Oid table_oid, AttrNumber att_num, int mode, bool only_parent)
{
        HeapTuple stats_tuple = NULL;
        ND_STATS *nd_stats;
 
        /* First pull the stats tuple for the whole tree */
        if ( ! only_parent )
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "searching whole tree stats for \"%s\"", get_rel_name(table_oid)? get_rel_name(table_oid) : "NULL");
                stats_tuple = SearchSysCache3(STATRELATTINH, ObjectIdGetDatum(table_oid), Int16GetDatum(att_num), BoolGetDatum(true));
                if ( stats_tuple )
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "found whole tree stats for \"%s\"", get_rel_name(table_oid)? get_rel_name(table_oid) : "NULL");
        }
        /* Fall-back to main table stats only, if not found for whole tree or explicitly ignored */
        if ( only_parent || ! stats_tuple )
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "searching parent table stats for \"%s\"", get_rel_name(table_oid)? get_rel_name(table_oid) : "NULL");
                stats_tuple = SearchSysCache3(STATRELATTINH, ObjectIdGetDatum(table_oid), Int16GetDatum(att_num), BoolGetDatum(false));
                if ( stats_tuple )
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "found parent table stats for \"%s\"", get_rel_name(table_oid)? get_rel_name(table_oid) : "NULL");
        }
        if ( ! stats_tuple )
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "stats for \"%s\" do not exist", get_rel_name(table_oid)? get_rel_name(table_oid) : "NULL");
                return NULL;
        }
 
        nd_stats = pg_nd_stats_from_tuple(stats_tuple, mode);
        ReleaseSysCache(stats_tuple);
        if ( ! nd_stats )
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2,
                        "histogram for attribute %d of table \"%s\" does not exist?",
                        att_num, get_rel_name(table_oid));
        }
 
        return nd_stats;
}
 
static ND_STATS*
pg_get_nd_stats_by_name(const Oid table_oid, const text *att_text, int mode, bool only_parent)
{
        const char *att_name = text_to_cstring(att_text);
        AttrNumber att_num;
 
        /* We know the name? Look up the num */
        if ( att_text )
        {
                /* Get the attribute number */
                att_num = get_attnum(table_oid, att_name);
                if  ( ! att_num ) {
                        elog(ERROR, "attribute \"%s\" does not exist", att_name);
                        return NULL;
                }
        }
        else
        {
                elog(ERROR, "attribute name is null");
                return NULL;
        }
 
        return pg_get_nd_stats(table_oid, att_num, mode, only_parent);
}
 
static float8
estimate_join_selectivity(const ND_STATS *s1, const ND_STATS *s2)
{
        int ncells1, ncells2;
        int ndims1, ndims2, ndims;
        double ntuples_max;
        double ntuples_not_null1, ntuples_not_null2;
 
        ND_BOX extent1, extent2;
        ND_IBOX ibox1, ibox2;
        int at1[ND_DIMS];
        int at2[ND_DIMS];
        double min1[ND_DIMS];
        double width1[ND_DIMS];
        double cellsize1[ND_DIMS];
        int size2[ND_DIMS];
        double min2[ND_DIMS];
        double width2[ND_DIMS];
        double cellsize2[ND_DIMS];
        int size1[ND_DIMS];
        int d;
        double val = 0;
        float8 selectivity;
 
        /* Drop out on null inputs */
        if ( ! ( s1 && s2 ) )
        {
                elog(NOTICE, " estimate_join_selectivity called with null inputs");
                return FALLBACK_ND_SEL;
        }
 
        /* We need to know how many cells each side has... */
        ncells1 = (int)roundf(s1->histogram_cells);
        ncells2 = (int)roundf(s2->histogram_cells);
 
        /* ...so that we can drive the summation loop with the smaller histogram. */
        if ( ncells1 > ncells2 )
        {
                const ND_STATS *stats_tmp = s1;
                s1 = s2;
                s2 = stats_tmp;
        }
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, "s1: %s", nd_stats_to_json(s1));
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, "s2: %s", nd_stats_to_json(s2));
 
        /* Re-read that info after the swap */
        ncells1 = (int)roundf(s1->histogram_cells);
        ncells2 = (int)roundf(s2->histogram_cells);
 
        /* Q: What's the largest possible join size these relations can create? */
        /* A: The product of the # of non-null rows in each relation. */
        ntuples_not_null1 = s1->table_features * (s1->not_null_features / s1->sample_features);
        ntuples_not_null2 = s2->table_features * (s2->not_null_features / s2->sample_features);
        ntuples_max = ntuples_not_null1 * ntuples_not_null2;
 
        /* Get the ndims as ints */
        ndims1 = (int)roundf(s1->ndims);
        ndims2 = (int)roundf(s2->ndims);
        ndims = Max(ndims1, ndims2);
 
        /* Get the extents */
        extent1 = s1->extent;
        extent2 = s2->extent;
 
        /* If relation stats do not intersect, join is very very selective. */
        if ( ! nd_box_intersects(&extent1, &extent2, ndims) )
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUG(3, "relation stats do not intersect, returning 0");
                PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(0.0);
        }
 
        /*
         * First find the index range of the part of the smaller
         * histogram that overlaps the larger one.
         */
        if ( ! nd_box_overlap(s1, &extent2, &ibox1) )
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUG(3, "could not calculate overlap of relations");
                PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(FALLBACK_ND_JOINSEL);
        }
 
        /* Initialize counters / constants on s1 */
        for ( d = 0; d < ndims1; d++ )
        {
                at1[d] = ibox1.min[d];
                min1[d] = s1->extent.min[d];
                width1[d] = s1->extent.max[d] - s1->extent.min[d];
                size1[d] = (int)roundf(s1->size[d]);
                cellsize1[d] = width1[d] / size1[d];
        }
 
        /* Initialize counters / constants on s2 */
        for ( d = 0; d < ndims2; d++ )
        {
                min2[d] = s2->extent.min[d];
                width2[d] = s2->extent.max[d] - s2->extent.min[d];
                size2[d] = (int)roundf(s2->size[d]);
                cellsize2[d] = width2[d] / size2[d];
        }
 
        /* For each affected cell of s1... */
        do
        {
                double val1;
                /* Construct the bounds of this cell */
                ND_BOX nd_cell1;
                nd_box_init(&nd_cell1);
                for ( d = 0; d < ndims1; d++ )
                {
                        nd_cell1.min[d] = min1[d] + (at1[d]+0) * cellsize1[d];
                        nd_cell1.max[d] = min1[d] + (at1[d]+1) * cellsize1[d];
                }
 
                /* Find the cells of s2 that cell1 overlaps.. */
                nd_box_overlap(s2, &nd_cell1, &ibox2);
 
                /* Initialize counter */
                for ( d = 0; d < ndims2; d++ )
                {
                        at2[d] = ibox2.min[d];
                }
 
