Manual PostGIS 3.7.0dev

Instalación de PostGIS

tar -xvzf postgis-3.7.0dev.tar.gz
cd postgis-3.7.0dev
./configure
make
make install
LDFLAGS=-lstdc++ ./configure [YOUR OPTIONS HERE]
wget https://postgis.net/stuff/postgis-3.7.0dev.tar.gz
tar -xvzf postgis-3.7.0dev.tar.gz
cd postgis-3.7.0dev
git clone https://git.osgeo.org/gitea/postgis/postgis.git postgis
cd postgis
sh autogen.sh

./configure
./configure
./autogen.sh
make
[last line of output]
PostGIS was built successfully. Ready to install.
make comments
make cheatsheets
make comments
cd extensions
cd postgis
make clean
make
export PGUSER=postgres
make check
make install
make check RUNTESTFLAGS=--extension
SELECT name, default_version, installed_version
FROM pg_available_extensions
WHERE name LIKE 'postgis%'
ORDER BY name;
┌──────────────────┬─────────────────┬───────────────────┐
│ name             │ default_version │ installed_version │
├──────────────────┼─────────────────┼───────────────────┤
│ postgis          │ 3.7.0dev        │ 3.7.0dev        │
│ postgis_raster   │ 3.7.0dev        │ 3.7.0dev        │
│ postgis_sfcgal   │ 3.7.0dev        │                   │
│ postgis_topology │ 3.7.0dev        │                   │
└──────────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────────┘
CREATE EXTENSION postgis;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_raster;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_sfcgal;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_topology;
\connect mygisdb
\x
\dx postgis*
List of installed extensions
┌─[ RECORD 1 ]────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Name        │ postgis                                       │
│ Version     │ 3.7.0dev                                        │
│ Schema      │ public                                        │
│ Description │ PostGIS geometry, geography, and raster…      │
├─[ RECORD 2 ]────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Name        │ postgis_raster                                │
│ Version     │ 3.7.0dev                                        │
│ Schema      │ public                                        │
│ Description │ PostGIS raster types and functions            │
├─[ RECORD 3 ]────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Name        │ postgis_topology                              │
│ Version     │ 3.7.0dev                                        │
│ Schema      │ topology                                      │
│ Description │ PostGIS topology spatial types and functions  │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
CREATE EXTENSION postgis FROM unpackaged;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_raster FROM unpackaged;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_topology FROM unpackaged;

make check
CUnit - A unit testing framework for C - Version 2.1-3
     http://cunit.sourceforge.net/

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Run Summary:    Type  Total    Ran Passed Failed Inactive
              suites     44     44    n/a      0        0
               tests    300    300    300      0        0
             asserts   4215   4215   4215      0      n/a
Elapsed time =    0.229 seconds

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  .

Running tests

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  .

Run tests: 134
Failed: 0

-- if you build with SFCGAL

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  .

Running tests

  .
  .
  .

Run tests: 13
Failed: 0

-- if you built with raster support

  .
  .
  .

Run Summary:    Type  Total    Ran Passed Failed Inactive
              suites     12     12    n/a      0        0
               tests     65     65     65      0        0
             asserts  45896  45896  45896      0      n/a

  .
  .
  .

Running tests

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Run tests: 101
Failed: 0

-- topology regress

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Running tests

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  .

Run tests: 51
Failed: 0

-- if you built --with-gui, you should see this too

     CUnit - A unit testing framework for C - Version 2.1-2
     http://cunit.sourceforge.net/

  .
  .
  .

Run Summary:    Type  Total    Ran Passed Failed Inactive
              suites      2      2    n/a      0        0
               tests      4      4      4      0        0
             asserts      4      4      4      0      n/a
============== dropping database "contrib_regression" ==============
DROP DATABASE
============== creating database "contrib_regression" ==============
CREATE DATABASE
ALTER DATABASE
============== installing fuzzystrmatch               ==============
CREATE EXTENSION
============== installing postgis                     ==============
CREATE EXTENSION
============== running regression test queries        ==============
test test-normalize_address   ... ok

=====================
All 2 tests passed.
=====================
make install
make comments-install
SELECT version();
rpm -qa | grep postgresql
SELECT PostGIS_Full_Version();
ALTER SYSTEM SET work_mem = '256MB';
SELECT pg_reload_conf();
SHOW work_mem;
SET work_mem TO '256MB';
SET maintenance_work_mem TO '1GB';
POSTGIS_ENABLE_OUTDB_RASTERS=1
POSTGIS_GDAL_ENABLED_DRIVERS=ENABLE_ALL
POSTGIS_GDAL_ENABLED_DRIVERS="GTiff PNG JPEG GIF XYZ"
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS plpgsql;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_raster; -- OPTIONAL
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_topology; -- OPTIONAL

DB=[yourdatabase]
SCRIPTSDIR=`pg_config --sharedir`/contrib/postgis-3.6/

# Core objects
psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/postgis.sql
psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/spatial_ref_sys.sql
psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/postgis_comments.sql # OPTIONAL

# Raster support (OPTIONAL)
psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/rtpostgis.sql
psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/raster_comments.sql # OPTIONAL

# Topology support (OPTIONAL)
psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/topology.sql
psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/topology_comments.sql # OPTIONAL

SELECT postgis_extensions_upgrade();
ALTER EXTENSION postgis UPDATE;
SELECT postgis_extensions_upgrade();

SELECT postgis_extensions_upgrade();

ALTER EXTENSION postgis UPDATE TO "3.7.0dev";
ALTER EXTENSION postgis_topology UPDATE TO "3.7.0dev";
No migration path defined for … to 3.7.0dev
Version "3.7.0dev" of extension "postgis" is already installed
ALTER EXTENSION postgis UPDATE TO "3.7.0devnext";
        ALTER EXTENSION postgis_topology UPDATE TO "3.7.0devnext";
DROP EXTENSION postgis_raster;
pg_dump -h localhost -p 5432 -U postgres -Fc -b -v -f "/somepath/olddb.backup" olddb
postgis_restore "/somepath/olddb.backup" | psql -h localhost -p 5432 -U postgres newdb 2> errors.txt
ALTER TABLE spatial_ref_sys ADD CONSTRAINT spatial_ref_sys_srid_check check (srid 
> 0 AND srid < 999000 );

ALTER TABLE spatial_ref_sys ADD PRIMARY KEY(srid));

WARNING: SRID 310642222 converted to 999175 (in reserved zone)
postgis_restore "/somepath/olddb.backup" > olddb.sql
grep -v IGNF olddb.sql > olddb-without-IGN.sql
psql -h localhost -p 5432 -U postgres -d newdb -f olddb-without-IGN.sql  2> errors.txt
POINT (1 2)
POINT Z (1 2 3)
POINT ZM (1 2 3 4)

LINESTRING (1 2, 3 4, 5 6)
LINEARRING (0 0 0, 4 0 0, 4 4 0, 0 4 0, 0 0 0)
POLYGON ((0 0 0, 4 0 0, 4 4 0, 0 4 0, 0 0 0), (1 1 0, 2 1 0, 2 2 0, 1 2 0, 1 1 0))
MULTIPOINT ( (0 0), (1 2) )
MULTILINESTRING ( (0 0, 1 1, 1 2), (2 3, 3 2, 5 4) )
MULTIPOLYGON (((1 5, 5 5, 5 1, 1 1, 1 5)), ((6 5, 9 1, 6 1, 6 5)))
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION ( POINT(2 3), LINESTRING(2 3, 3 4))
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (
((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )
TRIANGLE ((0 0, 0 9, 9 0, 0 0))
TIN Z ( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 0 0 0)) )
CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 1 1, 1 0)

CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0)
COMPOUNDCURVE( CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 1 1, 1 0), (1 0, 0 1))
CURVEPOLYGON(
CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0),
(1 1, 3 3, 3 1, 1 1) )
CURVEPOLYGON(
COMPOUNDCURVE( CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 2 0, 2 1, 2 3, 4 3),
               (4 3, 4 5, 1 4, 0 0)),
CIRCULARSTRING(1.7 1, 1.4 0.4, 1.6 0.4, 1.6 0.5, 1.7 1) )
MULTICURVE( (0 0, 5 5), CIRCULARSTRING(4 0, 4 4, 8 4))
MULTISURFACE(
CURVEPOLYGON(
  CIRCULARSTRING( 0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0),
  (1 1, 3 3, 3 1, 1 1)),
((10 10, 14 12, 11 10, 10 10), (11 11, 11.5 11, 11 11.5, 11 11)))
text WKT = geometry;
geometry = ST_GeomFromText(text WKT, SRID);
INSERT INTO geotable ( geom, name )
VALUES ( ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-126.4 45.32)', 312), 'A Place');
bytea WKB = ST_AsBinary(geometry);
geometry = ST_GeomFromWKB(bytea WKB, SRID);

INSERT INTO geotable ( geom, name )
VALUES ( ST_GeomFromWKB('\x0101000000000000000000f03f000000000000f03f', 312), 'A Place');
SELECT 'SRID=4;POINT(0 0)'::geometry;
geometry
----------------------------------------------------
01010000200400000000000000000000000000000000000000

bytea EWKB = ST_AsEWKB(geometry);
text EWKT = geometry;
geometry = ST_GeomFromEWKB(bytea EWKB);
geometry = ST_GeomFromEWKT(text EWKT);
INSERT INTO geotable ( geom, name )
VALUES ( ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=312;POINTM(-126.4 45.32 15)'), 'A Place' )
CREATE TABLE global_points (
  id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  name VARCHAR(64),
  location geography(POINT, 4326)
);
CREATE TABLE ptgeogwgs(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geog geography(POINT));
CREATE TABLE ptgeognad83(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geog geography(POINT, 4269));
CREATE TABLE ptzgeogwgs84(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geog geography(POINTZ, 4326));
CREATE TABLE lgeog(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geog geography(LINESTRING));
CREATE TABLE lgeognad27(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geog geography(POLYGON, 4267));
SELECT * FROM geography_columns;
CREATE INDEX global_points_gix ON global_points USING GIST ( location );
INSERT INTO global_points (name, location) VALUES ('Town', 'SRID=4326;POINT(-110 30)');
INSERT INTO global_points (name, location) VALUES ('Forest', 'SRID=4326;POINT(-109 29)');
INSERT INTO global_points (name, location) VALUES ('London', 'SRID=4326;POINT(0 49)');

SELECT 'SRID=4269;POINT(-123 34)'::geography;
geography
----------------------------------------------------
 0101000020AD1000000000000000C05EC00000000000004140

SELECT 'SRID=4267;POINT(-123 34)'::geography;
geography
----------------------------------------------------
 0101000020AB1000000000000000C05EC00000000000004140

SELECT 'SRID=26910;POINT(-123 34)'::geography;
ERROR:  Only lon/lat coordinate systems are supported in geography.
SELECT name FROM global_points WHERE ST_DWithin(location, 'SRID=4326;POINT(-110 29)'::geography, 1000000);
SELECT ST_Distance('LINESTRING(-122.33 47.606,0.0 51.5)'::geography, 'POINT(-21.96 64.15)'::geography);
st_distance
-----------------
 122235.23815667
SELECT ST_Distance('LINESTRING(-122.33 47.606,0.0 51.5)'::geometry, 'POINT(-21.96 64.15)'::geometry);
st_distance
--------------------
 13.342271221453624
WITH cases(label, geom) AS (VALUES
  ('a', 'LINESTRING (10 190, 140 130, 70 80, 190 10)'::geometry),
  ('b', 'LINESTRING (10 190, 130 40, 170 160, 10 10)'::geometry),
  ('c', 'LINESTRING (90 190, 120 190, 130 140, 190 50, 70 10, 10 70, 10 150, 90 190)'::geometry),
  ('d', 'LINESTRING (90 190, 120 190, 50 60, 130 10, 190 50, 160 90, 10 150, 90 190)'::geometry)
)
SELECT
  (SELECT geom FROM cases WHERE label = 'a' AND ST_IsSimple(geom))
    AS "input_(a) simple",
  (SELECT geom FROM cases WHERE label = 'b' AND NOT ST_IsSimple(geom))
    AS "input_(b) not simple",
  (SELECT geom FROM cases
             WHERE label = 'c' AND ST_IsSimple(geom) AND ST_IsClosed(geom))
    AS "input_(c) simple, closed",
  (SELECT geom FROM cases WHERE label = 'd' AND NOT ST_IsSimple(geom))
    AS "input_(d) not simple";
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------
input_(a) simple         | LINESTRING(10 190,140 130,70 80,190 10)
input_(b) not simple     | LINESTRING(10 190,130 40,170 160,10 10)
input_(c) simple, closed | LINESTRING(90 190,120 190,130 140,190 50,70 10,10 70,10 150,90 190)
input_(d) not simple     | LINESTRING(90 190,120 190,50 60,130 10,190 50,160 90,10 150,90 190)
01020000000400000000000000000024400000000000C0674000000000008061400000000000406040000000000080514000000000000054400000000000C067400000000000002440 | 01020000000400000000000000000024400000000000C06740000000000040604000000000000044400000000000406540000000000000644000000000000024400000000000002440 | 01020000000800000000000000008056400000000000C067400000000000005E400000000000C06740000000000040604000000000008061400000000000C067400000000000004940000000000080514000000000000024400000000000002440000000000080514000000000000024400000000000C0624000000000008056400000000000C06740 | 01020000000800000000000000008056400000000000C067400000000000005E400000000000C0674000000000000049400000000000004E40000000000040604000000000000024400000000000C0674000000000000049400000000000006440000000000080564000000000000024400000000000C0624000000000008056400000000000C06740
WITH cases(label, geom) AS (VALUES
  ('e', 'MULTILINESTRING ((30 190, 60 60, 170 10), (100 190, 180 150, 160 70))'::geometry),
  ('f', 'MULTILINESTRING ((30 190, 60 60, 170 10), (30 190, 180 150, 160 70))'::geometry),
  ('g', 'MULTILINESTRING ((30 190, 60 60, 170 10), (100 190, 180 150, 80 10))'::geometry)
)
SELECT
  (SELECT geom FROM cases WHERE label = 'e' AND ST_IsSimple(geom))
    AS "input_(e) simple",
  (SELECT geom FROM cases WHERE label = 'f' AND ST_IsSimple(geom))
    AS "input_(f) simple",
  (SELECT geom FROM cases WHERE label = 'g' AND NOT ST_IsSimple(geom))
    AS "input_(g) not simple";
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------
input_(e) simple     | MULTILINESTRING((30 190,60 60,170 10),(100 190,180 150,160 70))
input_(f) simple     | MULTILINESTRING((30 190,60 60,170 10),(30 190,180 150,160 70))
input_(g) not simple | MULTILINESTRING((30 190,60 60,170 10),(100 190,180 150,80 10))
0105000000020000000102000000030000000000000000003E400000000000C067400000000000004E400000000000004E400000000000406540000000000000244001020000000300000000000000000059400000000000C0674000000000008066400000000000C0624000000000000064400000000000805140 | 0105000000020000000102000000030000000000000000003E400000000000C067400000000000004E400000000000004E40000000000040654000000000000024400102000000030000000000000000003E400000000000C0674000000000008066400000000000C0624000000000000064400000000000805140 | 0105000000020000000102000000030000000000000000003E400000000000C067400000000000004E400000000000004E400000000000406540000000000000244001020000000300000000000000000059400000000000C0674000000000008066400000000000C0624000000000000054400000000000002440
WITH cases(label, geom) AS (VALUES
  ('h', 'POLYGON ((10 140, 90 190, 130 170, 190 60, 160 10, 50 20, 10 140),
                 (50 100, 70 80, 110 100, 110 140, 50 100))'::geometry),
  ('i', 'POLYGON ((10 140, 90 190, 130 170, 190 60, 160 10, 50 20, 10 140),
                 (190 60, 140 40, 110 60, 120 90, 190 60))'::geometry)
)
SELECT
  (SELECT geom FROM cases WHERE label = 'h' AND ST_IsValid(geom))
    AS "input_(h) valid",
  (SELECT geom FROM cases WHERE label = 'i' AND ST_IsValid(geom))
    AS "input_(i) valid, tangent hole";
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------
input_(h) valid               | POLYGON((10 140,90 190,130 170,190 60,160 10,50 20,10 140),(50 100,70 80,110 100,110 140,50 100))
input_(i) valid, tangent hole | POLYGON((10 140,90 190,130 170,190 60,160 10,50 20,10 140),(190 60,140 40,110 60,120 90,190 60))
010300000002000000070000000000000000002440000000000080614000000000008056400000000000C06740000000000040604000000000004065400000000000C067400000000000004E400000000000006440000000000000244000000000000049400000000000003440000000000000244000000000008061400500000000000000000049400000000000005940000000000080514000000000000054400000000000805B4000000000000059400000000000805B40000000000080614000000000000049400000000000005940 | 010300000002000000070000000000000000002440000000000080614000000000008056400000000000C06740000000000040604000000000004065400000000000C067400000000000004E40000000000000644000000000000024400000000000004940000000000000344000000000000024400000000000806140050000000000000000C067400000000000004E40000000000080614000000000000044400000000000805B400000000000004E400000000000005E4000000000008056400000000000C067400000000000004E40
WITH cases(label, geom, reason_pattern) AS (VALUES
  ('(j) disconnected interior',
   'POLYGON ((10 140, 90 190, 130 170, 190 60, 160 10, 50 20, 10 140),
             (130 170, 10 140, 50 120, 110 110, 130 170))'::geometry,
   'Interior is disconnected%'),
  ('(k) crossing rings',
   'POLYGON ((10 140, 90 190, 130 170, 190 60, 160 10, 50 20, 10 140),
             (90 189, 10 139, 80 110, 110 130, 90 189))'::geometry,
   'Self-intersection%'),
  ('(l) cut line',
   'POLYGON ((10 100, 60 140, 60 190, 60 140, 130 170,
              190 60, 160 10, 50 20, 10 100))'::geometry,
   'Ring Self-intersection%'),
  ('(m) hole outside shell',
   'POLYGON ((10 40, 10 100, 130 130, 190 80, 140 20, 50 10, 10 40),
             (81 143, 103 143, 112 162, 107 175, 89 183, 71 169, 81 143))'::geometry,
   'Hole lies outside shell%')
)
SELECT label, geom
FROM cases
WHERE NOT ST_IsValid(geom)
  AND ST_IsValidReason(geom) LIKE reason_pattern
ORDER BY label;
label          | geom
-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 (j) disconnected interior | POLYGON((10 140,90 190,130 170,190 60,160 10,50 20,10 140),(130 170,10 140,50 120,110 110,130 170))
 (k) crossing rings       | POLYGON((10 140,90 190,130 170,190 60,160 10,50 20,10 140),(90 189,10 139,80 110,110 130,90 189))
 (l) cut line             | POLYGON((10 100,60 140,60 190,60 140,130 170,190 60,160 10,50 20,10 100))
 (m) hole outside shell   | POLYGON((10 40,10 100,130 130,190 80,140 20,50 10,10 40),(81 143,103 143,112 162,107 175,89 183,71 169,81 143))
(j) disconnected interior | 010300000002000000070000000000000000002440000000000080614000000000008056400000000000C06740000000000040604000000000004065400000000000C067400000000000004E4000000000000064400000000000002440000000000000494000000000000034400000000000002440000000000080614005000000000000000040604000000000004065400000000000002440000000000080614000000000000049400000000000005E400000000000805B400000000000805B4000000000004060400000000000406540
(k) crossing rings | 010300000002000000070000000000000000002440000000000080614000000000008056400000000000C06740000000000040604000000000004065400000000000C067400000000000004E400000000000006440000000000000244000000000000049400000000000003440000000000000244000000000008061400500000000000000008056400000000000A067400000000000002440000000000060614000000000000054400000000000805B400000000000805B40000000000040604000000000008056400000000000A06740
(l) cut line | 01030000000100000009000000000000000000244000000000000059400000000000004E4000000000008061400000000000004E400000000000C067400000000000004E400000000000806140000000000040604000000000004065400000000000C067400000000000004E40000000000000644000000000000024400000000000004940000000000000344000000000000024400000000000005940
(m) hole outside shell | 010300000002000000070000000000000000002440000000000000444000000000000024400000000000005940000000000040604000000000004060400000000000C0674000000000000054400000000000806140000000000000344000000000000049400000000000002440000000000000244000000000000044400700000000000000004054400000000000E061400000000000C059400000000000E061400000000000005C4000000000004064400000000000C05A400000000000E0654000000000004056400000000000E066400000000000C05140000000000020654000000000004054400000000000E06140
WITH cases(label, geom, valid, reason_pattern) AS (VALUES
  ('(n) point touch',
   'MULTIPOLYGON (((10 40, 29 118, 100 75, 180 88, 140 30, 70 10, 10 40)),
                  ((50 170, 100 190, 160 180, 180 140, 180 90, 120 120,
                    30 120, 50 170)))'::geometry,
   true, NULL),
  ('(o) shared edge',
   'MULTIPOLYGON (((10 40, 30 120, 120 120, 180 88, 140 30, 70 10, 10 40)),
                  ((50 170, 100 190, 160 180, 180 140, 180 90, 120 120,
                    30 120, 50 170)))'::geometry,
   false, 'Self-intersection%'),
  ('(p) overlap',
   'MULTIPOLYGON (((10 40, 42 93, 130 150, 180 86, 140 30, 70 10, 10 40)),
                  ((50 170, 100 190, 138 182, 149 156, 146 137, 100 100,
                    58 140, 50 170)))'::geometry,
   false, 'Self-intersection%')
)
SELECT label, geom
FROM cases
WHERE ST_IsValid(geom) = valid
  AND (valid OR ST_IsValidReason(geom) LIKE reason_pattern)
ORDER BY label;
label       | geom
------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 (n) point touch  | MULTIPOLYGON(((10 40,29 118,100 75,180 88,140 30,70 10,10 40)),((50 170,100 190,160 180,180 140,180 90,120 120,30 120,50 170)))
 (o) shared edge  | MULTIPOLYGON(((10 40,30 120,120 120,180 88,140 30,70 10,10 40)),((50 170,100 190,160 180,180 140,180 90,120 120,30 120,50 170)))
 (p) overlap      | MULTIPOLYGON(((10 40,42 93,130 150,180 86,140 30,70 10,10 40)),((50 170,100 190,138 182,149 156,146 137,100 100,58 140,50 170)))
(n) point touch | 01060000000200000001030000000100000007000000000000000000244000000000000044400000000000003D400000000000805D4000000000000059400000000000C052400000000000806640000000000000564000000000008061400000000000003E400000000000805140000000000000244000000000000024400000000000004440010300000001000000080000000000000000004940000000000040654000000000000059400000000000C067400000000000006440000000000080664000000000008066400000000000806140000000000080664000000000008056400000000000005E400000000000005E400000000000003E400000000000005E4000000000000049400000000000406540
(o) shared edge | 01060000000200000001030000000100000007000000000000000000244000000000000044400000000000003E400000000000005E400000000000005E400000000000005E400000000000806640000000000000564000000000008061400000000000003E400000000000805140000000000000244000000000000024400000000000004440010300000001000000080000000000000000004940000000000040654000000000000059400000000000C067400000000000006440000000000080664000000000008066400000000000806140000000000080664000000000008056400000000000005E400000000000005E400000000000003E400000000000005E4000000000000049400000000000406540
(p) overlap | 01060000000200000001030000000100000007000000000000000000244000000000000044400000000000004540000000000040574000000000004060400000000000C062400000000000806640000000000080554000000000008061400000000000003E400000000000805140000000000000244000000000000024400000000000004440010300000001000000080000000000000000004940000000000040654000000000000059400000000000C0674000000000004061400000000000C066400000000000A06240000000000080634000000000004062400000000000206140000000000000594000000000000059400000000000004D40000000000080614000000000000049400000000000406540
SELECT
ST_IsValid('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)') AS len_nonzero,
ST_IsValid('LINESTRING(0 0,0 0,0 0)') AS len_zero,
ST_IsValid('LINESTRING(10 10,150 150,180 50,20 130)') AS self_int;
len_nonzero | len_zero | self_int
-------------+----------+----------
 t           | f        | t
SELECT ST_IsValid('POLYGON ((20 180,180 180,180 20,20 20,20 180))');
t
SELECT valid, reason,location AS location
        FROM ST_IsValidDetail('POLYGON ((20 20,120 190,50 190,170 50,20 20))') AS t;
valid |      reason       |                  location
-------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------
 f     | Self-intersection | POINT(91.51162790697674 141.56976744186048)
f | Self-intersection | 0101000000E80BFA82BEE05640B923EE883BB26140
ALTER TABLE mytable
ADD CONSTRAINT geometry_valid_check
  CHECK (ST_IsValid(geom));
CREATE TABLE spatial_ref_sys (
  srid       INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
  auth_name  VARCHAR(256),
  auth_srid  INTEGER,
  srtext     VARCHAR(2048),
  proj4text  VARCHAR(2048)
)
PROJCS["NAD83 / UTM Zone 10N",
  GEOGCS["NAD83",
    DATUM["North_American_Datum_1983",
      SPHEROID["GRS 1980", 6378137, 298.257222101]
    ],
    PRIMEM["Greenwich", 0],
    UNIT["degree", 0.0174532925199433]
  ],
  PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],
  PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin", 0],
  PARAMETER["central_meridian", -123],
  PARAMETER["scale_factor", 0.9996],
  PARAMETER["false_easting", 500000],
  PARAMETER["false_northing", 0],
  UNIT["metre", 1]
]
+proj=utm +zone=10 +ellps=clrk66 +datum=NAD27 +units=m
INSERT INTO spatial_ref_sys (srid, proj4text)
VALUES ( 990000,
  '+proj=lcc  +lon_0=-95 +lat_0=25 +lat_1=25 +lat_2=25 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs'
);