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, "at1 %d,%d  %s", at1[0], at1[1], nd_box_to_json(&nd_cell1, ndims1));
 
                /* Get the value at this cell */
                val1 = s1->value[nd_stats_value_index(s1, at1)];
 
                /* For each overlapped cell of s2... */
                do
                {
                        double ratio2;
                        double val2;
 
                        /* Construct the bounds of this cell */
                        ND_BOX nd_cell2;
                        nd_box_init(&nd_cell2);
                        for ( d = 0; d < ndims2; d++ )
                        {
                                nd_cell2.min[d] = min2[d] + (at2[d]+0) * cellsize2[d];
                                nd_cell2.max[d] = min2[d] + (at2[d]+1) * cellsize2[d];
                        }
 
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, "  at2 %d,%d  %s", at2[0], at2[1], nd_box_to_json(&nd_cell2, ndims2));
 
                        /* Calculate overlap ratio of the cells */
                        ratio2 = nd_box_ratio(&nd_cell1, &nd_cell2, Max(ndims1, ndims2));
 
                        /* Multiply the cell counts, scaled by overlap ratio */
                        val2 = s2->value[nd_stats_value_index(s2, at2)];
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, "  val1 %.6g  val2 %.6g  ratio %.6g", val1, val2, ratio2);
                        val += val1 * (val2 * ratio2);
                }
                while ( nd_increment(&ibox2, ndims2, at2) );
 
        }
        while( nd_increment(&ibox1, ndims1, at1) );
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, "val of histogram = %g", val);
 
        /*
         * In order to compare our total cell count "val" to the
         * ntuples_max, we need to scale val up to reflect a full
         * table estimate. So, multiply by ratio of table size to
         * sample size.
         */
        val *= (s1->table_features / s1->sample_features);
        val *= (s2->table_features / s2->sample_features);
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, "val scaled to full table size = %g", val);
 
        /*
         * Because the cell counts are over-determined due to
         * double counting of features that overlap multiple cells
         * (see the compute_gserialized_stats routine)
         * we also have to scale our cell count "val" *down*
         * to adjust for the double counting.
         */
//      val /= (s1->cells_covered / s1->histogram_features);
//      val /= (s2->cells_covered / s2->histogram_features);
 
        /*
         * Finally, the selectivity is the estimated number of
         * rows to be returned divided by the maximum possible
         * number of rows that can be returned.
         */
        selectivity = val / ntuples_max;
 
        /* Guard against over-estimates and crazy numbers :) */
        if ( isnan(selectivity) || ! isfinite(selectivity) || selectivity < 0.0 )
        {
                selectivity = DEFAULT_ND_JOINSEL;
        }
        else if ( selectivity > 1.0 )
        {
                selectivity = 1.0;
        }
 
        return selectivity;
}
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(gserialized_gist_joinsel_nd);
Datum gserialized_gist_joinsel_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        PG_RETURN_DATUM(DirectFunctionCall5(
           gserialized_gist_joinsel,
           PG_GETARG_DATUM(0), PG_GETARG_DATUM(1),
           PG_GETARG_DATUM(2), PG_GETARG_DATUM(3),
           Int32GetDatum(0) /* ND mode */
        ));
}
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(gserialized_gist_joinsel_2d);
Datum gserialized_gist_joinsel_2d(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        PG_RETURN_DATUM(DirectFunctionCall5(
           gserialized_gist_joinsel,
           PG_GETARG_DATUM(0), PG_GETARG_DATUM(1),
           PG_GETARG_DATUM(2), PG_GETARG_DATUM(3),
           Int32GetDatum(2) /* 2D mode */
        ));
}
 
double
gserialized_joinsel_internal(PlannerInfo *root, List *args, JoinType jointype, int mode)
{
        float8 selectivity;
        Oid relid1, relid2;
        ND_STATS *stats1, *stats2;
        Node *arg1 = (Node*) linitial(args);
        Node *arg2 = (Node*) lsecond(args);
        Var *var1 = (Var*) arg1;
        Var *var2 = (Var*) arg2;
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "%s: entered function", __func__);
 
        /* We only do column joins right now, no functional joins */
        /* TODO: handle g1 && ST_Expand(g2) */
        if (!IsA(arg1, Var) || !IsA(arg2, Var))
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(1, "%s called with arguments that are not column references", __func__);
                return DEFAULT_ND_JOINSEL;
        }
 
        /* What are the Oids of our tables/relations? */
        relid1 = rt_fetch(var1->varno, root->parse->rtable)->relid;
        relid2 = rt_fetch(var2->varno, root->parse->rtable)->relid;
 
        /* Pull the stats from the stats system. */
        stats1 = pg_get_nd_stats(relid1, var1->varattno, mode, false);
        stats2 = pg_get_nd_stats(relid2, var2->varattno, mode, false);
 
        /* If we can't get stats, we have to stop here! */
        if (!stats1)
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "%s: cannot find stats for \"%s\"",  __func__, get_rel_name(relid2) ? get_rel_name(relid2) : "NULL");
                return DEFAULT_ND_JOINSEL;
        }
        else if (!stats2)
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "%s: cannot find stats for \"%s\"",  __func__, get_rel_name(relid2) ? get_rel_name(relid2) : "NULL");
                return DEFAULT_ND_JOINSEL;
        }
 
        selectivity = estimate_join_selectivity(stats1, stats2);
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "got selectivity %g", selectivity);
        pfree(stats1);
        pfree(stats2);
        return selectivity;
}
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(gserialized_gist_joinsel);
Datum gserialized_gist_joinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        PlannerInfo *root = (PlannerInfo *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
        /* Oid operator = PG_GETARG_OID(1); */
        List *args = (List *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(2);
        JoinType jointype = (JoinType) PG_GETARG_INT16(3);
        int mode = PG_GETARG_INT32(4);
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "%s: entered function", __func__);
 
        /* Check length of args and punt on > 2 */
        if (list_length(args) != 2)
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "%s: got nargs == %d", __func__, list_length(args));
                PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(DEFAULT_ND_JOINSEL);
        }
 
        /* Only respond to an inner join/unknown context join */
        if (jointype != JOIN_INNER)
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(1, "%s: jointype %d not supported", __func__, jointype);
                PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(DEFAULT_ND_JOINSEL);
        }
 
        PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(gserialized_joinsel_internal(root, args, jointype, mode));
}
 
static void
compute_gserialized_stats_mode(VacAttrStats *stats, AnalyzeAttrFetchFunc fetchfunc,
                          int sample_rows, double total_rows, int mode)
{
        MemoryContext old_context;
        int d, i;                          /* Counters */
        int notnull_cnt = 0;               /* # not null rows in the sample */
        int null_cnt = 0;                  /* # null rows in the sample */
        int histogram_features = 0;        /* # rows that actually got counted in the histogram */
 
        ND_STATS *nd_stats;                /* Our histogram */
        size_t    nd_stats_size;           /* Size to allocate */
 
        double total_width = 0;            /* # of bytes used by sample */
        double total_sample_volume = 0;    /* Area/volume coverage of the sample */
        double total_cell_count = 0;       /* # of cells in histogram affected by sample */
 
        ND_BOX sum;                        /* Sum of extents of sample boxes */
        ND_BOX avg;                        /* Avg of extents of sample boxes */
        ND_BOX stddev;                     /* StdDev of extents of sample boxes */
 
        const ND_BOX **sample_boxes;       /* ND_BOXes for each of the sample features */
        ND_BOX sample_extent;              /* Extent of the raw sample */
        int    histo_size[ND_DIMS];        /* histogram nrows, ncols, etc */
        ND_BOX histo_extent;               /* Spatial extent of the histogram */
        ND_BOX histo_extent_new;           /* Temporary variable */
        int    histo_cells_target;         /* Number of cells we will shoot for, given the stats target */
        int    histo_cells;                /* Number of cells in the histogram */
        int    histo_cells_new = 1;        /* Temporary variable */
 
        int   ndims = 2;                    /* Dimensionality of the sample */
        int   histo_ndims = 0;              /* Dimensionality of the histogram */
        double sample_distribution[ND_DIMS]; /* How homogeneous is distribution of sample in each axis? */
        double total_distribution;           /* Total of sample_distribution */
 
        int stats_slot;                     /* What slot is this data going into? (2D vs ND) */
        int stats_kind;                     /* And this is what? (2D vs ND) */
 
        (void)total_sample_volume;
 
        /* Initialize sum and stddev */
        nd_box_init(&sum);
        nd_box_init(&stddev);
        nd_box_init(&avg);
        nd_box_init(&histo_extent);
        nd_box_init(&histo_extent_new);
 
        /*
         * This is where gserialized_analyze_nd
         * should put its' custom parameters.
         */
        /* void *mystats = stats->extra_data; */
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUG(2, "compute_gserialized_stats called");
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " # sample_rows: %d", sample_rows);
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " estimate of total_rows: %.6g", total_rows);
 
        /*
         * We might need less space, but don't think
         * its worth saving...
         */
        sample_boxes = palloc(sizeof(ND_BOX*) * sample_rows);
 
        /*
         * First scan:
         *  o read boxes
         *  o find dimensionality of the sample
         *  o find extent of the sample
         *  o count null-infinite/not-null values
         *  o compute total_width
         *  o compute total features's box area (for avgFeatureArea)
         *  o sum features box coordinates (for standard deviation)
         */
        for ( i = 0; i < sample_rows; i++ )
        {
                Datum datum;
                GBOX gbox = {0};
                ND_BOX *nd_box;
                bool is_null;
 
                datum = fetchfunc(stats, i, &is_null);
 
                /* Skip all NULLs. */
                if ( is_null )
                {
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(4, " skipped null geometry %d", i);
                        null_cnt++;
                        continue;
                }
 
                /* Read the bounds from the gserialized. */
                if (LW_FAILURE == gserialized_datum_get_gbox_p(datum, &gbox))
                {
                        /* Skip empties too. */
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " skipped empty geometry %d", i);
                        continue;
                }
 
                /* If we're in 2D mode, zero out the higher dimensions for "safety" */
                if ( mode == 2 )
                        gbox.zmin = gbox.zmax = gbox.mmin = gbox.mmax = 0.0;
 
                /* Check bounds for validity (finite and not NaN) */
                if ( ! gbox_is_valid(&gbox) )
                {
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " skipped infinite/nan geometry %d", i);
                        continue;
                }
 
                /*
                 * In N-D mode, set the ndims to the maximum dimensionality found
                 * in the sample. Otherwise, leave at ndims == 2.
                 */
                if ( mode != 2 )
                        ndims = Max(gbox_ndims(&gbox), ndims);
 
                /* Convert gbox to n-d box */
                nd_box = palloc(sizeof(ND_BOX));
                nd_box_from_gbox(&gbox, nd_box);
 
                /* Cache n-d bounding box */
                sample_boxes[notnull_cnt] = nd_box;
 
                /* Initialize sample extent before merging first entry */
                if ( ! notnull_cnt )
                        nd_box_init_bounds(&sample_extent);
 
                /* Add current sample to overall sample extent */
                nd_box_merge(nd_box, &sample_extent);
 
                /* How many bytes does this sample use? */
                total_width += toast_raw_datum_size(datum);
 
                /* Add bounds coordinates to sums for stddev calculation */
                for ( d = 0; d < ndims; d++ )
                {
                        sum.min[d] += nd_box->min[d];
                        sum.max[d] += nd_box->max[d];
                }
 
                /* Increment our "good feature" count */
                notnull_cnt++;
 
                /* Give backend a chance of interrupting us */
                vacuum_delay_point();
        }
 
        /*
         * We'll build a histogram having stats->attr->attstattarget cells
         * on each side,  within reason... we'll use ndims*10000 as the
         * maximum number of cells.
         * Also, if we're sampling a relatively small table, we'll try to ensure that
         * we have an average of 5 features for each cell so the histogram isn't
         * so sparse.
         */
        histo_cells_target = (int)pow((double)(stats->attr->attstattarget), (double)ndims);
        histo_cells_target = Min(histo_cells_target, ndims * 10000);
        histo_cells_target = Min(histo_cells_target, (int)(total_rows/5));
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " stats->attr->attstattarget: %d", stats->attr->attstattarget);
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " target # of histogram cells: %d", histo_cells_target);
 
        /* If there's no useful features, we can't work out stats */
        if ( ! notnull_cnt )
        {
                Oid relation_oid = stats->attr->attrelid;
                char *relation_name = get_rel_name(relation_oid);
                elog(NOTICE,
                     "PostGIS: Unable to compute statistics for \"%s.%s\": No non-null/empty features",
                     relation_name ? relation_name : "(NULL)",
                     stats->attr->attname.data);
                stats->stats_valid = false;
                return;
        }
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " sample_extent: %s", nd_box_to_json(&sample_extent, ndims));
 
        /*
         * Second scan:
         *  o compute standard deviation
         */
        for ( d = 0; d < ndims; d++ )
        {
                /* Calculate average bounds values */
                avg.min[d] = sum.min[d] / notnull_cnt;
                avg.max[d] = sum.max[d] / notnull_cnt;
 
                /* Calculate standard deviation for this dimension bounds */
                for ( i = 0; i < notnull_cnt; i++ )
                {
                        const ND_BOX *ndb = sample_boxes[i];
                        stddev.min[d] += (ndb->min[d] - avg.min[d]) * (ndb->min[d] - avg.min[d]);
                        stddev.max[d] += (ndb->max[d] - avg.max[d]) * (ndb->max[d] - avg.max[d]);
                }
                stddev.min[d] = sqrt(stddev.min[d] / notnull_cnt);
                stddev.max[d] = sqrt(stddev.max[d] / notnull_cnt);
 