CREATE TABLE roads (
  id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  name VARCHAR(64),
  geom geometry(LINESTRING, 3005)
);
CREATE TABLE geoms(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geom geometry);
CREATE TABLE pts(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geom geometry(POINT));
CREATE TABLE pts(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geom geometry(POINTZ, 3005));
CREATE TABLE lines(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geom geometry(LINESTRINGZM));
CREATE TABLE polys(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geom geometry(POLYGON, 4267));
ALTER TABLE roads ADD COLUMN geom2 geometry(LINESTRINGZ, 4326);
\d geometry_columns
View "public.geometry_columns"
      Column       |          Type          | Modifiers
-------------------+------------------------+-----------
 f_table_catalog   | character varying(256) |
 f_table_schema    | character varying(256) |
 f_table_name      | character varying(256) |
 f_geometry_column | character varying(256) |
 coord_dimension   | integer                |
 srid              | integer                |
 type              | character varying(30)  |
CREATE VIEW public.vwmytablemercator AS
SELECT gid, ST_Transform(geom, 3395) As geom, f_name
FROM public.mytable;
DROP VIEW public.vwmytablemercator;
CREATE VIEW  public.vwmytablemercator AS
    SELECT gid, ST_Transform(geom, 3395)::geometry(Geometry, 3395) As geom, f_name
    FROM public.mytable;
DROP VIEW public.vwmytablemercator;
CREATE VIEW  public.vwmytablemercator AS
    SELECT gid, ST_Transform(geom, 3395)::geometry(Polygon, 3395) As geom, f_name
    FROM public.mytable;
SELECT poi.gid, poi.geom, citybounds.city_name
INTO myschema.my_special_pois
FROM poi INNER JOIN citybounds ON ST_Intersects(citybounds.geom, poi.geom);
CREATE INDEX idx_myschema_myspecialpois_geom_gist
ON myschema.my_special_pois USING gist(geom);
CREATE INDEX my_special_pois_geom_gist_nd
ON my_special_pois USING gist(geom gist_geometry_ops_nd);
SELECT Populate_Geometry_Columns('myschema.my_special_pois'::regclass);
SELECT Populate_Geometry_Columns('myschema.my_special_pois'::regclass, false);
CREATE TABLE pois_ny(gid SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, poi_name text, cat text, geom geometry(POINT, 4326));
SELECT AddGeometryColumn('pois_ny', 'geom_2160', 2160, 'POINT', 2, false);
\d pois_ny
Table "public.pois_ny"
  Column   |         Type          |                       Modifiers

-----------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------
 gid       | integer               | not null default nextval('pois_ny_gid_seq'::regclass)
 poi_name  | text                  |
 cat       | character varying(20) |
 geom      | geometry(Point,4326)  |
 geom_2160 | geometry              |
Indexes:
    "pois_ny_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (gid)
Check constraints:
    "enforce_dims_geom_2160" CHECK (st_ndims(geom_2160) = 2)
    "enforce_geotype_geom_2160" CHECK (geometrytype(geom_2160) = 'POINT'::text
        OR geom_2160 IS NULL)
    "enforce_srid_geom_2160" CHECK (st_srid(geom_2160) = 2160)
SELECT f_table_name, f_geometry_column, srid, type
FROM geometry_columns
WHERE f_table_name = 'pois_ny';
f_table_name | f_geometry_column | srid | type
-------------+-------------------+------+-------
pois_ny      | geom              | 4326 | POINT
pois_ny      | geom_2160         | 2160 | POINT
CREATE VIEW vw_pois_ny_parks AS
SELECT *
  FROM pois_ny
  WHERE cat='park';

SELECT f_table_name, f_geometry_column, srid, type
    FROM geometry_columns
    WHERE f_table_name = 'vw_pois_ny_parks';
f_table_name   | f_geometry_column | srid |   type
------------------+-------------------+------+----------
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom              | 4326 | POINT
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom_2160         | 2160 | POINT
DROP VIEW vw_pois_ny_parks;
CREATE VIEW vw_pois_ny_parks AS
SELECT gid, poi_name, cat,
  geom,
  ST_Transform(geom, 2160)::geometry(POINT, 2160) As geom_2160
  FROM pois_ny
  WHERE cat = 'park';
SELECT f_table_name, f_geometry_column, srid, type
    FROM geometry_columns
    WHERE f_table_name = 'vw_pois_ny_parks';
f_table_name   | f_geometry_column | srid | type
------------------+-------------------+------+-------
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom              | 4326 | POINT
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom_2160         | 2160 | POINT
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (1, 'LINESTRING(191232 243118,191108 243242)', 'Jeff Rd');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (2, 'LINESTRING(189141 244158,189265 244817)', 'Geordie Rd');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (3, 'LINESTRING(192783 228138,192612 229814)', 'Paul St');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (4, 'LINESTRING(189412 252431,189631 259122)', 'Graeme Ave');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (5, 'LINESTRING(190131 224148,190871 228134)', 'Phil Tce');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (6, 'LINESTRING(198231 263418,198213 268322)', 'Dave Cres');
COMMIT;
psql -d [database] -f roads.sql
shp2pgsql -c -D -s 4269 -i -I shaperoads.shp myschema.roadstable > roads.sql
psql -d roadsdb -f roads.sql
shp2pgsql shaperoads.shp myschema.roadstable | psql -d roadsdb
REM In a .bat file, use %%F. At an interactive cmd.exe prompt, use %F.
for %%F in ("C:\data\shapefiles\*.shp") do (
  shp2pgsql -d -D -s 4269 -I -W UTF-8 "%%~fF" "myschema.%%~nF" | psql -d roadsdb
)
SELECT road_id,road_geom AS geom, road_name FROM roads;
road_id | geom                                    | road_name
--------+-----------------------------------------+-----------
      1 | LINESTRING(191232 243118,191108 243242) | Jeff Rd
      2 | LINESTRING(189141 244158,189265 244817) | Geordie Rd
      3 | LINESTRING(192783 228138,192612 229814) | Paul St
      4 | LINESTRING(189412 252431,189631 259122) | Graeme Ave
      5 | LINESTRING(190131 224148,190871 228134) | Phil Tce
      6 | LINESTRING(198231 263418,198213 268322) | Dave Cres
      7 | LINESTRING(218421 284121,224123 241231) | Chris Way
(6 rows)
SELECT road_id, road_name
FROM roads
WHERE roads_geom='SRID=312;LINESTRING(191232 243118,191108 243242)'::geometry;
SELECT road_id, road_name
FROM roads
WHERE ST_Intersects(roads_geom, 'SRID=312;POLYGON((...))');
SELECT roads_geom AS geom
FROM roads
WHERE
  roads_geom && ST_MakeEnvelope(191232, 243117,191232, 243119,312);

pgsql2shp [<options
>] <database
> [<schema
>.]<table>

pgsql2shp [<options
>] <database
> <query>

CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING GIST ( [geometryfield]);
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING GIST ([geometryfield] gist_geometry_ops_nd);
CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY [indexname] ON [tablename] USING GIST ( [geometryfield]);
VACUUM ANALYZE [table_name] [(column_name)];
CREATE TABLE table_sorted AS
SELECT * FROM table  ORDER BY geom;

CREATE INDEX idx_temp_geohash ON table
    USING btree (ST_GeoHash(ST_Transform(geom, 4326 ), 20));
CLUSTER table USING idx_temp_geohash;

CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING BRIN ( [geome_col]);
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
USING BRIN ([geome_col] brin_geometry_inclusion_ops_3d);
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
USING BRIN ([geome_col] brin_geometry_inclusion_ops_4d);
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
USING BRIN ( [geome_col] ) WITH (pages_per_range = [number]); 
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING BRIN ( [geog_col]);
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING SPGIST ( [geometryfield]);
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING SPGIST ([geometryfield] spgist_geometry_ops_3d);
CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY [indexname] ON [tablename] USING SPGIST ( [geometryfield]);
VACUUM ANALYZE [table_name] [(column_name)];
WITH example AS (
  SELECT
    'POLYGON ((140 140,140 122,135 105,126 100,118 99,110 94,100 86,97 73,102 59,98 49,87 38,70 30,55 29,40 30,28 38,20 50,14 66,10 84,6 100,4 119,4 143,6 166,10 180,18 191,28 195,40 190,55 189,67 186,86 179,112 165,124 158,133 148,140 140),(48 177,40 177,30 174,24 166,22 159,25 155,30 153,40 154,45 157,52 162,53 169,51 174,48 177))'::geometry AS a,
    'POLYGON ((75 63,79 50,87 38,95 31,108 25,124 22,140 18,154 11,166 6,176 10,184 21,188 35,190 58,190 82,193 104,190 121,185 139,178 154,166 163,154 171,139 172,124 171,112 165,96 152,92 142,92 126,86 116,79 110,75 104,72 94,73 86,75 76,75 63))'::geometry AS b
), relation AS (
  SELECT a, b, ST_Relate(a, b) AS matrix
  FROM example
)
SELECT matrix,
       ST_RelateMatch(matrix, 'T*T***T**') AS matches_overlap_pattern,
       ST_Overlaps(a, b) AS overlaps
FROM relation;
matrix   | matches_overlap_pattern | overlaps
-----------+-------------------------+----------
 212101212 | t                       | t
(1 row)
WITH example AS (
  SELECT
    ST_MakeEnvelope(0, 0, 6, 4) AS a,
    ST_MakeEnvelope(3, -1, 8, 3) AS b,
    ST_MakeEnvelope(-1, -2, 9, 5) AS viewport
), parts AS (
  SELECT
    a,
    b,
    ST_Boundary(a) AS ba,
    ST_Boundary(b) AS bb,
    viewport
  FROM example
)
SELECT
  ST_Relate(a, b) AS matrix,
  ST_AsText(ST_Normalize(a)) AS input_a,
  ST_AsText(ST_Normalize(b)) AS input_b,
  ST_AsText(ST_Normalize(ST_Intersection(a, b))) AS "2 I(a) ∩ I(b)",
  ST_AsText(ST_Normalize(ST_Intersection(a, bb))) AS "1 I(a) ∩ B(b)",
  ST_AsText(ST_Normalize(ST_Difference(a, b))) AS "2 I(a) ∩ E(b)",
  ST_AsText(ST_Normalize(ST_Intersection(ba, b))) AS "1 B(a) ∩ I(b)",
  ST_AsText(ST_Normalize(ST_Intersection(ba, bb))) AS "0 B(a) ∩ B(b)",
  ST_AsText(ST_Normalize(ST_Collect(
      'LINESTRING(0 0,0 4,6 4,6 3)'::geometry,
      'LINESTRING(0 0,3 0)'::geometry
  ))) AS "1 B(a) ∩ E(b)",
  ST_AsText(ST_Normalize(ST_Difference(b, a))) AS "2 E(a) ∩ I(b)",
  ST_AsText(ST_Normalize(ST_Collect(
      'LINESTRING(3 -1,8 -1,8 3,6 3)'::geometry,
      'LINESTRING(3 -1,3 0)'::geometry
  ))) AS "1 E(a) ∩ B(b)",
  ST_AsText(ST_Normalize(ST_Difference(viewport, ST_Union(a, b))))
    AS "2 E(a) ∩ E(b) clipped"
FROM parts;
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
matrix                 | 212101212
input_a                | POLYGON((0 0,0 4,6 4,6 0,0 0))
input_b                | POLYGON((3 -1,3 3,8 3,8 -1,3 -1))
2 I(a) ∩ I(b)          | POLYGON((3 0,3 3,6 3,6 0,3 0))
1 I(a) ∩ B(b)          | LINESTRING(3 0,3 3,6 3)
2 I(a) ∩ E(b)          | POLYGON((0 0,0 4,6 4,6 3,3 3,3 0,0 0))
1 B(a) ∩ I(b)          | LINESTRING(3 0,6 0,6 3)
0 B(a) ∩ B(b)          | MULTIPOINT((6 3),(3 0))
1 B(a) ∩ E(b)          | MULTILINESTRING((0 0,0 4,6 4,6 3),(0 0,3 0))
2 E(a) ∩ I(b)          | POLYGON((3 -1,3 0,6 0,6 3,8 3,8 -1,3 -1))
1 E(a) ∩ B(b)          | MULTILINESTRING((3 -1,8 -1,8 3,6 3),(3 -1,3 0))
2 E(a) ∩ E(b) clipped  | POLYGON((-1 -2,-1 5,9 5,9 -2,-1 -2),(0 0,3 0,3 -1,8 -1,8 3,6 3,6 4,0 4,0 0))
SELECT city.name, state.name, city.geom
FROM city JOIN state ON ST_Intersects(city.geom, state.geom);