                /* Histogram bounds for this dimension bounds is avg +/- SDFACTOR * stdev */
                histo_extent.min[d] = Max(avg.min[d] - SDFACTOR * stddev.min[d], sample_extent.min[d]);
                histo_extent.max[d] = Min(avg.max[d] + SDFACTOR * stddev.max[d], sample_extent.max[d]);
        }
 
        /*
         * Third scan:
         *   o skip hard deviants
         *   o compute new histogram box
         */
        nd_box_init_bounds(&histo_extent_new);
        for ( i = 0; i < notnull_cnt; i++ )
        {
                const ND_BOX *ndb = sample_boxes[i];
                /* Skip any hard deviants (boxes entirely outside our histo_extent */
                if ( ! nd_box_intersects(&histo_extent, ndb, ndims) )
                {
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(4, " feature %d is a hard deviant, skipped", i);
                        sample_boxes[i] = NULL;
                        continue;
                }
                /* Expand our new box to fit all the other features. */
                nd_box_merge(ndb, &histo_extent_new);
        }
        /*
         * Expand the box slightly (1%) to avoid edge effects
         * with objects that are on the boundary
         */
        nd_box_expand(&histo_extent_new, 0.01);
        histo_extent = histo_extent_new;
 
        /*
         * How should we allocate our histogram cells to the
         * different dimensions? We can't do it by raw dimensional width,
         * because in x/y/z space, the z can have different units
         * from the x/y. Similarly for x/y/t space.
         * So, we instead calculate how much features overlap
         * each other in their dimension to figure out which
         *  dimensions have useful selectivity characteristics (more
         * variability in density) and therefor would find
         * more cells useful (to distinguish between dense places and
         * homogeneous places).
         */
        nd_box_array_distribution(sample_boxes, notnull_cnt, &histo_extent, ndims,
                                  sample_distribution);
 
        /*
         * The sample_distribution array now tells us how spread out the
         * data is in each dimension, so we use that data to allocate
         * the histogram cells we have available.
         * At this point, histo_cells_target is the approximate target number
         * of cells.
         */
 
        /*
         * Some dimensions have basically a uniform distribution, we want
         * to allocate no cells to those dimensions, only to dimensions
         * that have some interesting differences in data distribution.
         * Here we count up the number of interesting dimensions
         */
        for ( d = 0; d < ndims; d++ )
        {
                if ( sample_distribution[d] > 0 )
                        histo_ndims++;
        }
 
        if ( histo_ndims == 0 )
        {
                /* Special case: all our dimensions had low variability! */
                /* We just divide the cells up evenly */
                POSTGIS_DEBUG(3, " special case: no axes have variability");
                histo_cells_new = 1;
                for ( d = 0; d < ndims; d++ )
                {
                        histo_size[d] = (int)pow((double)histo_cells_target, 1/(double)ndims);
                        if ( ! histo_size[d] )
                                histo_size[d] = 1;
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, "   histo_size[d]: %d", histo_size[d]);
                        histo_cells_new *= histo_size[d];
                }
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " histo_cells_new: %d", histo_cells_new);
        }
        else
        {
                /*
                 * We're going to express the amount of variability in each dimension
                 * as a proportion of the total variability and allocate cells in that
                 * dimension relative to that proportion.
                 */
                POSTGIS_DEBUG(3, " allocating histogram axes based on axis variability");
                total_distribution = total_double(sample_distribution, ndims); /* First get the total */
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " total_distribution: %.8g", total_distribution);
                histo_cells_new = 1; /* For the number of cells in the final histogram */
                for ( d = 0; d < ndims; d++ )
                {
                        if ( sample_distribution[d] == 0 ) /* Uninteresting dimensions don't get any room */
                        {
                                histo_size[d] = 1;
                        }
                        else /* Interesting dimension */
                        {
                                /* How does this dims variability compare to the total? */
                                float edge_ratio = (float)sample_distribution[d] / (float)total_distribution;
                                /*
                                 * Scale the target cells number by the # of dims and ratio,
                                 * then take the appropriate root to get the estimated number of cells
                                 * on this axis (eg, pow(0.5) for 2d, pow(0.333) for 3d, pow(0.25) for 4d)
                                */
                                histo_size[d] = (int)pow(histo_cells_target * histo_ndims * edge_ratio, 1/(double)histo_ndims);
                                /* If something goes awry, just give this dim one slot */
                                if ( ! histo_size[d] )
                                        histo_size[d] = 1;
                        }
                        histo_cells_new *= histo_size[d];
                }
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " histo_cells_new: %d", histo_cells_new);
        }
 
        /* Update histo_cells to the actual number of cells we need to allocate */
        histo_cells = histo_cells_new;
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " histo_cells: %d", histo_cells);
 
        /*
         * Create the histogram (ND_STATS) in the stats memory context
         */
        old_context = MemoryContextSwitchTo(stats->anl_context);
        nd_stats_size = sizeof(ND_STATS) + ((histo_cells - 1) * sizeof(float4));
        nd_stats = palloc(nd_stats_size);
        memset(nd_stats, 0, nd_stats_size); /* Initialize all values to 0 */
        MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context);
 
        /* Initialize the #ND_STATS objects */
        nd_stats->ndims = ndims;
        nd_stats->extent = histo_extent;
        nd_stats->sample_features = sample_rows;
        nd_stats->table_features = total_rows;
        nd_stats->not_null_features = notnull_cnt;
        /* Copy in the histogram dimensions */
        for ( d = 0; d < ndims; d++ )
                nd_stats->size[d] = histo_size[d];
 
        /*
         * Fourth scan:
         *  o fill histogram values with the proportion of
         *    features' bbox overlaps: a feature's bvol
         *    can fully overlap (1) or partially overlap
         *    (fraction of 1) an histogram cell.
         *
         * Note that we are filling each cell with the "portion of
         * the feature's box that overlaps the cell". So, if we sum
         * up the values in the histogram, we could get the
         * histogram feature count.
         *
         */
        for ( i = 0; i < notnull_cnt; i++ )
        {
                const ND_BOX *nd_box;
                ND_IBOX nd_ibox;
                int at[ND_DIMS];
                int d;
                double num_cells = 0;
                double tmp_volume = 1.0;
                double min[ND_DIMS] = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
                double max[ND_DIMS] = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
                double cellsize[ND_DIMS] = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
 
                nd_box = sample_boxes[i];
                if ( ! nd_box ) continue; /* Skip Null'ed out hard deviants */
 
                /* Give backend a chance of interrupting us */
                vacuum_delay_point();
 
                /* Find the cells that overlap with this box and put them into the ND_IBOX */
                nd_box_overlap(nd_stats, nd_box, &nd_ibox);
                memset(at, 0, sizeof(int)*ND_DIMS);
 
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " feature %d: ibox (%d, %d, %d, %d) (%d, %d, %d, %d)", i,
                  nd_ibox.min[0], nd_ibox.min[1], nd_ibox.min[2], nd_ibox.min[3],
                  nd_ibox.max[0], nd_ibox.max[1], nd_ibox.max[2], nd_ibox.max[3]);
 
                for ( d = 0; d < nd_stats->ndims; d++ )
                {
                        /* Initialize the starting values */
                        at[d] = nd_ibox.min[d];
                        min[d] = nd_stats->extent.min[d];
                        max[d] = nd_stats->extent.max[d];
                        cellsize[d] = (max[d] - min[d])/(nd_stats->size[d]);
 
                        /* What's the volume (area) of this feature's box? */
                        tmp_volume *= (nd_box->max[d] - nd_box->min[d]);
                }
 
                /* Add feature volume (area) to our total */
                total_sample_volume += tmp_volume;
 
                /*
                 * Move through all the overlaped histogram cells values and
                 * add the box overlap proportion to them.
                 */
                do
                {
                        ND_BOX nd_cell = { {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0} };
                        double ratio;
                        /* Create a box for this histogram cell */
                        for ( d = 0; d < nd_stats->ndims; d++ )
                        {
                                nd_cell.min[d] = min[d] + (at[d]+0) * cellsize[d];
                                nd_cell.max[d] = min[d] + (at[d]+1) * cellsize[d];
                        }
 
                        /*
                         * If a feature box is completely inside one cell the ratio will be
                         * 1.0. If a feature box is 50% in two cells, each cell will get
                         * 0.5 added on.
                         */
                        ratio = nd_box_ratio(&nd_cell, nd_box, nd_stats->ndims);
                        nd_stats->value[nd_stats_value_index(nd_stats, at)] += ratio;
                        num_cells += ratio;
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, "               ratio (%.8g)  num_cells (%.8g)", ratio, num_cells);
                        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, "               at (%d, %d, %d, %d)", at[0], at[1], at[2], at[3]);
                }
                while ( nd_increment(&nd_ibox, nd_stats->ndims, at) );
 
                /* Keep track of overall number of overlaps counted */
                total_cell_count += num_cells;
                /* How many features have we added to this histogram? */
                histogram_features++;
        }
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " histogram_features: %d", histogram_features);
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " sample_rows: %d", sample_rows);
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " table_rows: %.6g", total_rows);
 
        /* Error out if we got no sample information */
        if ( ! histogram_features )
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUG(3, " no stats have been gathered");
                elog(NOTICE, " no features lie in the stats histogram, invalid stats");
                stats->stats_valid = false;
                return;
        }
 
        nd_stats->histogram_features = histogram_features;
        nd_stats->histogram_cells = histo_cells;
        nd_stats->cells_covered = total_cell_count;
 
        /* Put this histogram data into the right slot/kind */
        if ( mode == 2 )
        {
                stats_slot = STATISTIC_SLOT_2D;
                stats_kind = STATISTIC_KIND_2D;
        }
        else
        {
                stats_slot = STATISTIC_SLOT_ND;
                stats_kind = STATISTIC_KIND_ND;
        }
 
        /* Write the statistics data */
        stats->stakind[stats_slot] = stats_kind;
        stats->staop[stats_slot] = InvalidOid;
        stats->stanumbers[stats_slot] = (float4*)nd_stats;
        stats->numnumbers[stats_slot] = nd_stats_size/sizeof(float4);
        stats->stanullfrac = (float4)null_cnt/sample_rows;
        stats->stawidth = total_width/notnull_cnt;
        stats->stadistinct = -1.0;
        stats->stats_valid = true;
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " out: slot 0: kind %d (STATISTIC_KIND_ND)", stats->stakind[0]);
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " out: slot 0: op %d (InvalidOid)", stats->staop[0]);
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " out: slot 0: numnumbers %d", stats->numnumbers[0]);
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " out: null fraction: %f=%d/%d", stats->stanullfrac, null_cnt, sample_rows);
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " out: average width: %d bytes", stats->stawidth);
        POSTGIS_DEBUG (3, " out: distinct values: all (no check done)");
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " out: %s", nd_stats_to_json(nd_stats));
        /*
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " out histogram:\n%s", nd_stats_to_grid(nd_stats));
        */
 
        return;
}
 
 
static void
compute_gserialized_stats(VacAttrStats *stats, AnalyzeAttrFetchFunc fetchfunc,
                          int sample_rows, double total_rows)
{
        GserializedAnalyzeExtraData *extra_data = (GserializedAnalyzeExtraData *)stats->extra_data;
        /* Call standard statistics calculation routine to fill in correlation for BRIN to work */
        stats->extra_data = extra_data->std_extra_data;
        extra_data->std_compute_stats(stats, fetchfunc, sample_rows, total_rows);
        stats->extra_data = extra_data;
 
        /* 2D Mode */
        compute_gserialized_stats_mode(stats, fetchfunc, sample_rows, total_rows, 2);
 
        if (stats->stats_valid)
        {
                /* ND Mode: Only computed if 2D was computed too (not NULL and valid) */
                compute_gserialized_stats_mode(stats, fetchfunc, sample_rows, total_rows, 0);
        }
}
 
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(gserialized_analyze_nd);
Datum gserialized_analyze_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        VacAttrStats *stats = (VacAttrStats *)PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
        GserializedAnalyzeExtraData *extra_data =
            (GserializedAnalyzeExtraData *)palloc(sizeof(GserializedAnalyzeExtraData));
 
        /* Ask for standard analyze to fill in as much as possible */
        if (!std_typanalyze(stats))
                PG_RETURN_BOOL(false);
 
        /* Save old compute_stats and extra_data for scalar statistics ... */
        extra_data->std_compute_stats = stats->compute_stats;
        extra_data->std_extra_data = stats->extra_data;
        /* ... and replace with our info */
        stats->compute_stats = compute_gserialized_stats;
        stats->extra_data = extra_data;
 
        /* Indicate we are done successfully */
        PG_RETURN_BOOL(true);
}
 
static float8
estimate_selectivity(const GBOX *box, const ND_STATS *nd_stats, int mode)
{
        int d; /* counter */
        float8 selectivity;
        ND_BOX nd_box;
        ND_IBOX nd_ibox;
        int at[ND_DIMS];
        double cell_size[ND_DIMS];
        double min[ND_DIMS];
        double max[ND_DIMS];
        double total_count = 0.0;
        int ndims_max;
 
        /* Calculate the overlap of the box on the histogram */
        if ( ! nd_stats )
        {
                elog(NOTICE, " estimate_selectivity called with null input");
                return FALLBACK_ND_SEL;
        }
 
        ndims_max = Max(nd_stats->ndims, gbox_ndims(box));
 