WITH roads AS (
  SELECT
    'LINESTRING(10 10,40 90,70 110,140 110,170 130,190 190)'::geometry AS "road A",
    'LINESTRING(10 190,50 130,90 110,130 110,160 70,180 10)'::geometry AS "road B"
), relation AS (
  SELECT "road A", "road B", ST_Relate("road A", "road B") AS matrix
  FROM roads
)
SELECT
  ST_Intersection("road A", "road B") AS overlap,
  matrix,
  ST_Crosses("road A", "road B") AS "ST_Crosses",
  ST_RelateMatch(matrix, '1*1***1**') AS "matches 1*1***1**"
FROM relation;
overlap           |  matrix   | ST_Crosses | matches 1*1***1**
----------------------------+-----------+------------+-------------------
 LINESTRING(90 110,130 110) | 1F1FF0102 | f          | t
(1 row)
01020000000200000000000000008056400000000000805B4000000000004060400000000000805B40 | 1F1FF0102 | f | t
WITH data AS (
  SELECT
    'POLYGON((-20 10,30 30,80 70,110 80,145 85,190 110,300 220,230 220,-20 220,-20 10))'::geometry AS lake,
    'MULTILINESTRING((120 180,145 85,110 80),(10 130,30 70),(90 140,110 80,94.81118881118876 75.83496503496498),(150 160,180 80))'::geometry AS wharves
), wharf AS (
  SELECT lake, (item).path[1] AS id, (item).geom
  FROM data CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(wharves) AS item
), relation AS (
  SELECT id, geom, ST_Relate(lake, geom) AS matrix
  FROM wharf
)
SELECT
  id AS wharf,
  geom AS "matching wharf",
  matrix
FROM relation
WHERE ST_RelateMatch(matrix, '102101FF2')
ORDER BY id;
wharf |           matching wharf           |  matrix
-------+-----------------------------------+-----------
     1 | LINESTRING(120 180,145 85,110 80) | 102101FF2
(1 row)
1 | 0102000000030000000000000000005E400000000000806640000000000020624000000000004055400000000000805B400000000000005440 | 102101FF2
SELECT geom
FROM geom_table
WHERE ST_Distance(geom, 'SRID=312;POINT(100000 200000)') < 100

SELECT geom
FROM geom_table
WHERE ST_DWithin(geom, 'SRID=312;POINT(100000 200000)', 100)
Column    | Type              | Description
----------+-------------------+-------------------
gid       | integer           | Unique ID
name      | character varying | Road Name
geom      | geometry          | Location Geometry (Linestring)
Column   | Type              | Description
---------+-------------------+-------------------
gid      | integer           | Unique ID
code     | integer           | Unique ID
name     | character varying | City / Town Name
geom     | geometry          | Location Geometry (Polygon)
SELECT sum(ST_Length(geom))/1000 AS km_roads FROM bc_roads;
km_roads
------------------
70842.1243039643

SELECT
  ST_Area(geom)/10000 AS hectares
FROM bc_municipality
WHERE name = 'PRINCE GEORGE';

hectares
------------------
32657.9103824927

SELECT
  name,
  ST_Area(geom)/10000 AS hectares
FROM bc_municipality
ORDER BY hectares DESC
LIMIT 1;
name           | hectares
---------------+-----------------
TUMBLER RIDGE  | 155020.02556131
SELECT
  m.name,
  sum(ST_Length(r.geom))/1000 as roads_km
FROM bc_roads AS r
JOIN bc_municipality AS m
  ON ST_Contains(m.geom, r.geom)
GROUP BY m.name
ORDER BY roads_km;
name                        | roads_km
----------------------------+----------
SURREY                      | 1539.476
VANCOUVER                   | 1450.331
LANGLEY DISTRICT            |  833.793
BURNABY                     |  773.769
PRINCE GEORGE               |  694.376
...
CREATE TABLE pg_roads as
SELECT
  ST_Intersection(r.geom, m.geom) AS intersection_geom,
  ST_Length(r.geom) AS rd_orig_length,
  r.*
FROM bc_roads AS r
JOIN bc_municipality AS m
  ON ST_Intersects(r.geom, m.geom)
WHERE
  m.name = 'PRINCE GEORGE';

SELECT
  sum(ST_Length(r.geom))/1000 AS kilometers
FROM bc_roads r
JOIN bc_municipality m
  ON ST_Intersects(m.geom, r.geom
WHERE
  r.name = 'Douglas St'
  AND m.name = 'VICTORIA';
kilometers
------------------
4.89151904172838

SELECT gid, name, ST_Area(geom) AS area
FROM bc_municipality
WHERE ST_NRings(geom) 
> 1
ORDER BY area DESC LIMIT 1;

gid  | name         | area
-----+--------------+------------------
12   | SPALLUMCHEEN | 257374619.430216

SELECT AddGeometryColumn('myschema', 'mytable', 'bbox', '4326', 'GEOMETRY', '2');
UPDATE mytable SET bbox = ST_Envelope(ST_Force2D(geom));
SELECT geom_column
FROM mytable
WHERE bbox && ST_SetSRID('BOX3D(0 0,1 1)'::box3d,4326);

CLUSTER my_table USING my_geom_index;
CLUSTER
UPDATE mytable SET geom = ST_Force2D(geom);
VACUUM FULL ANALYZE mytable;
CREATE SCHEMA my_schema;
CREATE TABLE my_schema.my_spatial_table (id serial);
\d my_schema.my_spatial_table
Table "my_schema.my_spatial_table"
 Column |  Type   |                                Modifiers
--------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 id     | integer | not null default nextval('my_schema.my_spatial_table_id_seq'::regclass)
SELECT AddGeometryColumn('my_schema', 'my_spatial_table', 'geom', 4326, 'POINT', 2);
SELECT AddGeometryColumn('my_schema', 'my_spatial_table', 'geom_c', 4326, 'POINT', 2, false);
SELECT AddGeometryColumn('my_schema', 'my_spatial_table', 'geomcp_c', 4326, 'CURVEPOLYGON', 2, false);
my_schema.my_spatial_table.geomcp_c SRID:4326 TYPE:CURVEPOLYGON DIMS:2
\d my_schema.my_spatial_table
Table "my_schema.my_spatial_table"

Columns:
  id       integer               not null default nextval('my_schema.my_spatial_table_id_seq'::regclass)
  geom     geometry(Point,4326)
  geom_c   geometry
  geomcp_c geometry

Check constraints:
    "enforce_dims_geom_c" CHECK (st_ndims(geom_c) = 2)
    "enforce_dims_geomcp_c" CHECK (st_ndims(geomcp_c) = 2)
    "enforce_geotype_geom_c" CHECK (geometrytype(geom_c) = 'POINT'::text OR geom_c IS NULL)
    "enforce_geotype_geomcp_c" CHECK (geometrytype(geomcp_c) = 'CURVEPOLYGON'::text OR geomcp_c IS NULL)
    "enforce_srid_geom_c" CHECK (st_srid(geom_c) = 4326)
    "enforce_srid_geomcp_c" CHECK (st_srid(geomcp_c) = 4326)
SELECT f_geometry_column As col_name, type, srid, coord_dimension As ndims
FROM geometry_columns
WHERE f_table_name = 'my_spatial_table' AND f_table_schema = 'my_schema';
col_name |     type     | srid | ndims
----------+--------------+------+-------
 geom     | Point        | 4326 |     2
 geom_c   | Point        | 4326 |     2
 geomcp_c | CurvePolygon | 4326 |     2
ALTER TABLE my_schema.my_spatial_table DROP COLUMN geom;
SELECT DropGeometryColumn ('my_schema', 'my_spatial_table', 'geom');
my_schema.my_spatial_table.geom effectively removed.
DROP TABLE my_schema.my_spatial_table;
SELECT DropGeometryTable ('my_schema', 'my_spatial_table');
my_schema.my_spatial_table dropped.
SELECT Find_SRID('public', 'tiger_us_state_2007', 'geom_4269');
4269
CREATE TABLE public.myspatial_table(gid serial, geom geometry);
INSERT INTO myspatial_table(geom) VALUES(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)', 4326) );
SELECT Populate_Geometry_Columns('public.myspatial_table'::regclass);
1
\d myspatial_table
Table "public.myspatial_table"

Columns:
  gid  integer                    not null default nextval('myspatial_table_gid_seq'::regclass)
  geom geometry(LineString,4326)
CREATE TABLE public.myspatial_table_cs(gid serial, geom geometry);
INSERT INTO myspatial_table_cs(geom) VALUES(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)', 4326) );
SELECT Populate_Geometry_Columns('public.myspatial_table_cs'::regclass, false);
1
\d myspatial_table_cs
Table "public.myspatial_table_cs"
 Column |   Type   |                            Modifiers
--------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------
 gid    | integer  | not null default nextval('myspatial_table_cs_gid_seq'::regclass)
 geom   | geometry |
Check constraints:
    "enforce_dims_geom" CHECK (st_ndims(geom) = 2)
    "enforce_geotype_geom" CHECK (geometrytype(geom) = 'LINESTRING'::text OR geom IS NULL)
    "enforce_srid_geom" CHECK (st_srid(geom) = 4326)
COPY roads (geom) FROM STDIN;
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(10 10, 15 0)
\.

SELECT UpdateGeometrySRID('roads', 'geom', 4326);
ALTER TABLE roads
ALTER COLUMN geom TYPE geometry(MULTILINESTRING, 4326)
  USING ST_SetSRID(geom, 4326);
ALTER TABLE roads
ALTER COLUMN geom TYPE geometry(MULTILINESTRING, 3857) USING ST_Transform(ST_SetSRID(geom, 4326), 3857) ;
SELECT ST_Collect(
    'POINT(1 2)',
    'POINT(-2 3)' );
MULTIPOINT((1 2),(-2 3))
0104000000020000000101000000000000000000F03F0000000000000040010100000000000000000000C00000000000000840
SELECT ST_Collect(
        'POINT(1 2 3)',
        'POINT(1 2 4)' );
MULTIPOINT(1 2 3,1 2 4)
0104000080020000000101000080000000000000F03F000000000000004000000000000008400101000080000000000000F03F00000000000000400000000000001040
SELECT ST_Collect(
        'CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)',
        'CIRCULARSTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,220227 150406)');
MULTICURVE(CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406),
CIRCULARSTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,220227 150406))
010B000000020000000108000000030000000000000060E30A4100000000785C02410000000018E20A4100000000485F02410000000018E20A4100000000305C02410108000000030000000000000018E20A4100000000305C02410000008061F0404100000000385C02410000000018E20A4100000000305C0241
SELECT ST_Collect(ARRAY(SELECT geom FROM sometable));
SELECT ST_Collect(
        ARRAY[ 'LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)'::geometry,
            'LINESTRING(3 4,4 5)'::geometry ] ) As wktcollect;
MULTILINESTRING((1 2,3 4),(3 4,4 5))
010500000002000000010200000002000000000000000000F03F0000000000000040000000000000084000000000000010400102000000020000000000000000000840000000000000104000000000000010400000000000001440
SELECT stusps, ST_Collect(geom) AS geom
FROM (
  SELECT stusps, (ST_Dump(geom)).geom AS geom
  FROM somestatetable
) AS f
GROUP BY stusps;
SELECT ST_LineFromMultiPoint('MULTIPOINT(1 2 3,4 5 6,7 8 9)');
LINESTRING(1 2 3,4 5 6,7 8 9)
010200008003000000000000000000F03F000000000000004000000000000008400000000000001040000000000000144000000000000018400000000000001C4000000000000020400000000000002240
SELECT ST_MakeEnvelope(10, 10, 11, 11, 4326);
POLYGON((10 10, 10 11, 11 11, 11 10, 10 10))
0103000020E610000001000000050000000000000000002440000000000000244000000000000024400000000000002640000000000000264000000000000026400000000000002640000000000000244000000000000024400000000000002440
SELECT ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(1, 2), ST_Point(3, 4));
LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)
010200000002000000000000000000F03F000000000000004000000000000008400000000000001040
SELECT ST_MakeLine(ST_MakePoint(1, 2, 3), ST_MakePoint(3, 4, 5));
LINESTRING(1 2 3,3 4 5)
010200008002000000000000000000F03F00000000000000400000000000000840000000000000084000000000000010400000000000001440
SELECT ST_MakeLine('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)', 'LINESTRING(2 2,3 3)');
LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,2 2,3 3)
01020000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000040000000000000004000000000000008400000000000000840
SELECT ST_MakeLine(ARRAY(SELECT ST_Centroid(geom) FROM visit_locations ORDER BY visit_time));
SELECT ST_MakeLine(ARRAY[ST_MakePoint(1, 2, 3), ST_MakePoint(3, 4, 5), ST_MakePoint(6, 6, 6)]);
LINESTRING(1 2 3,3 4 5,6 6 6)
010200008003000000000000000000F03F00000000000000400000000000000840000000000000084000000000000010400000000000001440000000000000184000000000000018400000000000001840
SELECT gps.track_id, ST_MakeLine(gps.geom ORDER BY gps_time) AS geom
FROM gps_points AS gps
GROUP BY gps.track_id;
SELECT gps.track_id, ST_MakeLine(gps.geom) AS geom
FROM (
  SELECT track_id, gps_time, geom
  FROM gps_points
  ORDER BY track_id, gps_time
) AS gps
GROUP BY gps.track_id;
SELECT ST_MakePoint(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829);
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829), 4326);
SELECT ST_MakePoint(1, 2, 1.5);
SELECT ST_Z(ST_MakePoint(1, 2, 1.5));
1.5
SELECT ST_MakePointM(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829, 10);
POINTM(-71.1043443253471 42.3150676015829 10)
0101000040E538D293ADC651C0F3699A22542845400000000000002440
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePointM(-71.104, 42.315, 10), 4326);
SRID=4326;POINTM(-71.104 42.315 10)
0101000060E61000002DB29DEFA7C651C0B81E85EB512845400000000000002440
SELECT ST_M(ST_MakePointM(-71.104, 42.315, 10));
10
SELECT ST_MakePolygon('LINESTRING(75 29,77 29,77 29,75 29)');
SELECT ST_MakePolygon(ST_AddPoint(foo.open_line, ST_StartPoint(foo.open_line)) )
FROM (
  SELECT 'LINESTRING(75 29,77 29,77 29,75 29)'::geometry As open_line) As foo;

SELECT ST_MakePolygon('LINESTRING(75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 1,75.15 29.53 1)');
POLYGON((75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 1,75.15 29.53 1))
010300008001000000040000009A99999999C9524048E17A14AE873D40000000000000F03F00000000004053400000000000003D40000000000000F03F66666666666653400000000000803D40000000000000F03F9A99999999C9524048E17A14AE873D40000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_MakePolygon('LINESTRINGM(75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 2, 75.15 29.53 2)');
POLYGONM((75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 2,75.15 29.53 2))
010300004001000000040000009A99999999C9524048E17A14AE873D40000000000000F03F00000000004053400000000000003D40000000000000F03F66666666666653400000000000803D4000000000000000409A99999999C9524048E17A14AE873D400000000000000040
SELECT ST_MakePolygon('CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,1 1,2 0,1 -1,0 0)');
CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,1 1,2 0,1 -1,0 0))
010A0000000100000001080000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000400000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F0BF00000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_MakePolygon(
    ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(ring.line, 10)),
    ARRAY[  ST_Translate(ring.line, 1, 1),
        ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(20, 20), 1)) ]
    )
FROM (SELECT ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(10, 10), 10, 10)) AS line ) AS ring;

SELECT p.gid, p.province_name,
  CASE
    WHEN array_agg(w.geom) IS NULL THEN p.geom
    ELSE ST_MakePolygon(
      ST_LineMerge(ST_Boundary(p.geom)),
      array_agg(w.geom)
    )
  END AS geom
FROM provinces p
LEFT JOIN waterlines w
  ON ST_Within(w.geom, p.geom)
  AND ST_IsClosed(w.geom)
GROUP BY p.gid, p.province_name, p.geom;

SELECT p.gid, p.province_name,
  CASE
    WHEN EXISTS (
      SELECT w.geom
      FROM waterlines w
      WHERE ST_Within(w.geom, p.geom)
      AND ST_IsClosed(w.geom)
    )
    THEN ST_MakePolygon(
      ST_LineMerge(ST_Boundary(p.geom)),
      ARRAY(
        SELECT w.geom
        FROM waterlines w
        WHERE ST_Within(w.geom, p.geom)
        AND ST_IsClosed(w.geom)
      )
    )
    ELSE p.geom
  END AS geom
FROM provinces p;

SELECT ST_Point(-71.104, 42.315);
SELECT ST_Point(-71.104, 42.315, 4326);
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-71.104, 42.315), 4326);
SELECT ST_Point(-71.104, 42.315, 4326)::geography;
SELECT CAST(ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-71.104, 42.315), 4326) AS geography);
SELECT ST_Transform(ST_Point(3637510, 3014852, 2273), 4326)::geography;
SELECT ST_PointZ(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, 4326)
SELECT ST_PointZ(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, srid => 4326)
SELECT ST_PointZ(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4)
SELECT ST_PointM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, 4326)
SELECT ST_PointM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, srid => 4326)
SELECT ST_PointM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4)
SELECT ST_PointZM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, 4.5, 4326)
SELECT ST_PointZM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, 4.5, srid => 4326)
SELECT ST_PointZM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, 4.5)
SELECT ST_Polygon('LINESTRING(75 29,77 29,77 31,75 31,75 29)'::geometry, 4326);
POLYGON((75 29,77 29,77 31,75 31,75 29))
SELECT ST_Polygon('LINESTRING(75 29 1,77 29 2,77 31 2,75 31 1,75 29 1)'::geometry, 4326);
SRID=4326;POLYGON((75 29 1,77 29 2,77 31 2,75 31 1,75 29 1))
SELECT ST_TileEnvelope(0, 0, 0) AS input_z0_x0_y0, ST_TileEnvelope(2, 1, 1) AS z2_x1_y1;
input_z0_x0_y0 | z2_x1_y1
----------------+-----------
POLYGON((-20037508.342789244 -20037508.342789244,-20037508.342789244 20037508.342789244,20037508.342789244 20037508.342789244,20037508.342789244 -20037508.342789244,-20037508.342789244 -20037508.342789244)) | POLYGON((-10018754.171394622 0,-10018754.171394622 10018754.171394622,0 10018754.171394622,0 0,-10018754.171394622 0))
0103000020110F0000010000000500000093107C45F81B73C193107C45F81B73C193107C45F81B73C193107C45F81B734193107C45F81B734193107C45F81B734193107C45F81B734193107C45F81B73C193107C45F81B73C193107C45F81B73C1 | 0103000020110F0000010000000500000093107C45F81B63C1000000000000000093107C45F81B63C193107C45F81B6341000000000000000093107C45F81B63410000000000000000000000000000000093107C45F81B63C10000000000000000
SELECT ST_TileEnvelope(3, 1, 1, ST_MakeEnvelope(-180, -90, 180, 90, 4326));
POLYGON((-135 45,-135 67.5,-90 67.5,-90 45,-135 45))
0103000020E610000001000000050000000000000000E060C000000000008046400000000000E060C00000000000E0504000000000008056C00000000000E0504000000000008056C000000000008046400000000000E060C00000000000804640
WITH bounds AS (
    SELECT ST_MakeEnvelope(2, 1, 4, 3, 3857) AS geom
), grid AS (
    SELECT hex.*
    FROM bounds
    CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_HexagonGrid(1, geom) AS hex
)
SELECT (SELECT geom FROM bounds) AS input_bounds,
    ST_Collect(geom ORDER BY i, j) AS grid
FROM grid;
POLYGON((2 1,2 3,4 3,4 1,2 1)) | MULTIPOLYGON(((0.5 0.866,1 0,2 0,2.5 0.866,2 1.732,1 1.732,0.5 0.866)),((0.5 2.598,1 1.732,2 1.732,2.5 2.598,2 3.464,1 3.464,0.5 2.598)),((2 1.732,2.5 0.866,3.5 0.866,4 1.732,3.5 2.598,2.5 2.598,2 1.732)),((2 3.464,2.5 2.598,3.5 2.598,4 3.464,3.5 4.33,2.5 4.33,2 3.464)),((3.5 0.866,4 0,5 0,5.5 0.866,5 1.732,4 1.732,3.5 0.866)),((3.5 2.598,4 1.732,5 1.732,5.5 2.598,5 3.464,4 3.464,3.5 2.598)))
0103000020110F000001000000050000000000000000000040000000000000F03F00000000000000400000000000000840000000000000104000000000000008400000000000001040000000000000F03F0000000000000040000000000000F03F |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
WITH parent AS (
    SELECT ST_Hexagon(2, 0, 0) AS geom
), children AS (
    SELECT child.*
    FROM parent
    CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_HexagonGrid(1, geom) AS child
    WHERE ST_Area(ST_Intersection(child.geom, parent.geom)) > 0
)
SELECT ST_Collect(geom ORDER BY i, j) AS children,
    (SELECT geom FROM parent) AS parent
FROM children;
MULTIPOLYGON(((-2.5 -0.866,-2 -1.732,-1 -1.732,-0.5 -0.866,-1 0,-2 0,-2.5 -0.866)),((-2.5 0.866,-2 0,-1 0,-0.5 0.866,-1 1.732,-2 1.732,-2.5 0.866)),((-1 -1.732,-0.5 -2.598,0.5 -2.598,1 -1.732,0.5 -0.866,-0.5 -0.866,-1 -1.732)),((-1 0,-0.5 -0.866,0.5 -0.866,1 0,0.5 0.866,-0.5 0.866,-1 0)),((-1 1.732,-0.5 0.866,0.5 0.866,1 1.732,0.5 2.598,-0.5 2.598,-1 1.732)),((0.5 -0.866,1 -1.732,2 -1.732,2.5 -0.866,2 0,1 0,0.5 -0.866)),((0.5 0.866,1 0,2 0,2.5 0.866,2 1.732,1 1.732,0.5 0.866))) | POLYGON((-2 0,-1 -1.732,1 -1.732,2 0,1 1.732,-1 1.732,-2 0))
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 | 0103000000010000000700000000000000000000C00000000000000000000000000000F0BFAB4C58E87AB6FBBF000000000000F03FAB4C58E87AB6FBBF00000000000000400000000000000000000000000000F03FAB4C58E87AB6FB3F000000000000F0BFAB4C58E87AB6FB3F00000000000000C00000000000000000
SELECT COUNT(*), hexes.geom
FROM ST_HexagonGrid(
  10000,
  ST_SetSRID(ST_EstimatedExtent('pointtable', 'geom'), 3857)
) AS hexes
INNER JOIN pointtable AS pts
  ON ST_Intersects(pts.geom, hexes.geom)
GROUP BY hexes.geom;
WITH admin1(gid, geom) AS (
    VALUES
        (1, ST_MakeEnvelope(0, 0, 3, 3, 3857)),
        (2, ST_MakeEnvelope(3, 0, 6, 3, 3857))
), coverage AS (
    SELECT hex.i, hex.j, hex.geom
    FROM admin1
    CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_HexagonGrid(1.5, admin1.geom) AS hex
    WHERE ST_Intersects(admin1.geom, hex.geom)
    GROUP BY hex.i, hex.j, hex.geom
), layers AS (
    SELECT 'region' AS kind, gid AS position, geom
    FROM admin1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT
        'hexagon',
        1000 + row_number() OVER (ORDER BY i, j),
        geom
    FROM coverage
)
SELECT
    CASE kind WHEN 'region' THEN geom END AS input_region,
    CASE kind WHEN 'hexagon' THEN geom END AS hexagon
FROM layers
ORDER BY position;
POLYGON((0 0,0 3,3 3,3 0,0 0)) | null
POLYGON((3 0,3 3,6 3,6 0,3 0)) | null
null | POLYGON((-1.5 0,-0.75 -1.3,0.75 -1.3,1.5 0,0.75 1.3,-0.75 1.3,-1.5 0))
null | POLYGON((-1.5 2.6,-0.75 1.3,0.75 1.3,1.5 2.6,0.75 3.9,-0.75 3.9,-1.5 2.6))
null | POLYGON((0.75 1.3,1.5 0,3 0,3.75 1.3,3 2.6,1.5 2.6,0.75 1.3))
null | POLYGON((0.75 3.9,1.5 2.6,3 2.6,3.75 3.9,3 5.2,1.5 5.2,0.75 3.9))
null | POLYGON((3 0,3.75 -1.3,5.25 -1.3,6 0,5.25 1.3,3.75 1.3,3 0))
null | POLYGON((3 2.6,3.75 1.3,5.25 1.3,6 2.6,5.25 3.9,3.75 3.9,3 2.6))
null | POLYGON((5.25 1.3,6 0,7.5 0,8.25 1.3,7.5 2.6,6 2.6,5.25 1.3))
null | POLYGON((5.25 3.9,6 2.6,7.5 2.6,8.25 3.9,7.5 5.2,6 5.2,5.25 3.9))
0103000020110F000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000840000000000000084000000000000008400000000000000840000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 | null
0103000020110F000001000000050000000000000000000840000000000000000000000000000008400000000000000840000000000000184000000000000008400000000000001840000000000000000000000000000008400000000000000000 | null
null | 0103000020110F00000100000007000000000000000000F8BF0000000000000000000000000000E8BF8039422EDCC8F4BF000000000000E83F8039422EDCC8F4BF000000000000F83F0000000000000000000000000000E83F8039422EDCC8F43F000000000000E8BF8039422EDCC8F43F000000000000F8BF0000000000000000
null | 0103000020110F00000100000007000000000000000000F8BF8039422EDCC80440000000000000E8BF8039422EDCC8F43F000000000000E83F8039422EDCC8F43F000000000000F83F8039422EDCC80440000000000000E83F405663454A2D0F40000000000000E8BF405663454A2D0F40000000000000F8BF8039422EDCC80440
null | 0103000020110F00000100000007000000000000000000E83F8039422EDCC8F43F000000000000F83F0000000000000000000000000000084000000000000000000000000000000E408039422EDCC8F43F00000000000008408039422EDCC80440000000000000F83F8039422EDCC80440000000000000E83F8039422EDCC8F43F
null | 0103000020110F00000100000007000000000000000000E83F405663454A2D0F40000000000000F83F8039422EDCC8044000000000000008408039422EDCC804400000000000000E40405663454A2D0F4000000000000008408039422EDCC81440000000000000F83F8039422EDCC81440000000000000E83F405663454A2D0F40
null | 0103000020110F00000100000007000000000000000000084000000000000000000000000000000E408039422EDCC8F4BF00000000000015408039422EDCC8F4BF0000000000001840000000000000000000000000000015408039422EDCC8F43F0000000000000E408039422EDCC8F43F00000000000008400000000000000000
null | 0103000020110F0000010000000700000000000000000008408039422EDCC804400000000000000E408039422EDCC8F43F00000000000015408039422EDCC8F43F00000000000018408039422EDCC804400000000000001540405663454A2D0F400000000000000E40405663454A2D0F4000000000000008408039422EDCC80440
null | 0103000020110F0000010000000700000000000000000015408039422EDCC8F43F000000000000184000000000000000000000000000001E40000000000000000000000000008020408039422EDCC8F43F0000000000001E408039422EDCC8044000000000000018408039422EDCC8044000000000000015408039422EDCC8F43F
null | 0103000020110F000001000000070000000000000000001540405663454A2D0F4000000000000018408039422EDCC804400000000000001E408039422EDCC804400000000000802040405663454A2D0F400000000000001E408039422EDCC8144000000000000018408039422EDCC814400000000000001540405663454A2D0F40
SELECT admin1.gid, hex.geom
FROM
    admin1
    CROSS JOIN
    ST_HexagonGrid(100000, admin1.geom) AS hex
WHERE
    adm0_a3 = 'USA'
    AND
    ST_Intersects(admin1.geom, hex.geom)
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Hexagon(1.0, 0, 0), 3857);
POLYGON((-1 0,-0.5 -0.8660254037844387,0.5 -0.8660254037844387,1 0,0.5 0.8660254037844387,-0.5 0.8660254037844387,-1 0))
0103000020110F00000100000007000000000000000000F0BF0000000000000000000000000000E0BFAB4C58E87AB6EBBF000000000000E03FAB4C58E87AB6EBBF000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000E03FAB4C58E87AB6EB3F000000000000E0BFAB4C58E87AB6EB3F000000000000F0BF0000000000000000
WITH grid AS (
SELECT (ST_SquareGrid(1, ST_Transform(geom, 4326))).*
FROM admin0 WHERE name = 'Canada'
)
  SELEcT geom
  FROM grid
SELECT COUNT(*), squares.geom
FROM pointtable AS pts
INNER JOIN ST_SquareGrid(
  1000,
  ST_SetSRID(ST_EstimatedExtent('pointtable', 'geom'), 3857)
) AS squares
  ON ST_Intersects(pts.geom, squares.geom)
GROUP BY squares.geom;
SELECT COUNT(*), squares.geom
FROM pointtable AS pts
INNER JOIN ST_SquareGrid(
  1000,
  pts.geom
) AS squares
  ON ST_Intersects(pts.geom, squares.geom)
GROUP BY squares.geom;
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Square(1.0, 0, 0), 3857);
st_astext
-------------------------------------
 POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))
(1 row)
0103000020110F00000100000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_Letters('Yo');
MULTIPOLYGON(((34.5 73.8,54 73.8,53.1 72.9,35.1 28.7,35.1 0.9,36 0,18 0,19 0.9,19 28.7,0.9 72.9,0 73.8,19.5 73.8,18.6 72.9,23 61.6,27 47.4,31.1 61.9,35.4 72.9,34.5 73.8)),((68.87 58,69.97 58,71.07 57.9,72.17 57.8,73.17 57.7,74.27 57.5,75.27 57.3,76.17 57.1,77.17 56.8,78.07 56.5,78.97 56.1,79.87 55.7,80.67 55.3,81.47 54.8,82.27 54.3,82.97 53.7,83.67 53.1,84.37 52.5,84.97 51.8,85.57 51.1,86.07 50.3,86.57 49.5,87.07 48.7,87.57 47.9,87.97 47,88.37 46.1,88.67 45.1,88.97 44.1,89.17 43.1,89.37 42.1,89.47 41,89.57 39.9,89.57 38.7,89.57 18.9,89.57 17.7,89.47 16.6,89.37 15.5,89.17 14.5,88.97 13.5,88.77 12.5,88.47 11.5,88.07 10.6,87.67 9.7,87.27 8.9,86.77 8.1,86.27 7.3,85.67 6.6,85.07 5.9,84.47 5.2,83.77 4.6,83.07 4,82.27 3.5,81.57 2.9,80.77 2.5,79.87 2,79.07 1.6,78.17 1.2,77.27 0.8,76.37 0.5,75.37 0.2,74.37 0,73.37 -0.2,72.27 -0.4,71.17 -0.5,70.07 -0.5,68.97 -0.5,67.87 -0.5,66.77 -0.4,65.67 -0.3,64.57 -0.2,63.57 0,62.57 0.2,61.57 0.5,60.57 0.8,59.67 1.1,58.77 1.5,57.87 1.9,57.07 2.4,56.27 2.9,55.47 3.4,54.77 3.9,54.07 4.5,53.37 5.1,52.77 5.8,52.17 6.5,51.67 7.2,51.17 8,50.67 8.8,50.17 9.7,49.77 10.6,49.37 11.5,49.07 12.5,48.77 13.5,48.57 14.5,48.37 15.6,48.27 16.7,48.17 17.8,48.17 18.9,48.17 38.7,48.17 39.9,48.27 41,48.37 42.1,48.57 43.1,48.77 44.1,48.97 45.1,49.27 46.1,49.67 47,50.07 47.9,50.47 48.7,50.97 49.5,51.47 50.3,52.07 51,52.67 51.7,53.27 52.4,53.97 53,54.67 53.6,55.47 54.1,56.17 54.6,57.07 55.1,57.87 55.6,58.77 56,59.67 56.4,60.57 56.7,61.57 57,62.47 57.3,63.47 57.5,64.57 57.7,65.57 57.8,66.67 57.9,67.77 58,68.87 58),(73.77 38.9,72.27 41.6,68.97 42.6,65.57 41.7,64.07 38.9,64.07 18.9,65.47 16.2,68.77 15.2,72.07 16.1,73.77 18.9,73.77 38.9)))
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
SELECT ST_Letters('PostGIS') AS letters;
MULTIPOLYGON(((43 39,43 38,42 37,42 36,42 35,42 34,42 33,42 32,41 31,41 30,40 29,40 28,39 28,39 27,38 26,38 26,37 25,36 24,36 24,35 24,34 23,33 23,33 22,32 22,31 22,30 21,29 21,28 21,27 21,26 20,25 20,24 20,23 20,17 20,17 1,18 0,0 0,1 1,1 73,0 74,23 74,24 74,25 74,26 74,27 74,28 73,29 73,30 73,31 73,32 72,33 72,33 72,34 72,35 71,36 70,36 70,37 69,38 69,38 68,39 67,39 67,40 66,40 65,41 64,41 64,42 63,42 62,42 61,42 60,42 58,42 57,43 56,43 55,43 39),(26 56,26 58,23 59,17 59,17 35,23 35,26 36,26 38,26 56)),((69 58,70 58,71 58,72 58,73 58,74 58,75 57,76 57,77 57,78 56,79 56,80 56,81 55,82 55,82 54,83 54,84 53,85 52,85 52,86 51,86 50,87 50,87 49,88 48,88 47,89 46,89 45,89 44,89 43,90 42,90 41,90 40,90 39,90 19,90 18,90 17,90 16,89 14,89 14,89 12,89 12,88 11,88 10,87 9,87 8,86 7,86 7,85 6,85 5,84 5,83 4,82 4,82 3,81 2,80 2,79 2,78 1,77 1,77 0,76 0,75 0,74 0,72 0,71 0,70 0,69 0,68 0,67 0,66 0,65 0,64 0,63 0,62 0,61 1,60 1,59 2,58 2,57 2,56 3,56 3,55 4,54 4,54 5,53 6,52 6,52 7,51 8,51 9,50 10,50 11,50 12,49 12,49 14,49 14,49 16,48 17,48 18,48 19,48 39,48 40,48 41,49 42,49 43,49 44,49 45,49 46,50 47,50 48,51 49,51 50,52 50,52 51,53 52,53 52,54 53,55 54,56 54,56 55,57 55,58 56,59 56,60 56,61 57,62 57,63 57,64 58,65 58,66 58,67 58,68 58,69 58),(74 39,72 42,69 43,66 42,64 39,64 19,66 16,69 15,72 16,74 19,74 39)),((111 38,112 37,112 37,113 37,113 37,114 36,115 36,116 36,116 36,117 35,118 35,119 34,120 34,121 33,121 33,122 32,123 32,124 31,125 30,126 30,126 29,127 28,128 27,128 27,129 26,129 25,130 24,130 23,131 22,131 21,131 20,131 18,131 17,131 16,131 15,131 14,130 12,130 11,130 10,129 9,129 8,128 8,128 7,127 6,127 5,126 5,126 4,125 3,124 3,124 2,123 2,122 1,121 1,120 1,120 0,119 0,118 0,117 0,116 0,115 0,114 0,113 0,112 0,111 0,110 0,110 0,109 0,108 0,107 0,106 0,105 0,104 0,103 0,102 1,101 1,100 1,99 2,97 2,96 3,95 3,94 4,99 19,99 19,100 18,100 18,100 18,101 18,101 18,102 18,102 18,103 17,103 17,104 17,104 17,105 17,105 17,106 16,106 16,107 16,107 16,108 16,108 16,109 16,110 16,110 16,111 16,111 16,112 15,112 15,113 15,113 15,113 15,114 15,114 15,115 16,115 16,115 17,115 17,115 18,115 18,115 19,115 19,115 20,114 20,114 20,113 20,113 20,113 20,112 20,112 21,111 21,111 21,110 21,109 22,109 22,108 22,108 22,107 23,107 23,106 24,106 24,105 24,104 24,104 25,103 25,103 26,102 26,102 26,101 27,101 28,100 28,100 28,99 29,99 30,98 30,98 31,98 31,97 32,97 33,97 33,96 34,96 35,96 35,96 36,96 37,96 38,96 38,95 39,95 40,95 41,96 42,96 43,96 43,96 44,96 45,96 45,96 46,97 47,97 47,97 48,97 48,97 49,98 49,98 50,98 50,99 51,99 51,99 52,100 52,100 52,100 53,101 53,101 53,101 54,101 54,102 54,102 54,102 55,103 55,103 55,103 55,104 56,105 56,106 56,106 57,107 57,108 57,109 58,110 58,111 58,112 58,113 58,114 58,115 58,116 58,117 58,118 58,118 58,119 58,120 58,121 57,122 57,123 57,123 57,124 56,125 56,126 56,126 56,127 56,127 55,128 55,128 55,129 55,129 55,123 40,123 40,122 40,122 40,122 40,122 40,121 40,121 40,121 41,120 41,120 41,119 41,119 41,119 41,118 41,118 41,118 41,117 41,117 41,117 42,116 42,116 42,115 42,115 42,115 42,114 42,114 42,114 42,113 42,113 42,113 42,112 42,112 42,112 42,112 42,112 42,112 42,112 42,112 42,112 42,111 42,111 42,111 41,111 41,111 41,111 41,111 41,111 40,111 40,111 40,111 40,111 40,111 40,111 39,111 39,111 39,111 39,111 39,111 38,111 38,111 38,111 38,111 38,111 38,111 38)),((161 15,166 15,167 16,167 -1,166 0,160 0,160 0,159 0,158 0,157 0,157 0,156 0,155 0,155 0,154 0,153 0,153 1,152 1,151 1,151 1,150 2,149 2,149 2,148 3,147 3,147 4,146 4,146 5,145 5,145 6,144 6,144 7,143 8,143 9,142 10,142 10,141 11,141 12,141 43,136 43,135 42,135 59,136 58,141 58,141 74,140 75,158 75,157 74,157 58,165 58,166 59,166 42,165 43,157 43,157 18,157 17,157 17,157 17,158 17,158 16,158 16,158 16,159 16,159 16,159 16,160 16,160 15,160 15,161 15,161 15,161 15)),((214 13,214 12,213 12,213 11,213 10,212 10,212 9,212 8,211 8,211 7,210 6,210 6,209 5,209 5,208 4,208 4,207 3,206 3,206 2,205 2,204 2,203 1,203 1,202 0,201 0,200 0,199 0,199 0,198 0,197 0,196 -1,195 -1,194 -1,193 -1,192 -1,190 0,189 0,188 0,187 0,186 0,185 1,184 1,183 1,182 2,182 2,181 3,180 3,179 4,178 4,178 5,177 6,176 6,176 7,175 8,175 9,175 10,174 10,174 11,174 12,173 13,173 14,173 15,173 16,173 18,173 19,173 54,173 56,173 56,173 57,173 58,173 59,173 60,173 61,174 62,174 63,174 64,174 64,175 65,175 66,176 67,176 68,177 68,177 69,178 70,179 70,179 71,180 71,181 72,182 72,183 72,184 73,185 73,186 73,187 74,188 74,189 74,190 74,192 74,210 74,210 58,192 58,191 58,191 58,191 58,190 58,190 58,190 58,190 57,189 57,189 57,189 56,189 56,189 56,189 56,189 55,189 55,189 54,189 19,189 19,189 18,189 18,189 18,189 17,189 17,189 17,190 17,190 16,190 16,191 16,191 16,191 16,192 15,192 15,193 15,193 15,193 15,194 15,194 15,195 15,195 15,196 15,196 15,196 15,197 15,197 15,198 16,198 16,198 16,199 16,199 16,199 32,193 32,193 46,214 46,214 13)),((236 73,236 1,237 0,219 0,220 1,220 73,219 74,237 74,236 73)),((264 45,265 45,266 44,266 44,267 44,268 43,269 43,270 42,271 42,272 42,273 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WITH letters AS (
    SELECT ST_Letters('Yo') AS geom
)
SELECT geom AS input_letters,
       ST_Translate(ST_Scale(geom, 2, 2), 120, 0)
           AS scaled_letters
FROM letters;
MULTIPOLYGON(((34 74,54 74,53 73,35 29,35 1,36 0,18 0,19 1,19 29,1 73,0 74,20 74,19 73,23 62,27 47,31 62,35 73,34 74)),((69 58,70 58,71 58,72 58,73 58,74 58,75 57,76 57,77 57,78 56,79 56,80 56,81 55,81 55,82 54,83 54,84 53,84 52,85 52,86 51,86 50,87 50,87 49,88 48,88 47,88 46,89 45,89 44,89 43,89 42,89 41,90 40,90 39,90 19,90 18,89 17,89 16,89 14,89 14,89 12,88 12,88 11,88 10,87 9,87 8,86 7,86 7,85 6,84 5,84 5,83 4,82 4,82 3,81 2,80 2,79 2,78 1,77 1,76 0,75 0,74 0,73 0,72 0,71 0,70 0,69 0,68 0,67 0,66 0,65 0,64 0,63 0,62 0,61 1,60 1,59 2,58 2,57 2,56 3,55 3,55 4,54 4,53 5,53 6,52 6,52 7,51 8,51 9,50 10,50 11,49 12,49 12,49 14,49 14,48 16,48 17,48 18,48 19,48 39,48 40,48 41,48 42,49 43,49 44,49 45,49 46,50 47,50 48,50 49,51 50,51 50,52 51,53 52,53 52,54 53,55 54,55 54,56 55,57 55,58 56,59 56,60 56,61 57,62 57,62 57,63 58,65 58,66 58,67 58,68 58,69 58),(74 39,72 42,69 43,66 42,64 39,64 19,65 16,69 15,72 16,74 19,74 39))) | MULTIPOLYGON(((189 148,228 148,226 146,190 57,190 2,192 0,156 0,158 2,158 57,122 146,120 148,159 148,157 146,166 123,174 95,182 124,191 146,189 148)),((258 116,260 116,262 116,264 116,266 115,269 115,271 115,272 114,274 114,276 113,278 112,280 111,281 111,283 110,285 109,286 107,287 106,289 105,290 104,291 102,292 101,293 99,294 97,295 96,296 94,297 92,297 90,298 88,298 86,299 84,299 82,299 80,299 77,299 38,299 35,299 33,299 31,298 29,298 27,298 25,297 23,296 21,295 19,295 18,294 16,293 15,291 13,290 12,289 10,288 9,286 8,285 7,283 6,282 5,280 4,278 3,276 2,275 2,273 1,271 0,269 0,267 0,265 -1,262 -1,260 -1,258 -1,256 -1,254 -1,251 -1,249 0,247 0,245 0,243 1,241 2,239 2,238 3,236 4,234 5,233 6,231 7,230 8,228 9,227 10,226 12,224 13,223 14,222 16,221 18,220 19,220 21,219 23,218 25,218 27,217 29,217 31,217 33,216 36,216 38,216 77,216 80,217 82,217 84,217 86,218 88,218 90,219 92,219 94,220 96,221 97,222 99,223 101,224 102,225 103,227 105,228 106,229 107,231 108,232 109,234 110,236 111,238 112,239 113,241 113,243 114,245 115,247 115,249 115,251 116,253 116,256 116,258 116),(268 78,265 83,258 85,251 83,248 78,248 38,251 32,258 30,264 32,268 38,268 78)))
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 |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
SELECT ST_MakeNurbsCurve(
    2,
    'LINESTRING(0 0,5 10,10 0)'::geometry
);
NURBSCURVE(DEGREE 2, CONTROLPOINTS(NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(0 0),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(5 10),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(10 0),WEIGHT 1)),KNOTS (KNOT(0,3), KNOT(1,3)))
0115000000020000000300000001000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000144000000000000024400001000000000000244000000000000000000006000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_MakeNurbsCurve(
    2,
    'LINESTRING(0 0,5 10,10 0)'::geometry,
    ARRAY[1.0, 2.0, 1.0]
);
NURBSCURVE(DEGREE 2, CONTROLPOINTS(NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(0 0),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(5 10),WEIGHT 2), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(10 0),WEIGHT 1)),KNOTS (KNOT(0,3), KNOT(1,3)))
01150000000200000003000000010000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000001440000000000000244001000000000000004001000000000000244000000000000000000006000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_MakeNurbsCurve(
    2,
    'LINESTRING(0 0,3 10,7 10,10 0)'::geometry,
    ARRAY[1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0],
    ARRAY[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.3, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
);
NURBSCURVE(DEGREE 2, CONTROLPOINTS(NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(0 0),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(3 10),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(7 10),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(10 0),WEIGHT 1)),KNOTS (KNOT(0,3), KNOT(0.3,1), KNOT(1,3)))
01150000000200000004000000010000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000840000000000000244000010000000000001C4000000000000024400001000000000000244000000000000000000007000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000333333333333D33F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
SELECT GeometryType('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)'::geometry);
LINESTRING
SELECT ST_GeometryType('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)) )');
    POLYHEDRALSURFACE