        /* Initialize nd_box. */
        nd_box_from_gbox(box, &nd_box);
 
        /*
         * To return 2D stats on an ND sample, we need to make the
         * 2D box cover the full range of the other dimensions in the
         * histogram.
         */
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " mode: %d", mode);
        if ( mode == 2 )
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUG(3, " in 2d mode, stripping the computation down to 2d");
                ndims_max = 2;
        }
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " nd_stats->extent: %s", nd_box_to_json(&(nd_stats->extent), nd_stats->ndims));
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " nd_box: %s", nd_box_to_json(&(nd_box), gbox_ndims(box)));
 
        /*
         * Search box completely misses histogram extent?
         * We have to intersect in all N dimensions or else we have
         * zero interaction under the &&& operator. It's important
         * to short circuit in this case, as some of the tests below
         * will return junk results when run on non-intersecting inputs.
         */
        if ( ! nd_box_intersects(&nd_box, &(nd_stats->extent), ndims_max) )
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUG(3, " search box does not overlap histogram, returning 0");
                return 0.0;
        }
 
        /* Search box completely contains histogram extent! */
        if ( nd_box_contains(&nd_box, &(nd_stats->extent), ndims_max) )
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUG(3, " search box contains histogram, returning 1");
                return 1.0;
        }
 
        /* Calculate the overlap of the box on the histogram */
        if ( ! nd_box_overlap(nd_stats, &nd_box, &nd_ibox) )
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUG(3, " search box overlap with stats histogram failed");
                return FALLBACK_ND_SEL;
        }
 
        /* Work out some measurements of the histogram */
        for ( d = 0; d < nd_stats->ndims; d++ )
        {
                /* Cell size in each dim */
                min[d] = nd_stats->extent.min[d];
                max[d] = nd_stats->extent.max[d];
                cell_size[d] = (max[d] - min[d]) / nd_stats->size[d];
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " cell_size[%d] : %.9g", d, cell_size[d]);
 
                /* Initialize the counter */
                at[d] = nd_ibox.min[d];
        }
 
        /* Move through all the overlap values and sum them */
        do
        {
                float cell_count, ratio;
                ND_BOX nd_cell = { {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0} };
 
                /* We have to pro-rate partially overlapped cells. */
                for ( d = 0; d < nd_stats->ndims; d++ )
                {
                        nd_cell.min[d] = min[d] + (at[d]+0) * cell_size[d];
                        nd_cell.max[d] = min[d] + (at[d]+1) * cell_size[d];
                }
 
                ratio = nd_box_ratio(&nd_box, &nd_cell, nd_stats->ndims);
                cell_count = nd_stats->value[nd_stats_value_index(nd_stats, at)];
 
                /* Add the pro-rated count for this cell to the overall total */
                total_count += cell_count * ratio;
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(4, " cell (%d,%d), cell value %.6f, ratio %.6f", at[0], at[1], cell_count, ratio);
        }
        while ( nd_increment(&nd_ibox, nd_stats->ndims, at) );
 
        /* Scale by the number of features in our histogram to get the proportion */
        selectivity = total_count / nd_stats->histogram_features;
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " nd_stats->histogram_features = %f", nd_stats->histogram_features);
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " nd_stats->histogram_cells = %f", nd_stats->histogram_cells);
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " sum(overlapped histogram cells) = %f", total_count);
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " selectivity = %f", selectivity);
 
        /* Prevent rounding overflows */
        if (selectivity > 1.0) selectivity = 1.0;
        else if (selectivity < 0.0) selectivity = 0.0;
 
        return selectivity;
}
 
 
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_postgis_gserialized_stats);
Datum _postgis_gserialized_stats(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        Oid table_oid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
        text *att_text = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1);
        ND_STATS *nd_stats;
        char *str;
        text *json;
        int mode = 2; /* default to 2D mode */
        bool only_parent = false; /* default to whole tree stats */
 
        /* Check if we've been asked to not use 2d mode */
        if ( ! PG_ARGISNULL(2) )
                mode = text_p_get_mode(PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(2));
 
        /* Retrieve the stats object */
        nd_stats = pg_get_nd_stats_by_name(table_oid, att_text, mode, only_parent);
        if ( ! nd_stats )
                elog(ERROR, "stats for \"%s.%s\" do not exist", get_rel_name(table_oid), text_to_cstring(att_text));
 
        /* Convert to JSON */
        str = nd_stats_to_json(nd_stats);
        json = cstring_to_text(str);
        pfree(str);
        pfree(nd_stats);
        PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(json);
}
 
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_postgis_gserialized_sel);
Datum _postgis_gserialized_sel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        Oid table_oid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
        text *att_text = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1);
        Datum geom_datum = PG_GETARG_DATUM(2);
        GBOX gbox; /* search box read from gserialized datum */
        float8 selectivity = 0;
        ND_STATS *nd_stats;
        int mode = 2; /* 2D mode by default */
 
        /* Check if we've been asked to not use 2d mode */
        if ( ! PG_ARGISNULL(3) )
                mode = text_p_get_mode(PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(3));
 
        /* Retrieve the stats object */
        nd_stats = pg_get_nd_stats_by_name(table_oid, att_text, mode, false);
 
        if ( ! nd_stats )
                elog(ERROR, "stats for \"%s.%s\" do not exist", get_rel_name(table_oid), text_to_cstring(att_text));
 
        /* Calculate the gbox */
        if ( ! gserialized_datum_get_gbox_p(geom_datum, &gbox) )
                elog(ERROR, "unable to calculate bounding box from geometry");
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(3, " %s", gbox_to_string(&gbox));
 
        /* Do the estimation */
        selectivity = estimate_selectivity(&gbox, nd_stats, mode);
 
        pfree(nd_stats);
        PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(selectivity);
}
 
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_postgis_gserialized_joinsel);
Datum _postgis_gserialized_joinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        Oid table_oid1 = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
        text *att_text1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1);
        Oid table_oid2 = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
        text *att_text2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(3);
        ND_STATS *nd_stats1, *nd_stats2;
        float8 selectivity = 0;
        int mode = 2; /* 2D mode by default */
 
 
        /* Retrieve the stats object */
        nd_stats1 = pg_get_nd_stats_by_name(table_oid1, att_text1, mode, false);
        nd_stats2 = pg_get_nd_stats_by_name(table_oid2, att_text2, mode, false);
 
        if ( ! nd_stats1 )
                elog(ERROR, "stats for \"%s.%s\" do not exist", get_rel_name(table_oid1), text_to_cstring(att_text1));
 
        if ( ! nd_stats2 )
                elog(ERROR, "stats for \"%s.%s\" do not exist", get_rel_name(table_oid2), text_to_cstring(att_text2));
 