SELECT GeometryType(geom) as result
FROM
  (SELECT
     'TIN (((
              0 0 0,
              0 0 1,
              0 1 0,
              0 0 0
          )),((
              0 0 0,
              0 1 0,
              1 1 0,
              0 0 0
          ))
          )'::geometry  AS geom
  ) AS g;
TIN
SELECT ST_Boundary(geom)
FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(100 150,50 60,70 80,160 170)'::geometry As geom) As f;

MULTIPOINT((100 150),(160 170))

010400000002000000010100000000000000000059400000000000C06240010100000000000000000064400000000000406540
SELECT ST_Boundary(geom)
FROM (SELECT
'POLYGON (( 10 130,50 190,110 190,140 150,150 80,100 10,20 40,10 130 ),
    ( 70 40,100 50,120 80,80 110,50 90,70 40 ))'::geometry As geom) As f;

MULTILINESTRING((10 130,50 190,110 190,140 150,150 80,100 10,20 40,10 130),
        (70 40,100 50,120 80,80 110,50 90,70 40))

0105000000020000000102000000080000000000000000002440000000000040604000000000000049400000000000C067400000000000805B400000000000C0674000000000008061400000000000C062400000000000C06240000000000000544000000000000059400000000000002440000000000000344000000000000044400000000000002440000000000040604001020000000600000000000000008051400000000000004440000000000000594000000000000049400000000000005E40000000000000544000000000000054400000000000805B400000000000004940000000000080564000000000008051400000000000004440
SELECT ST_Boundary('LINESTRING(1 1,0 0,-1 1)');
MULTIPOINT((1 1),(-1 1))
0104000000020000000101000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0101000000000000000000F0BF000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_Boundary('POLYGON((1 1,0 0,-1 1,1 1))');
LINESTRING(1 1,0 0,-1 1,1 1)
010200000004000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F0BF000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_Boundary('POLYGON((1 1 1,0 0 1,-1 1 1,1 1 1))');
LINESTRING(1 1 1,0 0 1,-1 1 1,1 1 1)
010200008004000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F0BF000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_Boundary('MULTILINESTRING((1 1 1,0 0 0.5,-1 1 1),(1 1 0.5,0 0 0.5,-1 1 0.5,1 1 0.5) )');
MULTIPOINT(1 1 1,-1 1 1)
0104000080020000000101000080000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0101000080000000000000F0BF000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
WITH input AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((10 20,30 60,70 40,90 10,50 -10,10 20))'::geometry AS geom
)
SELECT geom AS input_polygon,
       ST_BoundingDiagonal(geom) AS diagonal
FROM input;
POLYGON((10 20,30 60,70 40,90 10,50 -10,10 20)) | LINESTRING(10 -10,90 60)
01030000000100000006000000000000000000244000000000000034400000000000003E400000000000004E400000000000805140000000000000444000000000008056400000000000002440000000000000494000000000000024C000000000000024400000000000003440 | 010200000002000000000000000000244000000000000024C000000000008056400000000000004E40
SELECT ST_X(ST_StartPoint(ST_BoundingDiagonal(
  ST_Buffer(ST_Point(0, 0), 10)
)));
-10
SELECT ST_CoordDim('CIRCULARSTRING(1 2 3,1 3 4,5 6 7,8 9 10,11 12 13)');
3
SELECT ST_CoordDim(ST_Point(1, 2));
2
SELECT ST_Dimension('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(1 1,0 0), POINT(0 0))');
1
SELECT ST_Dimension('TIN Z (((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,1 0 0,0 0 1,0 0 0)),((1 0 0,0 1 0,0 0 1,1 0 0)))');
2
SELECT sometable.field1,
       (ST_Dump(sometable.geom)).geom AS geom
FROM sometable;
SELECT a.geom, ST_HasArc(a.geom)
  FROM ( SELECT (ST_Dump(p_geom)).geom AS geom
         FROM (SELECT 'COMPOUNDCURVE(CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,1 1,1 0),(1 0,0 1))'::geometry AS p_geom) AS b
        ) AS a;
st_asewkt          | st_hasarc
-----------------------------+----------
 CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,1 1,1 0) | t
 LINESTRING(1 0,0 1)         | f
(2 rows)
01080000000300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000 | t
010200000002000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F | f
SELECT (a.p_geom).path[1] As path,(a.p_geom).geom As geom_ewkt
  FROM (SELECT ST_Dump('POLYHEDRALSURFACE(
((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1))
)' ) AS p_geom )  AS a;
path |                geom_ewkt
------+------------------------------------------
    1 | POLYGON((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0))
    2 | POLYGON((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0))
    3 | POLYGON((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0))
    4 | POLYGON((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0))
    5 | POLYGON((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0))
    6 | POLYGON((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1))
1 | 0103000080010000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2 | 010300008001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3 | 01030000800100000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4 | 01030000800100000005000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000
5 | 010300008001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000
6 | 0103000080010000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F
SELECT (g.gdump).path,(g.gdump).geom as wkt
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_Dump('TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )),((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )' ) AS gdump
    ) AS g;
path |                 wkt
------+-------------------------------------
 {1}  | TRIANGLE((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 0,0 0 0))
 {2}  | TRIANGLE((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,0 0 0))

{1} | 0111000080010000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
{2} | 011100008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT edge_id, (dp).path[1] As index,(dp).geom As wktnode
FROM (SELECT 1 As edge_id,
    ST_DumpPoints(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2,3 4,10 10)')) AS dp
     UNION ALL
     SELECT 2 As edge_id,
    ST_DumpPoints(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(3 5,5 6,9 10)')) AS dp
   ) As foo;
edge_id | index |    wktnode
---------+-------+--------------
       1 |     1 | POINT(1 2)
       1 |     2 | POINT(3 4)
       1 |     3 | POINT(10 10)
       2 |     1 | POINT(3 5)
       2 |     2 | POINT(5 6)
       2 |     3 | POINT(9 10)
1 | 1 | 0101000000000000000000F03F0000000000000040
1 | 2 | 010100000000000000000008400000000000001040
1 | 3 | 010100000000000000000024400000000000002440
2 | 1 | 010100000000000000000008400000000000001440
2 | 2 | 010100000000000000000014400000000000001840
2 | 3 | 010100000000000000000022400000000000002440
SELECT path,geom
FROM (
  SELECT (ST_DumpPoints(g.geom)).*
  FROM
    (SELECT
       'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
          POINT ( 0 1 ),
          LINESTRING ( 0 3,3 4 ),
          POLYGON (( 2 0,2 3,0 2,2 0 )),
          POLYGON (( 3 0,3 3,6 3,6 0,3 0 ),
                   ( 5 1,4 2,5 2,5 1 )),
          MULTIPOLYGON (
                  (( 0 5,0 8,4 8,4 5,0 5 ),
                   ( 1 6,3 6,2 7,1 6 )),
                  (( 5 4,5 8,6 7,5 4 ))
          )
        )'::geometry AS geom
    ) AS g
  ) j;
path    | st_astext
-----------+------------
 {1,1}     | POINT(0 1)
 {2,1}     | POINT(0 3)
 {2,2}     | POINT(3 4)
 {3,1,1}   | POINT(2 0)
 {3,1,2}   | POINT(2 3)
 {3,1,3}   | POINT(0 2)
 {3,1,4}   | POINT(2 0)
 {4,1,1}   | POINT(3 0)
 {4,1,2}   | POINT(3 3)
 {4,1,3}   | POINT(6 3)
 {4,1,4}   | POINT(6 0)
 {4,1,5}   | POINT(3 0)
 {4,2,1}   | POINT(5 1)
 {4,2,2}   | POINT(4 2)
 {4,2,3}   | POINT(5 2)
 {4,2,4}   | POINT(5 1)
 {5,1,1,1} | POINT(0 5)
 {5,1,1,2} | POINT(0 8)
 {5,1,1,3} | POINT(4 8)
 {5,1,1,4} | POINT(4 5)
 {5,1,1,5} | POINT(0 5)
 {5,1,2,1} | POINT(1 6)
 {5,1,2,2} | POINT(3 6)
 {5,1,2,3} | POINT(2 7)
 {5,1,2,4} | POINT(1 6)
 {5,2,1,1} | POINT(5 4)
 {5,2,1,2} | POINT(5 8)
 {5,2,1,3} | POINT(6 7)
 {5,2,1,4} | POINT(5 4)
(29 rows)
WITH source(geom) AS (VALUES (
  'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
     POINT (0 1),
     LINESTRING (0 3,3 4),
     POLYGON ((2 0,2 3,0 2,2 0)),
     POLYGON ((3 0,3 3,6 3,6 0,3 0),(5 1,4 2,5 2,5 1)),
     MULTIPOLYGON (((0 5,0 8,4 8,4 5,0 5),(1 6,3 6,2 7,1 6)),
                   ((5 4,5 8,6 7,5 4))))'::geometry
))
SELECT ST_Collect((dp).geom ORDER BY (dp).path) AS vertices
FROM source
CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_DumpPoints(source.geom) AS dp;
MULTIPOINT((0 1),(0 3),(3 4),(2 0),(2 3),(0 2),(2 0),(3 0),(3 3),(6 3),(6 0),(3 0),(5 1),(4 2),(5 2),(5 1),(0 5),(0 8),(4 8),(4 5),(0 5),(1 6),(3 6),(2 7),(1 6),(5 4),(5 8),(6 7),(5 4))
01040000001D00000001010000000000000000000000000000000000F03F01010000000000000000000000000000000000084001010000000000000000000840000000000000104001010000000000000000000040000000000000000001010000000000000000000040000000000000084001010000000000000000000000000000000000004001010000000000000000000040000000000000000001010000000000000000000840000000000000000001010000000000000000000840000000000000084001010000000000000000001840000000000000084001010000000000000000001840000000000000000001010000000000000000000840000000000000000001010000000000000000001440000000000000F03F01010000000000000000001040000000000000004001010000000000000000001440000000000000004001010000000000000000001440000000000000F03F0101000000000000000000000000000000000014400101000000000000000000000000000000000020400101000000000000000000104000000000000020400101000000000000000000104000000000000014400101000000000000000000000000000000000014400101000000000000000000F03F0000000000001840010100000000000000000008400000000000001840010100000000000000000000400000000000001C400101000000000000000000F03F0000000000001840010100000000000000000014400000000000001040010100000000000000000014400000000000002040010100000000000000000018400000000000001C40010100000000000000000014400000000000001040
SELECT (g.gdump).path,(g.gdump).geom as wkt
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_DumpPoints('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)) )' ) AS gdump
    ) AS g;
path   |     wkt
---------+--------------
 {1,1,1} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {1,1,2} | POINT(0 0 1)
 {1,1,3} | POINT(0 1 1)
 {1,1,4} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {1,1,5} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {2,1,1} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {2,1,2} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {2,1,3} | POINT(1 1 0)
 {2,1,4} | POINT(1 0 0)
 {2,1,5} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {3,1,1} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {3,1,2} | POINT(1 0 0)
 {3,1,3} | POINT(1 0 1)
 {3,1,4} | POINT(0 0 1)
 {3,1,5} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {4,1,1} | POINT(1 1 0)
 {4,1,2} | POINT(1 1 1)
 {4,1,3} | POINT(1 0 1)
 {4,1,4} | POINT(1 0 0)
 {4,1,5} | POINT(1 1 0)
 {5,1,1} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {5,1,2} | POINT(0 1 1)
 {5,1,3} | POINT(1 1 1)
 {5,1,4} | POINT(1 1 0)
 {5,1,5} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {6,1,1} | POINT(0 0 1)
 {6,1,2} | POINT(1 0 1)
 {6,1,3} | POINT(1 1 1)
 {6,1,4} | POINT(0 1 1)
 {6,1,5} | POINT(0 0 1)
(30 rows)
SELECT (g.gdump).path,(g.gdump).geom as wkt
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_DumpPoints('TRIANGLE ((
                0 0,
                0 9,
                9 0,
                0 0
            ))' ) AS gdump
    ) AS g;
path |    wkt
------+------------
 {1,1} | POINT(0 0)
 {1,2} | POINT(0 9)
 {1,3} | POINT(9 0)
 {1,4} | POINT(0 0)
{1,1} | 010100000000000000000000000000000000000000
{1,2} | 010100000000000000000000000000000000002240
{1,3} | 010100000000000000000022400000000000000000
{1,4} | 010100000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT (g.gdump).path,(g.gdump).geom as wkt
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_DumpPoints('TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )),((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )' ) AS gdump
    ) AS g;
path   |     wkt
---------+--------------
 {1,1,1} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {1,1,2} | POINT(0 0 1)
 {1,1,3} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {1,1,4} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {2,1,1} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {2,1,2} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {2,1,3} | POINT(1 1 0)
 {2,1,4} | POINT(0 0 0)
(8 rows)
{1,1,1} | 0101000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
{1,1,2} | 010100008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F
{1,1,3} | 01010000800000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000
{1,1,4} | 0101000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
{2,1,1} | 0101000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
{2,1,2} | 01010000800000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000
{2,1,3} | 0101000080000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000
{2,1,4} | 0101000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT path,geom
FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DumpSegments(g.geom)).*
    FROM (SELECT 'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
    LINESTRING(1 1,3 3,4 4),
    POLYGON((5 5,6 6,7 7,5 5))
)'::geometry AS geom
        ) AS g
) j;
path   │      st_astext
---------------------------------
 {1,1}   │ LINESTRING(1 1,3 3)
 {1,2}   │ LINESTRING(3 3,4 4)
 {2,1,1} │ LINESTRING(5 5,6 6)
 {2,1,2} │ LINESTRING(6 6,7 7)
 {2,1,3} │ LINESTRING(7 7,5 5)
(5 rows)
{1,1} | 010200000002000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000008400000000000000840
{1,2} | 0102000000020000000000000000000840000000000000084000000000000010400000000000001040
{2,1,1} | 0102000000020000000000000000001440000000000000144000000000000018400000000000001840
{2,1,2} | 010200000002000000000000000000184000000000000018400000000000001C400000000000001C40
{2,1,3} | 0102000000020000000000000000001C400000000000001C4000000000000014400000000000001440
SELECT path,geom
FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DumpSegments(g.geom)).*
    FROM (SELECT 'TRIANGLE((
        0 0,
        0 9,
        9 0,
        0 0
    ))'::geometry AS geom
        ) AS g
) j;
path  │      st_astext
 ---------------------------------
 {1,1} │ LINESTRING(0 0,0 9)
 {1,2} │ LINESTRING(0 9,9 0)
 {1,3} │ LINESTRING(9 0,0 0)
(3 rows)
{1,1} | 0102000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002240
{1,2} | 0102000000020000000000000000000000000000000000224000000000000022400000000000000000
{1,3} | 0102000000020000000000000000002240000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT path,geom
FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DumpSegments(g.geom)).*
    FROM (SELECT 'TIN(((
        0 0 0,
        0 0 1,
        0 1 0,
        0 0 0
    )),((
        0 0 0,
        0 1 0,
        1 1 0,
        0 0 0
    ))
    )'::geometry AS geom
        ) AS g
) j;
path   │        st_asewkt
  ---------------------------------
 {1,1,1} │ LINESTRING(0 0 0,0 0 1)
 {1,1,2} │ LINESTRING(0 0 1,0 1 0)
 {1,1,3} │ LINESTRING(0 1 0,0 0 0)
 {2,1,1} │ LINESTRING(0 0 0,0 1 0)
 {2,1,2} │ LINESTRING(0 1 0,1 1 0)
 {2,1,3} │ LINESTRING(1 1 0,0 0 0)
(6 rows)
{1,1,1} | 01020000800200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F
{1,1,2} | 01020000800200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000
{1,1,3} | 0102000080020000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
{2,1,1} | 0102000080020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000
{2,1,2} | 0102000080020000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000
{2,1,3} | 010200008002000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT polyTable.field1, polyTable.field1,
      (ST_DumpRings(polyTable.geom)).geom As geom
FROM polyTable

SELECT path,geom As geom
FROM ST_DumpRings('POLYGON ((1 9,9 9,9 1,1 1,1 9),(2 2,2 3,3 3,3 2,2 2),(4 2,4 4,6 4,6 2,4 2))');
path |              geom
------+--------------------------------
 {0}  | POLYGON((1 9,9 9,9 1,1 1,1 9))
 {1}  | POLYGON((2 2,2 3,3 3,3 2,2 2))
 {2}  | POLYGON((4 2,4 4,6 4,6 2,4 2))
{0} | 01030000000100000005000000000000000000F03F0000000000002240000000000000224000000000000022400000000000002240000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000002240
{1} | 010300000001000000050000000000000000000040000000000000004000000000000000400000000000000840000000000000084000000000000008400000000000000840000000000000004000000000000000400000000000000040
{2} | 010300000001000000050000000000000000001040000000000000004000000000000010400000000000001040000000000000184000000000000010400000000000001840000000000000004000000000000010400000000000000040
WITH poly AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON ((
      0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0
    ), (
      1 1, 1 2, 2 2, 2 1, 1 1
    ), (
      8.5 1, 8.5 2, 9.5 2, 9.5 1, 8.5 1
    ))'::geometry AS geom
),
rings AS (
  SELECT d.path[1] AS ring_no,
         ST_Boundary(d.geom) AS ring_geom
  FROM poly
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_DumpRings(poly.geom) AS d
),
shell AS (
  SELECT ring_geom
  FROM rings
  WHERE ring_no = 0
),
holes AS (
  SELECT ring_no, ring_geom
  FROM rings
  WHERE ring_no > 0
)
SELECT h.ring_no,
       ST_Normalize(ST_Multi(ST_LineMerge(
         ST_Intersection(ST_Buffer(s.ring_geom, 1.0), h.ring_geom)
       ))) AS close_part
FROM shell AS s
JOIN holes AS h
  ON ST_DWithin(s.ring_geom, h.ring_geom, 1.0);

ring_no |                   close_part
---------+-------------------------------------------------
       1 | MULTILINESTRING((1 2,1 1,2 1))
       2 | MULTILINESTRING((8.5 1,9 1,9.5 1,9.5 2,9 2))

SELECT ST_EndPoint('LINESTRING(1 1,2 2,3 3)'::geometry);
POINT(3 3)
010100000000000000000008400000000000000840
SELECT ST_EndPoint('POINT(1 1)'::geometry) IS NULL AS is_null;
t
SELECT ST_EndPoint('LINESTRING(1 1 2,1 2 3,0 0 5)');
POINT(0 0 5)
0101000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001440
SELECT ST_EndPoint('CIRCULARSTRING(5 2,-3 2,-2 1,-4 2,6 3)'::geometry);
POINT(6 3)
010100000000000000000018400000000000000840
SELECT ST_EndPoint('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 1 1, 2 0))'::geometry);
POINT(2 0)
010100000000000000000000400000000000000000
SELECT ST_Envelope('POINT(1 3)'::geometry);
POINT(1 3)
0101000000000000000000F03F0000000000000840
SELECT ST_Envelope('LINESTRING(0 0,1 3)'::geometry);
POLYGON((0 0,0 3,1 3,1 0,0 0))
010300000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000840000000000000F03F0000000000000840000000000000F03F000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_Envelope('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1.0000001 1,1.0000001 0,0 0))'::geometry);
POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1.0000001 1,1.0000001 0,0 0))
01030000000100000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F9BF2D71A0000F03F000000000000F03F9BF2D71A0000F03F000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_Envelope('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1.0000000001 1,1.0000000001 0,0 0))'::geometry);
POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1.0000000001 1,1.0000000001 0,0 0))
01030000000100000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F38DF06000000F03F000000000000F03F38DF06000000F03F000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT Box3D(geom), Box2D(geom), ST_Envelope(geom) As envelopewkt
    FROM (SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0,0 1000012333334.34545678,1.0000001 1,1.0000001 0,0 0))'::geometry As geom) As foo;

SELECT ST_Envelope(ST_Collect(
            'LINESTRING(55 75,125 150)',
            ST_Point(20, 80)
            )) As wktenv;
POLYGON((20 75,20 150,125 150,125 75,20 75))
0103000000010000000500000000000000000034400000000000C0524000000000000034400000000000C062400000000000405F400000000000C062400000000000405F400000000000C0524000000000000034400000000000C05240
WITH input(geom) AS (VALUES (
  'POLYGON((0 0,2 9,9 11,14 6,12 0,0 0),(4 3,9 3,10 7,5 8,4 3))'::geometry
))
SELECT geom AS input_polygon,
       ST_ExteriorRing(geom) AS exterior_ring
FROM input;
POLYGON((0 0,2 9,9 11,14 6,12 0,0 0),(4 3,9 3,10 7,5 8,4 3)) | LINESTRING(0 0,2 9,9 11,14 6,12 0,0 0)
010300000002000000060000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000002240000000000000224000000000000026400000000000002C400000000000001840000000000000284000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005000000000000000000104000000000000008400000000000002240000000000000084000000000000024400000000000001C400000000000001440000000000000204000000000000010400000000000000840 | 0102000000060000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000002240000000000000224000000000000026400000000000002C4000000000000018400000000000002840000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
WITH input(geom) AS (VALUES (
  'MULTIPOLYGON(
    ((0 0,2 9,9 11,14 6,12 0,0 0),(4 3,9 3,10 7,5 8,4 3)),
    ((18 1,18 10,29 10,31 4,25 0,18 1),(21 3,25 2,28 5,25 8,21 7,21 3))
  )'::geometry
))
SELECT part.geom AS input_polygon,
       ST_ExteriorRing(part.geom) AS exterior_ring
FROM input
CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(geom) AS part
ORDER BY part.path;
POLYGON((0 0,2 9,9 11,14 6,12 0,0 0),(4 3,9 3,10 7,5 8,4 3)) | LINESTRING(0 0,2 9,9 11,14 6,12 0,0 0)
POLYGON((18 1,18 10,29 10,31 4,25 0,18 1),(21 3,25 2,28 5,25 8,21 7,21 3)) | LINESTRING(18 1,18 10,29 10,31 4,25 0,18 1)
010300000002000000060000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000002240000000000000224000000000000026400000000000002C400000000000001840000000000000284000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005000000000000000000104000000000000008400000000000002240000000000000084000000000000024400000000000001C400000000000001440000000000000204000000000000010400000000000000840 | 0102000000060000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000002240000000000000224000000000000026400000000000002C4000000000000018400000000000002840000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
010300000002000000060000000000000000003240000000000000F03F000000000000324000000000000024400000000000003D4000000000000024400000000000003F400000000000001040000000000000394000000000000000000000000000003240000000000000F03F0600000000000000000035400000000000000840000000000000394000000000000000400000000000003C4000000000000014400000000000003940000000000000204000000000000035400000000000001C4000000000000035400000000000000840 | 0102000000060000000000000000003240000000000000F03F000000000000324000000000000024400000000000003D4000000000000024400000000000003F400000000000001040000000000000394000000000000000000000000000003240000000000000F03F
SELECT gid, ST_ExteriorRing(geom) AS ering
FROM sometable;
SELECT gid, ST_Collect(ST_ExteriorRing(geom)) AS erings
FROM (
  SELECT gid, (ST_Dump(geom)).geom AS geom
  FROM sometable
) AS foo
GROUP BY gid;
SELECT ST_ExteriorRing(
    'POLYGON Z ((0 0 5,4 0 5,4 3 5,0 3 5,0 0 5))'
    );
LINESTRING(0 0 5,4 0 5,4 3 5,0 3 5,0 0 5)
010200008005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001440000000000000104000000000000000000000000000001440000000000000104000000000000008400000000000001440000000000000000000000000000008400000000000001440000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001440
SELECT n, ST_GeometryN(geom, n) As geomewkt
FROM (
VALUES
    (1, 'MULTIPOINT((1 2 7), (3 4 7), (5 6 7), (8 9 10))'::geometry ),
    (2, 'MULTICURVE(CIRCULARSTRING(2.5 2.5,4.5 2.5, 3.5 3.5), (10 11, 12 11))'::geometry )
    ) As foo(id, geom)
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,100) n
WHERE n <= ST_NumGeometries(geom)
ORDER BY id, n;

 n |               geomewkt
---+-----------------------------------------
 1 | POINT(1 2 7)
 2 | POINT(3 4 7)
 3 | POINT(5 6 7)
 4 | POINT(8 9 10)
 1 | CIRCULARSTRING(2.5 2.5,4.5 2.5,3.5 3.5)
 2 | LINESTRING(10 11,12 11)
1 | 0101000080000000000000F03F00000000000000400000000000001C40
2 | 0101000080000000000000084000000000000010400000000000001C40
3 | 0101000080000000000000144000000000000018400000000000001C40
4 | 0101000080000000000000204000000000000022400000000000002440
1 | 01080000000300000000000000000004400000000000000440000000000000124000000000000004400000000000000C400000000000000C40
2 | 0102000000020000000000000000002440000000000000264000000000000028400000000000002640
SELECT gid, n, ST_GeometryN(geom, n)
FROM sometable CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,100) n
WHERE n <= ST_NumGeometries(geom);
SELECT ST_GeometryN(p_geom, 3) As geom_ewkt
  FROM (SELECT 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE(
((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1))
)'::geometry  AS p_geom )  AS a;
NULL
SELECT ST_GeometryN(geom, 2) as wkt
  FROM
    (SELECT
       'TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )),((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )'::geometry  AS geom
    ) AS g;
NULL
SELECT ST_GeometryType('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)'::geometry);
ST_LineString
SELECT ST_GeometryType('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)) )'::geometry);
ST_PolyhedralSurface
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geom) AS result
FROM
  (SELECT
     'TIN (((
              0 0 0,
              0 0 1,
              0 1 0,
              0 0 0
          )),((
              0 0 0,
              0 1 0,
              1 1 0,
              0 0 0
          ))
          )'::geometry AS geom
  ) AS g;
ST_Tin
SELECT ST_HasArc(ST_Collect('LINESTRING(1 2,3 4,5 6)', 'CIRCULARSTRING(1 1,2 3,4 5,6 7,5 6)'));
t
WITH data AS (
  SELECT ST_BuildArea(ST_Collect(
    ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1, 2), 20, 3),
    ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1, 2), 10, 3)
  )) AS geom
)
SELECT geom AS input_polygon,
       ST_InteriorRingN(geom, 1) AS ring
FROM data;
POLYGON((21 2,18.320508075688775 -7.999999999999998,11.000000000000002 -15.320508075688771,1 -18,-8.999999999999996 -15.320508075688775,-16.32050807568877 -8.000000000000007,-19 2,-16.320508075688778 11.999999999999995,-9.000000000000009 19.320508075688767,1 22,10.999999999999986 19.32050807568878,18.320508075688767 12.000000000000009,21 2),(11 2,9.660254037844384 7.000000000000004,5.999999999999993 10.66025403784439,1 12,-4.000000000000004 10.660254037844384,-7.660254037844389 6.999999999999997,-9 2,-7.660254037844386 -3.000000000000004,-3.999999999999998 -6.660254037844387,1 -8,6.000000000000001 -6.660254037844386,9.660254037844387 -2.999999999999999,11 2)) | LINESTRING(11 2,9.660254037844384 7.000000000000004,5.999999999999993 10.66025403784439,1 12,-4.000000000000004 10.660254037844384,-7.660254037844389 6.999999999999997,-9 2,-7.660254037844386 -3.000000000000004,-3.999999999999998 -6.660254037844387,1 -8,6.000000000000001 -6.660254037844386,9.660254037844387 -2.999999999999999,11 2)
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| 01020000000D00000000000000000026400000000000000040E92F37D10C5223400500000000001C40F8FFFFFFFFFF1740ED2F37D10C522540EFFFFFFFFFFFEF3F000000000000284005000000000010C0E92F37D10C522540D85F6EA219A41EC0FDFFFFFFFFFF1B4000000000000022C0FAFFFFFFFFFFFF3FD45F6EA219A41EC008000000000008C0FCFFFFFFFFFF0FC0D65F6EA219A41AC0030000000000F03F00000000000020C00100000000001840D45F6EA219A41AC0EB2F37D10C522340FEFFFFFFFFFF07C000000000000026400000000000000040
SELECT ST_NumCurves('COMPOUNDCURVE(
    (2 2,2.5 2.5),
    CIRCULARSTRING(2.5 2.5,4.5 2.5,3.5 3.5),
    (3.5 3.5,2.5 4.5,3 5,2 2)
  )');
3
SELECT ST_NumCurves('COMPOUNDCURVE EMPTY');
0
SELECT ST_CurveN(
  'COMPOUNDCURVE(
    (0 0,2 0),
    CIRCULARSTRING(2 0,3 1,4 0),
    (4 0,6 1)
  )',
  2) AS curve;
CIRCULARSTRING(2 0,3 1,4 0)
010800000003000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000840000000000000F03F00000000000010400000000000000000
SELECT ST_IsClosed('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_IsClosed('LINESTRING(0 0,0 1,1 1,0 0)'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsClosed('MULTILINESTRING((0 0,0 1,1 1,0 0),(0 0,1 1))'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_IsClosed('POINT(0 0)'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsClosed('MULTIPOINT((0 0),(1 1))'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsClosed('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)) )');
t
SELECT ST_IsClosed('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
       ((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
       ((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
       ((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)) )');
f
SELECT ST_IsCollection('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_IsCollection('MULTIPOINT EMPTY'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsCollection('MULTIPOINT((0 0))'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsCollection('MULTIPOINT((0 0),(42 42))'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsCollection('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0))'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsEmpty('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsEmpty('POLYGON EMPTY'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsEmpty('POLYGON((1 2,3 4,5 6,1 2))'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_IsEmpty('POLYGON((1 2,3 4,5 6,1 2))'::geometry) = false;
t
(1 row)
SELECT ST_IsEmpty('CIRCULARSTRING EMPTY'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsRing(geom), ST_IsClosed(geom), ST_IsSimple(geom)
FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0)'::geometry AS geom) AS foo;
st_isring | st_isclosed | st_issimple
-----------+-------------+-------------
 t         | t           | t
(1 row)
SELECT ST_IsRing(geom), ST_IsClosed(geom), ST_IsSimple(geom)
FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0,0 1,1 0,1 1,0 0)'::geometry AS geom) AS foo;
st_isring | st_isclosed | st_issimple
-----------+-------------+-------------
 f         | t           | f
(1 row)
SELECT ST_IsSimple('POLYGON((1 2,3 4,5 6,1 2))');
f
SELECT ST_IsSimple('LINESTRING(1 1,2 2,2 3.5,1 3,1 2,2 1)');
f
SELECT ST_M('POINT(1 2 3 4)');
4
SELECT pg_size_pretty(sum(ST_MemSize(geom))) AS totgeomsum,
       pg_size_pretty(sum(CASE WHEN town = 'BOSTON' THEN ST_MemSize(geom) ELSE 0 END)) AS bossum,
       cast(
           sum(CASE WHEN town = 'BOSTON' THEN ST_MemSize(geom) ELSE 0 END) * 100.0
           / sum(ST_MemSize(geom)) AS numeric(10, 2)
       ) AS perbos
FROM towns;
totgeomsum | bossum | perbos
------------+--------+--------
 1522 kB    | 30 kB  |   1.99
(1 row)
SELECT ST_MemSize('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)'::geometry);
st_memsize
------------
         80
(1 row)
SELECT pg_total_relation_size('public.neighborhoods') AS fulltable_size,
       sum(ST_MemSize(geom)) AS geomsize,
       sum(ST_MemSize(geom)) * 100.0
           / pg_total_relation_size('public.neighborhoods') AS pergeom
FROM neighborhoods;
fulltable_size | geomsize |         pergeom
----------------+----------+--------------------------
         262144 |    96238 | 36.71188354492187500000
(1 row)
SELECT ST_NDims('POINT(1 1)') As d2point,
ST_NDims('POINT(1 1 2)') As d3point,
ST_NDims('POINTM(1 1 0.5)') As d2pointm;
d2point | d3point | d2pointm
---------+---------+----------
       2 |       3 |        3
SELECT ST_NPoints('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)');
st_npoints
------------
          4
(1 row)
SELECT ST_NPoints('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07 1,77.42 29.26 0,77.27 29.31 -1,77.29 29.07 3)');
st_npoints
------------
          4
(1 row)
SELECT ST_NRings(geom) As Nrings, ST_NumInteriorRings(geom) As ninterrings
FROM (SELECT 'POLYGON((1 2,3 4,5 6,1 2))'::geometry As geom) As foo;
nrings | ninterrings
--------+-------------
      1 |           0
(1 row)
SELECT ST_NumGeometries('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)');
st_numgeometries
------------------
                1
(1 row)
SELECT ST_NumGeometries('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(MULTIPOINT((-2 3),(-2 2)),
LINESTRING(5 5,10 10),
POLYGON((-7 4.2,-7.1 5,-7.1 4.3,-7 4.2)))');
st_numgeometries
------------------
                3
(1 row)
SELECT gid, field1, field2, ST_NumInteriorRings(geom) AS numholes
FROM sometable;
SELECT gid, field1, field2, SUM(ST_NumInteriorRings(geom)) AS numholes
FROM (
    SELECT gid, field1, field2, (ST_Dump(geom)).geom AS geom
    FROM sometable
) AS foo
GROUP BY gid, field1, field2;