        /* Check if we've been asked to not use 2d mode */
        if ( ! PG_ARGISNULL(4) )
        {
                text *modetxt = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(4);
                char *modestr = text_to_cstring(modetxt);
                if ( modestr[0] == 'N' )
                        mode = 0;
        }
 
        /* Do the estimation */
        selectivity = estimate_join_selectivity(nd_stats1, nd_stats2);
 
        pfree(nd_stats1);
        pfree(nd_stats2);
        PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(selectivity);
}
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(gserialized_gist_sel_2d);
Datum gserialized_gist_sel_2d(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        PG_RETURN_DATUM(DirectFunctionCall5(
           gserialized_gist_sel,
           PG_GETARG_DATUM(0), PG_GETARG_DATUM(1),
           PG_GETARG_DATUM(2), PG_GETARG_DATUM(3),
           Int32GetDatum(2) /* 2-D mode */
        ));
}
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(gserialized_gist_sel_nd);
Datum gserialized_gist_sel_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        PG_RETURN_DATUM(DirectFunctionCall5(
           gserialized_gist_sel,
           PG_GETARG_DATUM(0), PG_GETARG_DATUM(1),
           PG_GETARG_DATUM(2), PG_GETARG_DATUM(3),
           Int32GetDatum(0) /* N-D mode */
        ));
}
 
 
float8
gserialized_sel_internal(PlannerInfo *root, List *args, int varRelid, int mode)
{
        VariableStatData vardata;
        Node *other = NULL;
        bool varonleft;
        ND_STATS *nd_stats = NULL;
 
        GBOX search_box;
        float8 selectivity = 0;
        Const *otherConst;
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "%s: entered function", __func__);
 
        if (!get_restriction_variable(root, args, varRelid, &vardata, &other, &varonleft))
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "%s: could not find vardata", __func__);
                return DEFAULT_ND_SEL;
        }
 
        if (!IsA(other, Const))
        {
                ReleaseVariableStats(vardata);
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "%s: no constant argument, returning default selectivity %g", __func__, DEFAULT_ND_SEL);
                return DEFAULT_ND_SEL;
        }
 
        otherConst = (Const*)other;
        if ((!otherConst) || otherConst->constisnull)
        {
                ReleaseVariableStats(vardata);
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "%s: constant argument is NULL", __func__);
                return DEFAULT_ND_SEL;
        }
 
        if (!gserialized_datum_get_gbox_p(otherConst->constvalue, &search_box))
        {
                ReleaseVariableStats(vardata);
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "%s: search box is EMPTY", __func__);
                return 0.0;
        }
 
        if (!vardata.statsTuple)
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(1, "%s: no statistics available on table. Empty? Need to ANALYZE?", __func__);
                return DEFAULT_ND_SEL;
        }
 
        nd_stats = pg_nd_stats_from_tuple(vardata.statsTuple, mode);
        ReleaseVariableStats(vardata);
        selectivity = estimate_selectivity(&search_box, nd_stats, mode);
        if (nd_stats) pfree(nd_stats);
        return selectivity;
}
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(gserialized_gist_sel);
Datum gserialized_gist_sel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        PlannerInfo *root = (PlannerInfo *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
        // Oid operator_oid = PG_GETARG_OID(1);
        List *args = (List *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(2);
        int varRelid = PG_GETARG_INT32(3);
        int mode = PG_GETARG_INT32(4);
        float8 selectivity = gserialized_sel_internal(root, args, varRelid, mode);
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "%s: selectivity is %g", __func__, selectivity);
        PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(selectivity);
}
 
 
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(gserialized_estimated_extent);
Datum gserialized_estimated_extent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        char *nsp = NULL;
        char *tbl = NULL;
        text *col = NULL;
        char *nsp_tbl = NULL;
        Oid tbl_oid, idx_oid = 0;
        ND_STATS *nd_stats;
        GBOX *gbox = NULL;
        bool only_parent = false;
        int key_type, att_num;
        size_t sz;
 
        /* We need to initialize the internal cache to access it later via postgis_oid() */
        postgis_initialize_cache();
 
        if ( PG_NARGS() == 4 )
        {
                nsp = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(0));
                tbl = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1));
                col = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(2);
                only_parent = PG_GETARG_BOOL(3);
                sz = strlen(nsp) + strlen(tbl) + 6;
                nsp_tbl = palloc(sz);
                snprintf(nsp_tbl, sz, "\"%s\".\"%s\"", nsp, tbl);
                tbl_oid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(regclassin, CStringGetDatum(nsp_tbl)));
                pfree(nsp_tbl);
        }
        else if ( PG_NARGS() == 3 )
        {
                nsp = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(0));
                tbl = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1));
                col = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(2);
                sz = strlen(nsp) + strlen(tbl) + 6;
                nsp_tbl = palloc(sz);
                snprintf(nsp_tbl, sz, "\"%s\".\"%s\"", nsp, tbl);
                tbl_oid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(regclassin, CStringGetDatum(nsp_tbl)));
                pfree(nsp_tbl);
        }
        else if ( PG_NARGS() == 2 )
        {
                tbl = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(0));
                col = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1);
                sz = strlen(tbl) + 3;
                nsp_tbl = palloc(sz);
                snprintf(nsp_tbl, sz, "\"%s\"", tbl);
                tbl_oid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(regclassin, CStringGetDatum(nsp_tbl)));
                pfree(nsp_tbl);
        }
        else
        {
                elog(ERROR, "estimated_extent() called with wrong number of arguments");
                PG_RETURN_NULL();
        }
 
        /* Read the extent from the head of the spatial index, if there is one */
 
        idx_oid = table_get_spatial_index(tbl_oid, col, &key_type, &att_num);
        if (idx_oid)
        {
                /* TODO: how about only_parent ? */
                gbox = spatial_index_read_extent(idx_oid, key_type, att_num);
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "index for \"%s.%s\" exists, reading gbox from there", tbl, text_to_cstring(col));
                if ( ! gbox ) PG_RETURN_NULL();
        }
        else
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUGF(2, "index for \"%s.%s\" does not exist", tbl, text_to_cstring(col));
 
                /* Fall back to reading the stats, if no index is found */
 
                /* Estimated extent only returns 2D bounds, so use mode 2 */
                nd_stats = pg_get_nd_stats_by_name(tbl_oid, col, 2, only_parent);
 
                /* Error out on no stats */
                if ( ! nd_stats ) {
                        elog(WARNING, "stats for \"%s.%s\" do not exist", tbl, text_to_cstring(col));
                        PG_RETURN_NULL();
                }
 
                /* Construct the box */
                gbox = palloc(sizeof(GBOX));
                FLAGS_SET_GEODETIC(gbox->flags, 0);
                FLAGS_SET_Z(gbox->flags, 0);
                FLAGS_SET_M(gbox->flags, 0);
                gbox->xmin = nd_stats->extent.min[0];
                gbox->xmax = nd_stats->extent.max[0];
                gbox->ymin = nd_stats->extent.min[1];
                gbox->ymax = nd_stats->extent.max[1];
                pfree(nd_stats);
        }
 