SELECT ST_NumPatches('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)) )');
st_numpatches
---------------
             6
(1 row)
SELECT ST_NumPoints('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)');
st_numpoints
--------------
            4
(1 row)
SELECT ST_PatchN(geom, 2) As geomewkt
FROM (
VALUES ('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
    ((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
    ((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)) )'::geometry) ) As foo(geom);
POLYGON((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0))
010300008001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_PointN(
      column1,
      generate_series(1, ST_NPoints(column1))
   )
FROM ( VALUES ('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,2 2)'::geometry) ) AS foo;
POINT(0 0)
 POINT(1 1)
 POINT(2 2)
(3 rows)
010100000000000000000000000000000000000000
0101000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
010100000000000000000000400000000000000040
SELECT ST_PointN('CIRCULARSTRING(1 2,3 2,1 2)', 2);
POINT(3 2)
010100000000000000000008400000000000000040
SELECT f
FROM ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0 0,1 1 1,2 2 2)') AS g
  CROSS JOIN ST_PointN(g, -2) AS f;
POINT Z (1 1 1)
0101000080000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_Points('POLYGON Z ((30 10 4,10 30 5,40 40 6,30 10 4))');
MULTIPOINT Z ((30 10 4),(10 30 5),(40 40 6),(30 10 4))
01040000800400000001010000800000000000003E4000000000000024400000000000001040010100008000000000000024400000000000003E400000000000001440010100008000000000000044400000000000004440000000000000184001010000800000000000003E4000000000000024400000000000001040
SELECT ST_StartPoint('LINESTRING(0 1,0 2)'::geometry);
POINT(0 1)
01010000000000000000000000000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_StartPoint('POINT(0 1)'::geometry);
POINT(0 1)
01010000000000000000000000000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_StartPoint('LINESTRING(0 1 1,0 2 2)'::geometry);
POINT(0 1 1)
01010000800000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_StartPoint('CIRCULARSTRING(5 2,-3 2,-2 1,-4 2,6 3)'::geometry);
POINT(5 2)
010100000000000000000014400000000000000040
SELECT ST_StartPoint('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 1 1, 2 0))'::geometry);
POINT(0 0)
010100000000000000000000000000000000000000
WITH roads(road_id, geom) AS (
  VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 1 0)'::geometry),
    (2, 'LINESTRING(1 0, 1 1)'::geometry),
    (3, 'LINESTRING(1 0, 2 0)'::geometry)
),
endpoints AS (
  SELECT road_id, 'from' AS end_name, ST_StartPoint(geom) AS geom,
         ST_AsEWKB(ST_StartPoint(geom)) AS endpoint_key
  FROM roads
  UNION ALL
  SELECT road_id, 'to' AS end_name, ST_EndPoint(geom) AS geom,
         ST_AsEWKB(ST_EndPoint(geom)) AS endpoint_key
  FROM roads
),
nodes AS (
  SELECT dense_rank() OVER (ORDER BY ST_X(geom), ST_Y(geom), endpoint_key) AS node_id,
         endpoint_key
  FROM (
    SELECT DISTINCT ON (endpoint_key) endpoint_key, geom
    FROM endpoints
    ORDER BY endpoint_key
  ) AS distinct_endpoints
)
SELECT e.road_id,
       max(n.node_id) FILTER (WHERE e.end_name = 'from') AS from_node,
       max(n.node_id) FILTER (WHERE e.end_name = 'to') AS to_node
FROM endpoints AS e
JOIN nodes AS n USING (endpoint_key)
GROUP BY e.road_id
ORDER BY e.road_id;
road_id | from_node | to_node
---------+-----------+---------
     1 |         1 |       2
     2 |         2 |       3
     3 |         2 |       4
SELECT ST_StartM('LINESTRING M(0 0 10,1 1 20,2 0 30)'::geometry);
10
SELECT ST_StartM('CIRCULARSTRING M(0 0 5,1 1 10,2 0 15)'::geometry);
5
SELECT ST_StartM('NURBSCURVE M(2, (0 0 100, 1 1 200, 2 0 300))'::geometry);
100
SELECT ST_StartM('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)'::geometry) IS NULL AS is_null;
t
SELECT ST_EndM('LINESTRING M(0 0 10,1 1 20,2 0 30)'::geometry);
30
SELECT ST_EndM('CIRCULARSTRING M(0 0 5,1 1 10,2 0 15)'::geometry);
15
SELECT ST_EndM('NURBSCURVE M(2, (0 0 100, 1 1 200, 2 0 300))'::geometry);
300
SELECT ST_EndM('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)'::geometry) IS NULL AS is_null;
t
SELECT ST_SetStartM('LINESTRING M(0 0 10,1 1 20,2 0 30)'::geometry, 100);
LINESTRING M (0 0 100,1 1 20,2 0 30)
010200004003000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005940000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000003440000000000000004000000000000000000000000000003E40
SELECT ST_SetStartM('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,2 0)'::geometry, 50);
LINESTRING M (0 0 50,1 1 0,2 0 0)
010200004003000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004940000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_SetStartM('CIRCULARSTRING M(0 0 5,1 1 10,2 0 15)'::geometry, 99);
CIRCULARSTRING M (0 0 99,1 1 10,2 0 15)
010800004003000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000C05840000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000002440000000000000004000000000000000000000000000002E40
SELECT ST_SetStartM('NURBSCURVE M(2, (0 0 100, 1 1 200, 2 0 300))'::geometry, 500);
NURBSCURVE M (DEGREE 2,CONTROLPOINTS M (NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT M (0 0 500),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT M (1 1 200),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT M (2 0 300),WEIGHT 1)),KNOTS (KNOT(0,3), KNOT(1,3)))
01E5070000020000000300000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000407F400001000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000069400001000000000000004000000000000000000000000000C072400006000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_SetEndM('LINESTRING M(0 0 10,1 1 20,2 0 30)'::geometry, 999);
LINESTRING M (0 0 10,1 1 20,2 0 999)
010200004003000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002440000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000003440000000000000004000000000000000000000000000388F40
SELECT ST_SetEndM('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,2 0)'::geometry, 75);
LINESTRING M (0 0 0,1 1 0,2 0 75)
010200004003000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000C05240
SELECT ST_SetEndM('CIRCULARSTRING M(0 0 5,1 1 10,2 0 15)'::geometry, 88);
CIRCULARSTRING M (0 0 5,1 1 10,2 0 88)
010800004003000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001440000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000002440000000000000004000000000000000000000000000005640
SELECT ST_SetEndM('NURBSCURVE M(2, (0 0 100, 1 1 200, 2 0 300))'::geometry, 999);
NURBSCURVE M (DEGREE 2,CONTROLPOINTS M (NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT M (0 0 100),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT M (1 1 200),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT M (2 0 999),WEIGHT 1)),KNOTS (KNOT(0,3), KNOT(1,3)))
01E50700000200000003000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000059400001000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000069400001000000000000004000000000000000000000000000388F400006000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_Summary('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)'::geometry) as geom,
ST_Summary('POLYGON((0 0,1 1,1 2,1 1,0 0))'::geography) geog;
geom             |          geog
-----------------------------+--------------------------
 LineString[B] with 2 points | Polygon[BGS] with 1 rings
                             | ring 0 has 5 points
                             :
(1 row)
SELECT ST_Summary('LINESTRING(0 0 1,1 1 1)'::geography) As geog_line,
ST_Summary('SRID=4326;POLYGON((0 0 1,1 1 2,1 2 3,1 1 1,0 0 1))'::geometry) As geom_poly;
geog_line             |        geom_poly
-------------------------------- +--------------------------
 LineString[ZBGS] with 2 points | Polygon[ZBS] with 1 rings
                                :    ring 0 has 5 points
                                :
(1 row)
SELECT ST_X('POINT(1 2 3 4)');
1
SELECT ST_Y(ST_Centroid('LINESTRING(1 2 3 4,1 1 1 1)'::geometry));
1.5
SELECT ST_Y('POINT(1 2 3 4)');
2
SELECT ST_Y(ST_Centroid('LINESTRING(1 2 3 4,1 1 1 1)'::geometry));
1.5
SELECT ST_Z('POINT(1 2 3 4)');
3
SELECT ST_ZMFlag('LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)');
0
SELECT ST_ZMFlag('LINESTRINGM(1 2 3, 3 4 3)');
1
SELECT ST_ZMFlag('CIRCULARSTRING(1 2 3,3 4 3,5 6 3)');
2
SELECT ST_ZMFlag('POINT(1 2 3 4)');
3
SELECT ST_HasZ('POINT(1 2 3)');
t
SELECT ST_HasZ('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)');
f
SELECT ST_HasM('POINTM(1 2 3)');
t
SELECT ST_HasM('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)');
f
SELECT ST_ControlPoints('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry);
MULTIPOINT((0 0),(5 10),(10 0))
010400000003000000010100000000000000000000000000000000000000010100000000000000000014400000000000002440010100000000000000000024400000000000000000
SELECT ST_NPoints(ST_ControlPoints('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry));
3
SELECT ST_Degree('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry);
2
SELECT ST_Degree('NURBSCURVE(3, (0 0, 2 5, 5 8, 10 0))'::geometry) = 3;
t
SELECT ST_Weights(ST_MakeNurbsCurve(2, 'LINESTRING(0 0,5 10,10 0)'::geometry, ARRAY[1.0, 2.0, 1.0]));
{1,2,1}
SELECT ST_Weights('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry);
null
SELECT ST_Knots(ST_MakeNurbsCurve(
        2,
        'LINESTRING(0 0,5 10,10 0)'::geometry,
        ARRAY[1.0, 2.0, 1.0],
        ARRAY[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1]));
{0,0,0,1,1,1}
SELECT ST_Knots('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry);
null
SELECT ST_NumControlPoints('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry);
3
SELECT ST_NumControlPoints(curve) 
>= ST_Degree(curve) + 1 AS valid
FROM (SELECT 'NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry AS curve) AS t;
t
SELECT ST_NurbsCurveIsRational(ST_MakeNurbsCurve(
        2,
        'LINESTRING(0 0,5 10,10 0)'::geometry,
        ARRAY[1.0, 2.0, 1.0]));
t
SELECT ST_NurbsCurveIsRational('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_IsNurbsCurve('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsNurbsCurve('LINESTRING(0 0,10 10)'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_Evaluate('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry, 0.5);
SELECT t, ST_Evaluate(curve, t) AS point
FROM (SELECT 'NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry AS curve) AS c,
         generate_series(0, 1, 0.25) AS t;
SELECT ST_NurbsToLineString('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry);
LINESTRING(0 0,0.3125 0.60546875,0.625 1.171875,0.9375 1.69921875,1.25 2.1875,1.5625 2.63671875,1.875 3.046875,2.1875 3.41796875,2.5 3.75,2.8125 4.04296875,3.125 4.296875,3.4375 4.51171875,3.75 4.6875,4.0625 4.82421875,4.375 4.921875,4.6875 4.98046875,5 5,5.3125 4.98046875,5.625 4.921875,5.9375 4.82421875,6.25 4.6875,6.5625 4.51171875,6.875 4.296875,7.1875 4.04296875,7.5 3.75,7.8125 3.41796875,8.125 3.046875,8.4375 2.63671875,8.75 2.1875,9.0625 1.69921875,9.375 1.171875,9.6875 0.60546875,10 0)
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
SELECT ST_NurbsToLineString('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry, 64);
LINESTRING(0 0,0.15625 0.3076171875,0.3125 0.60546875,0.46875 0.8935546875,0.625 1.171875,0.78125 1.4404296875,0.9375 1.69921875,1.09375 1.9482421875,1.25 2.1875,1.40625 2.4169921875,1.5625 2.63671875,1.71875 2.8466796875,1.875 3.046875,2.03125 3.2373046875,2.1875 3.41796875,2.34375 3.5888671875,2.5 3.75,2.65625 3.9013671875,2.8125 4.04296875,2.96875 4.1748046875,3.125 4.296875,3.28125 4.4091796875,3.4375 4.51171875,3.59375 4.6044921875,3.75 4.6875,3.90625 4.7607421875,4.0625 4.82421875,4.21875 4.8779296875,4.375 4.921875,4.53125 4.9560546875,4.6875 4.98046875,4.84375 4.9951171875,5 5,5.15625 4.9951171875,5.3125 4.98046875,5.46875 4.9560546875,5.625 4.921875,5.78125 4.8779296875,5.9375 4.82421875,6.09375 4.7607421875,6.25 4.6875,6.40625 4.6044921875,6.5625 4.51171875,6.71875 4.4091796875,6.875 4.296875,7.03125 4.1748046875,7.1875 4.04296875,7.34375 3.9013671875,7.5 3.75,7.65625 3.5888671875,7.8125 3.41796875,7.96875 3.2373046875,8.125 3.046875,8.28125 2.8466796875,8.4375 2.63671875,8.59375 2.4169921875,8.75 2.1875,8.90625 1.9482421875,9.0625 1.69921875,9.21875 1.4404296875,9.375 1.171875,9.53125 0.8935546875,9.6875 0.60546875,9.84375 0.3076171875,10 0)
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
SELECT ST_NurbsToLineString('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry, 16);
LINESTRING(0 0,0.625 1.171875,1.25 2.1875,1.875 3.046875,2.5 3.75,3.125 4.296875,3.75 4.6875,4.375 4.921875,5 5,5.625 4.921875,6.25 4.6875,6.875 4.296875,7.5 3.75,8.125 3.046875,8.75 2.1875,9.375 1.171875,10 0)
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
SELECT ST_AddPoint('LINESTRING(0 0 1,1 1 1)', ST_MakePoint(1, 2, 3));
LINESTRING(0 0 1,1 1 1,1 2 3)
01020000800300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000400000000000000840
UPDATE sometable
SET geom = ST_AddPoint(geom, ST_StartPoint(geom))
FROM sometable
WHERE ST_IsClosed(geom) = false;

SELECT ST_CollectionExtract('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION( POINT(0 0), LINESTRING(1 1,2 2) )');
MULTILINESTRING((1 1, 2 2))
010500000001000000010200000002000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000400000000000000040
SELECT ST_CollectionExtract('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0)))',
        1);
MULTIPOINT((0 0))
010400000001000000010100000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_CollectionExtract('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)), LINESTRING(2 2,3 3))',
        2);
MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 1 1), (2 2, 3 3))
01050000000200000001020000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0102000000020000000000000000000040000000000000004000000000000008400000000000000840
SELECT ST_CollectionHomogenize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0))');
POINT(0 0)
010100000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_CollectionHomogenize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(MULTIPOINT((0 0)))');
POINT(0 0)
010100000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_CollectionHomogenize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0), POINT(1 1))');
MULTIPOINT((0 0),(1 1))
0104000000020000000101000000000000000000000000000000000000000101000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_CollectionHomogenize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0), GEOMETRYCOLLECTION( LINESTRING(1 1,2 2)))');
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0), LINESTRING(1 1,2 2))
010700000002000000010100000000000000000000000000000000000000010200000002000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000400000000000000040
SELECT ST_CollectionHomogenize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((10 50,50 50,50 10,10 10,10 50)),POLYGON ((90 50,90 10,50 10,50 50,90 50)))');
MULTIPOLYGON(((10 50,50 50,50 10,10 10,10 50)),((90 50,90 10,50 10,50 50,90 50)))
010600000002000000010300000001000000050000000000000000002440000000000000494000000000000049400000000000004940000000000000494000000000000024400000000000002440000000000000244000000000000024400000000000004940010300000001000000050000000000000000805640000000000000494000000000008056400000000000002440000000000000494000000000000024400000000000004940000000000000494000000000008056400000000000004940
SELECT ST_CurveToLine('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)');
LINESTRING(220268 150415,220269.95064912 150416.539364228,220271.823415575 150418.17258804,220273.613787707 150419.895736857,
220275.317452352 150421.704659462,220276.930305234 150423.594998003,220278.448460847 150425.562198489,
220279.868261823 150427.60152176,220281.186287736 150429.708054909,220282.399363347 150431.876723113,
220283.50456625 150434.10230186,220284.499233914 150436.379429536,220285.380970099 150438.702620341,220286.147650624 150441.066277505,
220286.797428488 150443.464706771,220287.328738321 150445.892130112,220287.740300149 150448.342699654,
220288.031122486 150450.810511759,220288.200504713 150453.289621251,220288.248038775 150455.77405574,
220288.173610157 150458.257830005,220287.977398166 150460.734960415,220287.659875492 150463.199479347,
220287.221807076 150465.64544956,220286.664248262 150468.066978495,220285.988542259 150470.458232479,220285.196316903 150472.81345077,
220284.289480732 150475.126959442,220283.270218395 150477.39318505,220282.140985384 150479.606668057,
220280.90450212 150481.762075989,220279.5637474 150483.85421628,220278.12195122 150485.87804878,
220276.582586992 150487.828697901,220274.949363179 150489.701464356,220273.226214362 150491.491836488,
220271.417291757 150493.195501133,220269.526953216 150494.808354014,220267.559752731 150496.326509628,
220265.520429459 150497.746310603,220263.41389631 150499.064336517,220261.245228106 150500.277412127,
220259.019649359 150501.38261503,220256.742521683 150502.377282695,220254.419330878 150503.259018879,
220252.055673714 150504.025699404,220249.657244448 150504.675477269,220247.229821107 150505.206787101,
220244.779251566 150505.61834893,220242.311439461 150505.909171266,220239.832329968 150506.078553494,
220237.347895479 150506.126087555,220234.864121215 150506.051658938,220232.386990804 150505.855446946,
220229.922471872 150505.537924272,220227.47650166 150505.099855856,220225.054972724 150504.542297043,
220222.663718741 150503.86659104,220220.308500449 150503.074365683,
220217.994991777 150502.167529512,220215.72876617 150501.148267175,
220213.515283163 150500.019034164,220211.35987523 150498.7825509,
220209.267734939 150497.441796181,220207.243902439 150496,
220205.293253319 150494.460635772,220203.420486864 150492.82741196,220201.630114732 150491.104263143,
220199.926450087 150489.295340538,220198.313597205 150487.405001997,220196.795441592 150485.437801511,
220195.375640616 150483.39847824,220194.057614703 150481.291945091,220192.844539092 150479.123276887,220191.739336189 150476.89769814,
220190.744668525 150474.620570464,220189.86293234 150472.297379659,220189.096251815 150469.933722495,
220188.446473951 150467.535293229,220187.915164118 150465.107869888,220187.50360229 150462.657300346,
220187.212779953 150460.189488241,220187.043397726 150457.710378749,220186.995863664 150455.22594426,
220187.070292282 150452.742169995,220187.266504273 150450.265039585,220187.584026947 150447.800520653,
220188.022095363 150445.35455044,220188.579654177 150442.933021505,220189.25536018 150440.541767521,
220190.047585536 150438.18654923,220190.954421707 150435.873040558,220191.973684044 150433.60681495,
220193.102917055 150431.393331943,220194.339400319 150429.237924011,220195.680155039 150427.14578372,220197.12195122 150425.12195122,
220198.661315447 150423.171302099,220200.29453926 150421.298535644,220202.017688077 150419.508163512,220203.826610682 150417.804498867,
220205.716949223 150416.191645986,220207.684149708 150414.673490372,220209.72347298 150413.253689397,220211.830006129 150411.935663483,
220213.998674333 150410.722587873,220216.22425308 150409.61738497,220218.501380756 150408.622717305,220220.824571561 150407.740981121,
220223.188228725 150406.974300596,220225.586657991 150406.324522731,220227 150406)
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
SELECT ST_CurveToLine('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)');
LINESTRING(220268 150415 1,220269.95064912 150416.539364228 1.0181172856673,
220271.823415575 150418.17258804 1.03623457133459,220273.613787707 150419.895736857 1.05435185700189,....AD INFINITUM ....
   220225.586657991 150406.324522731 1.32611114201132,220227 150406 3)
SELECT ST_CurveToLine('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)', 2);
LINESTRING(220268 150415,220287.740300149 150448.342699654,220278.12195122 150485.87804878,
220244.779251566 150505.61834893,220207.243902439 150496,220187.50360229 150462.657300346,
220197.12195122 150425.12195122,220227 150406)
0102000000080000000000000060E30A4100000000785C0241197C22ECFDE30A41ED50D9BD825D02419C8FC1F9B0E30A4164703E06AF5E0241AF3EE83BA6E20A417DEC60F24C5F0241381F83F379E10A4100000000005F02411FA36007DCE00A4113AF2642F55D02419C8FC1F928E10A419C8FC1F9C85C02410000000018E20A4100000000305C0241
SELECT ST_CurveToLine(
    'CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,100 -100,200 0)'::geometry,
    20,
    1,
    1
  );
LINESTRING(0 0,49.99999999999996 -86.60254037844383,149.99999999999994 -86.6025403784439,200 0)
01020000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000FAFFFFFFFFFF4840E3FB840590A655C0FEFFFFFFFFBF6240E8FB840590A655C000000000000069400000000000000000
SELECT ST_Scroll('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(0 0 0 1,10 0 2 0,5 5 4 2,0 0 0 1)', 'POINT(5 5 4 2)');
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(5 5 4 2,0 0 0 1,10 0 2 0,5 5 4 2)
01020000E0E6100000040000000000000000001440000000000000144000000000000010400000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000024400000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000001440000000000000144000000000000010400000000000000040
SELECT ST_FlipCoordinates(GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2)'));
POINT(2 1)
01010000000000000000000040000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_Force2D('CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2,2 3 2,4 5 2,6 7 2,5 6 2)');
CIRCULARSTRING(1 1,2 3,4 5,6 7,5 6)
010800000005000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000004000000000000008400000000000001040000000000000144000000000000018400000000000001C4000000000000014400000000000001840
SELECT ST_Force2D('POLYGON((0 0 2,0 5 2,5 0 2,0 0 2),(1 1 2,3 1 2,1 3 2,1 1 2))');
POLYGON((0 0,0 5,5 0,0 0),(1 1,3 1,1 3,1 1))
010300000002000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001440000000000000144000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000840000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000840000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_Force3D('CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2,2 3 2,4 5 2,6 7 2,5 6 2)');
CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2,2 3 2,4 5 2,6 7 2,5 6 2)
010800008005000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000004000000000000000400000000000000840000000000000004000000000000010400000000000001440000000000000004000000000000018400000000000001C400000000000000040000000000000144000000000000018400000000000000040
SELECT ST_Force3D('POLYGON((0 0,0 5,5 0,0 0),(1 1,3 1,1 3,1 1))');
POLYGON((0 0 0,0 5 0,5 0 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,3 1 0,1 3 0,1 1 0))
0103000080020000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001440000000000000000000000000000014400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000840000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000008400000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000
SELECT ST_Force3DZ('CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2,2 3 2,4 5 2,6 7 2,5 6 2)');
CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2,2 3 2,4 5 2,6 7 2,5 6 2)
010800008005000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000004000000000000000400000000000000840000000000000004000000000000010400000000000001440000000000000004000000000000018400000000000001C400000000000000040000000000000144000000000000018400000000000000040
SELECT ST_Force3DZ('POLYGON((0 0,0 5,5 0,0 0),(1 1,3 1,1 3,1 1))');
POLYGON((0 0 0,0 5 0,5 0 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,3 1 0,1 3 0,1 1 0))
0103000080020000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001440000000000000000000000000000014400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000840000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000008400000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000
SELECT ST_Force3DM('CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2,2 3 2,4 5 2,6 7 2,5 6 2)');
CIRCULARSTRINGM(1 1 0,2 3 0,4 5 0,6 7 0,5 6 0)
010800004005000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000840000000000000000000000000000010400000000000001440000000000000000000000000000018400000000000001C400000000000000000000000000000144000000000000018400000000000000000
SELECT ST_Force3DM('POLYGON((0 0 1,0 5 1,5 0 1,0 0 1),(1 1 1,3 1 1,1 3 1,1 1 1))');
POLYGONM((0 0 0,0 5 0,5 0 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,3 1 0,1 3 0,1 1 0))
0103000040020000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001440000000000000000000000000000014400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000840000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000008400000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000
SELECT ST_Force4D('CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2,2 3 2,4 5 2,6 7 2,5 6 2)');
CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2 0,2 3 2 0,4 5 2 0,6 7 2 0,5 6 2 0)
01080000C005000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000084000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000104000000000000014400000000000000040000000000000000000000000000018400000000000001C40000000000000004000000000000000000000000000001440000000000000184000000000000000400000000000000000
SELECT ST_Force4D('MULTILINESTRINGM((0 0 1,0 5 2,5 0 3,0 0 4),(1 1 1,3 1 1,1 3 1,1 1 1))');
MULTILINESTRING((0 0 0 1,0 5 0 2,5 0 0 3,0 0 0 4),(1 1 0 1,3 1 0 1,1 3 0 1,1 1 0 1))
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
SELECT ST_ForceCollection('POLYGON((0 0 1,0 5 1,5 0 1,0 0 1),(1 1 1,3 1 1,1 3 1,1 1 1))');
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((0 0 1,0 5 1,5 0 1,0 0 1),(1 1 1,3 1 1,1 3 1,1 1 1)))
0107000080010000000103000080020000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000001440000000000000F03F00000000000014400000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F04000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000840000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000840000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_ForceCollection('CIRCULARSTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,220227 150406)');
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(CIRCULARSTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,220227 150406))
0107000000010000000108000000030000000000000018E20A4100000000305C02410000008061F0404100000000385C02410000000018E20A4100000000305C0241
SELECT ST_ForceCollection('POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
 ((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
 ((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
 ((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
 ((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
 ((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)))');
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
  POLYGON((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
  POLYGON((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
  POLYGON((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
  POLYGON((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
  POLYGON((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
  POLYGON((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1))
)