        PG_RETURN_POINTER(gbox);
}
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(geometry_estimated_extent);
Datum geometry_estimated_extent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        if ( PG_NARGS() == 3 )
        {
            PG_RETURN_DATUM(
            DirectFunctionCall3(gserialized_estimated_extent,
            PG_GETARG_DATUM(0),
            PG_GETARG_DATUM(1),
        PG_GETARG_DATUM(2)));
        }
        else if ( PG_NARGS() == 2 )
        {
            PG_RETURN_DATUM(
            DirectFunctionCall2(gserialized_estimated_extent,
            PG_GETARG_DATUM(0),
            PG_GETARG_DATUM(1)));
        }
 
        elog(ERROR, "geometry_estimated_extent() called with wrong number of arguments");
        PG_RETURN_NULL();
}
 
/************************************************************************/
 
static Oid
table_get_spatial_index(Oid tbl_oid, text *col, int *key_type, int *att_num)
{
        Relation tbl_rel;
        ListCell *lc;
        List *idx_list;
        Oid result = InvalidOid;
        char *colname = text_to_cstring(col);
 
        /* Lookup our spatial index key types */
        Oid b2d_oid = postgis_oid(BOX2DFOID);
        Oid gdx_oid = postgis_oid(BOX3DOID);
 
        if (!(b2d_oid && gdx_oid))
                return InvalidOid;
 
        tbl_rel = RelationIdGetRelation(tbl_oid);
        idx_list = RelationGetIndexList(tbl_rel);
        RelationClose(tbl_rel);
 
        /* For each index associated with this table... */
        foreach(lc, idx_list)
        {
                Form_pg_class idx_form;
                HeapTuple idx_tup;
                int idx_relam;
                Oid idx_oid = lfirst_oid(lc);
 
                idx_tup = SearchSysCache1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(idx_oid));
                if (!HeapTupleIsValid(idx_tup))
                        elog(ERROR, "%s: unable to lookup index %u in syscache", __func__, idx_oid);
                idx_form = (Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(idx_tup);
                idx_relam = idx_form->relam;
                ReleaseSysCache(idx_tup);
 
                /* Does the index use a GIST access method? */
                if (idx_relam == GIST_AM_OID)
                {
                        Form_pg_attribute att;
                        Oid atttypid;
                        int attnum;
                        /* Is the index on the column name we are looking for? */
                        HeapTuple att_tup = SearchSysCache2(ATTNAME,
                                                            ObjectIdGetDatum(idx_oid),
                                                            PointerGetDatum(colname));
                        if (!HeapTupleIsValid(att_tup))
                                continue;
 
                        att = (Form_pg_attribute) GETSTRUCT(att_tup);
                        atttypid = att->atttypid;
                        attnum = att->attnum;
                        ReleaseSysCache(att_tup);
 
                        /* Is the column actually spatial? */
                        if (b2d_oid == atttypid || gdx_oid == atttypid)
                        {
                                /* Save result, clean up, and break out */
                                result = idx_oid;
                                if (att_num)
                                        *att_num = attnum;
                                if (key_type)
                                        *key_type = (atttypid == b2d_oid ? STATISTIC_KIND_2D : STATISTIC_KIND_ND);
                                break;
                        }
                }
        }
        return result;
}
 
static GBOX *
spatial_index_read_extent(Oid idx_oid, int key_type, int att_num)
{
        BOX2DF *bounds_2df = NULL;
        GIDX *bounds_gidx = NULL;
        GBOX *gbox = NULL;
        Relation idx_rel;
        Buffer buffer;
        Page page;
        OffsetNumber offset;
        unsigned long offset_max;
 
        if (!idx_oid)
                return NULL;
 
        idx_rel = index_open(idx_oid, AccessShareLock);
        buffer = ReadBuffer(idx_rel, GIST_ROOT_BLKNO);
        page = (Page) BufferGetPage(buffer);
        offset = FirstOffsetNumber;
        offset_max = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
        while (offset <= offset_max)
        {
                ItemId iid = PageGetItemId(page, offset);
                IndexTuple ituple;
                if (!iid)
                {
                        ReleaseBuffer(buffer);
                        index_close(idx_rel, AccessShareLock);
                        return NULL;
                }
                ituple = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, iid);
                if (!GistTupleIsInvalid(ituple))
                {
                        bool isnull;
                        Datum idx_attr = index_getattr(ituple, att_num, idx_rel->rd_att, &isnull);
                        if (!isnull)
                        {
                                if (key_type == STATISTIC_KIND_2D)
                                {
                                        BOX2DF *b = (BOX2DF*)DatumGetPointer(idx_attr);
                                        if (bounds_2df)
                                                box2df_merge(bounds_2df, b);
                                        else
                                                bounds_2df = box2df_copy(b);
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                        GIDX *b = (GIDX*)DatumGetPointer(idx_attr);
                                        if (bounds_gidx)
                                                gidx_merge(&bounds_gidx, b);
                                        else
                                                bounds_gidx = gidx_copy(b);
                                }
                        }
                }
                offset++;
        }
 
        ReleaseBuffer(buffer);
        index_close(idx_rel, AccessShareLock);
 
        if (key_type == STATISTIC_KIND_2D && bounds_2df)
        {
                if (box2df_is_empty(bounds_2df))
                        return NULL;
                gbox = gbox_new(0);
                box2df_to_gbox_p(bounds_2df, gbox);
        }
        else if (key_type == STATISTIC_KIND_ND && bounds_gidx)
        {
                if (gidx_is_unknown(bounds_gidx))
                        return NULL;
                gbox = gbox_new(0);
                gbox_from_gidx(bounds_gidx, gbox, 0);
        }
        else
                return NULL;
 
        return gbox;
}
 
/*
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION _postgis_index_extent(tbl regclass, col text)
        RETURNS box2d
        AS '$libdir/postgis-2.5','_postgis_gserialized_index_extent'
        LANGUAGE 'c' STABLE STRICT;
*/
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_postgis_gserialized_index_extent);
Datum _postgis_gserialized_index_extent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        GBOX *gbox = NULL;
        int key_type;
        int att_num;
        Oid tbl_oid = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
        text *col = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1);
        Oid idx_oid;
 
        if(!tbl_oid)
                PG_RETURN_NULL();
 
        /* We need to initialize the internal cache to access it later via postgis_oid() */
        postgis_initialize_cache();
 
        idx_oid = table_get_spatial_index(tbl_oid, col, &key_type, &att_num);
        if (!idx_oid)
                PG_RETURN_NULL();
 
        gbox = spatial_index_read_extent(idx_oid, key_type, att_num);
        if (!gbox)
                PG_RETURN_NULL();
        else
                PG_RETURN_POINTER(gbox);
}