0107000080060000000103000080010000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010300008001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001030000800100000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001030000800100000005000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000010300008001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000103000080010000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_ForceCurve('POLYGON((0 0 2,5 0 2,0 5 2,0 0 2),(1 1 2,1 3 2,3 1 2,1 1 2))'::geometry
  );
CURVEPOLYGON Z ((0 0 2,5 0 2,0 5 2,0 0 2),(1 1 2,1 3 2,3 1 2,1 1 2))
010A00008002000000010200008004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000144000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000014400000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040010200008004000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000040000000000000F03F000000000000084000000000000000400000000000000840000000000000F03F0000000000000040000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000040
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0,0 4,4 4,4 0,0 0),
                  (1 1,3 1,3 3,1 3,1 1))'::geometry AS geom
)
SELECT geom AS input_polygon,
       ST_ForcePolygonCCW(geom) AS ccw_polygon
FROM data;
POLYGON((0 0,0 4,4 4,4 0,0 0),(1 1,3 1,3 3,1 3,1 1)) | POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0),(1 1,1 3,3 3,3 1,1 1))
01030000000200000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000104000000000000010400000000000001040000000000000104000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000840000000000000F03F00000000000008400000000000000840000000000000F03F0000000000000840000000000000F03F000000000000F03F | 01030000000200000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001040000000000000000000000000000010400000000000001040000000000000000000000000000010400000000000000000000000000000000005000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000840000000000000084000000000000008400000000000000840000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0),
                  (1 1,1 3,3 3,3 1,1 1))'::geometry AS geom
)
SELECT geom AS input_polygon,
       ST_ForcePolygonCW(geom) AS cw_polygon
FROM data;
POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0),(1 1,1 3,3 3,3 1,1 1)) | POLYGON((0 0,0 4,4 4,4 0,0 0),(1 1,3 1,3 3,1 3,1 1))
01030000000200000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001040000000000000000000000000000010400000000000001040000000000000000000000000000010400000000000000000000000000000000005000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000840000000000000084000000000000008400000000000000840000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F | 01030000000200000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000104000000000000010400000000000001040000000000000104000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000840000000000000F03F00000000000008400000000000000840000000000000F03F0000000000000840000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
WITH inputs(geom) AS (VALUES
    ('CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 0)'::geometry),
    ('TRIANGLE((0 0, 0 2, 2 0, 0 0))'::geometry),
    ('TIN(((0 0, 0 2, 2 0, 0 0)))'::geometry),
    ('POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((0 0, 0 2, 2 0, 0 0)))'::geometry)
)
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geom) || ' →' AS input,
       ST_GeometryType(ST_ForceSFS(geom)) AS "SFS 1.1 (default)",
       ST_GeometryType(ST_ForceSFS(geom, '1.2')) AS "SFS 1.2"
FROM inputs;
input          |   SFS 1.1 (default)   |       SFS 1.2
------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------
 ST_CircularString →    | ST_LineString         | ST_LineString
 ST_Triangle →          | ST_Polygon            | ST_Triangle
 ST_Tin →               | ST_GeometryCollection | ST_Tin
 ST_PolyhedralSurface → | ST_GeometryCollection | ST_PolyhedralSurface
(4 rows)
SELECT ST_ForceRHR('POLYGON((0 0 2,5 0 2,0 5 2,0 0 2),(1 1 2,1 3 2,3 1 2,1 1 2))'
  );
POLYGON((0 0 2,0 5 2,5 0 2,0 0 2),(1 1 2,3 1 2,1 3 2,1 1 2))
0103000080020000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000001440000000000000004000000000000014400000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004004000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000400000000000000840000000000000F03F0000000000000040000000000000F03F00000000000008400000000000000040000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000040
SELECT ST_LineExtend('LINESTRING(0 0,0 10)'::geometry, 5, 6);
LINESTRING(0 -6,0 0,0 10,0 15)
010200000004000000000000000000000000000000000018C0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000244000000000000000000000000000002E40
WITH data AS (
    SELECT ST_Buffer('POINT(1 3)'::geometry, 3) AS geom
)
SELECT geom AS "input_Linear polygon",
       ST_LineToCurve(geom) AS "Curved polygon"
FROM data;
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------
input_Linear polygon | POLYGON((4 3,3.942 2.415,3.772 1.852,3.494 1.333,3.121 0.879,2.667 0.506,2.148 0.228,1.585 0.058,1 0,0.415 0.058,-0.148 0.228,-0.667 0.506,-1.121 0.879,-1.494 1.333,-1.772 1.852,-1.942 2.415,-2 3,-1.942 3.585,-1.772 4.148,-1.494 4.667,-1.121 5.121,-0.667 5.494,-0.148 5.772,0.415 5.942,1 6,1.585 5.942,2.148 5.772,2.667 5.494,3.121 5.121,3.494 4.667,3.772 4.148,3.942 3.585,4 3))
Curved polygon       | CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(4 3,-2 3,4 3))
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| 010A000000010000000108000000030000000000000000001040000000000000084000000000000000C0FFFFFFFFFFFF074000000000000010400000000000000840
WITH data AS (
    SELECT ST_Translate(
        ST_Force3D(ST_Boundary(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1, 3), 2, 2))),
        0, 0, 3
    ) AS geom
)
SELECT geom AS "input_Linear ring at Z=3",
       ST_LineToCurve(geom) AS "Circular string at Z=3"
FROM data;
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------
input_Linear ring at Z=3 | LINESTRING Z (3 3 3,2.414 1.586 3,1 1 3,-0.414 1.586 3,-1 3 3,-0.414 4.414 3,1 5 3,2.414 4.414 3,3 3 3)
Circular string at Z=3   | CIRCULARSTRING Z (3 3 3,-1 3 3,3 3 3)
010200008009000000000000000000084000000000000008400000000000000840E69D3F334F50034034C48099615FF93F0000000000000840010000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000084030EFFC997982DABF33C48099615FF93F0000000000000840000000000000F0BFFFFFFFFFFFFF0740000000000000084038EFFC997982DABFF3CE9F9927A811400000000000000840FDFFFFFFFFFFEF3F00000000000014400000000000000840E69D3F334F500340F4CE9F9927A811400000000000000840000000000000084000000000000008400000000000000840 | 010800008003000000000000000000084000000000000008400000000000000840000000000000F0BFFFFFFFFFFFFF07400000000000000840000000000000084000000000000008400000000000000840
SELECT ST_Multi('POLYGON ((10 30,30 30,30 10,10 10,10 30))');
MULTIPOLYGON(((10 30,30 30,30 10,10 10,10 30)))
0106000000010000000103000000010000000500000000000000000024400000000000003E400000000000003E400000000000003E400000000000003E4000000000000024400000000000002440000000000000244000000000000024400000000000003E40
SELECT ST_Normalize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
    POINT(2 3),
    MULTILINESTRING((0 0,1 1),(2 2,3 3)),
    POLYGON(
      (0 10,0 0,10 0,10 10,0 10),
      (4 2,2 2,2 4,4 4,4 2),
      (6 8,8 8,8 6,6 6,6 8)
    )
  )');
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((0 0,0 10,10 10,10 0,0 0),(6 6,8 6,8 8,6 8,6 6),(2 2,4 2,4 4,2 4,2 2)), MULTILINESTRING((2 2,3 3),(0 0,1 1)), POINT(2 3))
010700000003000000010300000003000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002440000000000000244000000000000024400000000000002440000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000050000000000000000001840000000000000184000000000000020400000000000001840000000000000204000000000000020400000000000001840000000000000204000000000000018400000000000001840050000000000000000000040000000000000004000000000000010400000000000000040000000000000104000000000000010400000000000000040000000000000104000000000000000400000000000000040010500000002000000010200000002000000000000000000004000000000000000400000000000000840000000000000084001020000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F010100000000000000000000400000000000000840
SELECT ST_Project('POINT(0 0)'::geography, 100000, radians(45.0));
POINT(0.635231029125537 0.639472334729198)
0101000020E610000095F4EF05D053E43F387A8BAF8E76E43F
SELECT ST_QuantizeCoordinates('POINT (100.123456 0)'::geometry, 4);
POINT(100.12344360351562 0)
010100000000000080E60759400000000000000000
WITH test AS (SELECT 'POINT (123.456789123456 123.456789123456)'::geometry AS geom)
SELECT
  digits,
  encode(ST_QuantizeCoordinates(geom, digits), 'hex'),
  ST_QuantizeCoordinates(geom, digits)
FROM test, generate_series(15, -15, -1) AS digits;
digits |                   encode                   |                  st_astext
--------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------
     15 | 01010000005f9a72083cdd5e405f9a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456789123456 123.456789123456)
     14 | 01010000005f9a72083cdd5e405f9a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456789123456 123.456789123456)
     13 | 01010000005e9a72083cdd5e405e9a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.45678912345599 123.45678912345599)
     12 | 0101000000409a72083cdd5e40409a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.45678912345556 123.45678912345556)
     11 | 0101000000009a72083cdd5e40009a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.45678912345466 123.45678912345466)
     10 | 0101000000009872083cdd5e40009872083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.45678912344738 123.45678912344738)
      9 | 0101000000008072083cdd5e40008072083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.45678912336007 123.45678912336007)
      8 | 0101000000000070083cdd5e40000070083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.45678912103176 123.45678912103176)
      7 | 0101000000000060083cdd5e40000060083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.4567891061306 123.4567891061306)
      6 | 0101000000000000083cdd5e40000000083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.45678901672363 123.45678901672363)
      5 | 0101000000000000003cdd5e40000000003cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456787109375 123.456787109375)
      4 | 0101000000000000003cdd5e40000000003cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456787109375 123.456787109375)
      3 | 01010000000000000038dd5e400000000038dd5e40 | POINT(123.45654296875 123.45654296875)
      2 | 01010000000000000000dd5e400000000000dd5e40 | POINT(123.453125 123.453125)
      1 | 01010000000000000000dc5e400000000000dc5e40 | POINT(123.4375 123.4375)
      0 | 01010000000000000000c05e400000000000c05e40 | POINT(123 123)
     -1 | 01010000000000000000005e400000000000005e40 | POINT(120 120)
     -2 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
     -3 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
     -4 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
     -5 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
     -6 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
     -7 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
     -8 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
     -9 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
    -10 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
    -11 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
    -12 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
    -13 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
    -14 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
    -15 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
(31 rows)
UPDATE sometable
    SET geom = ST_RemovePoint(geom, ST_NPoints(geom) - 1)
    FROM sometable
    WHERE ST_IsClosed(geom);

SELECT ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints('MULTIPOINT ((1 1),(2 2),(3 3),(2 2))');
MULTIPOINT((1 1),(2 2),(3 3))
0104000000030000000101000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F010100000000000000000000400000000000000040010100000000000000000008400000000000000840
SELECT ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints('LINESTRING (0 0,0 0,1 1,0 0,1 1,2 2)');
LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,0 0,1 1,2 2)
01020000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000400000000000000040
SELECT ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (LINESTRING (1 1,2 2,2 2,3 3),POINT (4 4),POINT (4 4),POINT (5 5))');
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(1 1,2 2,3 3), POINT(4 4), POINT(4 4), POINT(5 5))
010700000004000000010200000003000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000040000000000000004000000000000008400000000000000840010100000000000000000010400000000000001040010100000000000000000010400000000000001040010100000000000000000014400000000000001440
SELECT ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints('LINESTRING (0 0,0 0,1 1,5 5,1 1,2 2)', 2);
LINESTRING(0 0,5 5,2 2)
010200000003000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001440000000000000144000000000000000400000000000000040
WITH data(geom, view) AS (VALUES (
  'POLYGON((3.2 14.2,6.8 14.2,7.6 11.9,7.2 9.8,7.8 7.2,10.3 7.2,11.5 7.5,13.8 7.2,14.6 5.9,14.2 4.8,14.8 3.2,14.6 0.9,13.2 -1.2,12.8 -3.8,12 -4.1,11 -4,9.8 -4.2,8.8 -4.8,8.3 -2.5,6.5 0.2,5.8 2.2,5.3 0.2,3.5 -1.5,2.8 -3.8,1.6 -4.5,-0.3 -5.2,-2.2 -5.8,-0.9 -4.8,-1.5 -4.4,-1.8 -2.8,-1.2 -1.8,0.5 -1.8,1.8 -1.8,2.3 -0.1,1.5 1.8,1.8 3.2,0 3.5,-3.2 4.2,-5.2 4.2,-4.4 4.9,-4.9 5.5,-4.3 5.9,-3.8 6.4,-3 6.9,-3.2 7.8,-2.2 8.2,-1.7 8.9,-2.7 9.4,-2.2 9.9,-1.4 10.9,-1.8 11.8,-1.2 12.2,-2.3 12.8,-2.9 13.2,0.6 13.5,3.2 14.2))'::geometry,
  ST_MakeEnvelope(0.1, 0, 10, 10)
))
SELECT geom AS input_geom,
       view AS input_view,
       ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView(geom, view, true) AS result,
       view AS view
FROM data;
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------
input_geom | POLYGON((3.2 14.2,6.8 14.2,7.6 11.9,7.2 9.8,7.8 7.2,10.3 7.2,11.5 7.5,13.8 7.2,14.6 5.9,14.2 4.8,14.8 3.2,14.6 0.9,13.2 -1.2,12.8 -3.8,12 -4.1,11 -4,9.8 -4.2,8.8 -4.8,8.3 -2.5,6.5 0.2,5.8 2.2,5.3 0.2,3.5 -1.5,2.8 -3.8,1.6 -4.5,-0.3 -5.2,-2.2 -5.8,-0.9 -4.8,-1.5 -4.4,-1.8 -2.8,-1.2 -1.8,0.5 -1.8,1.8 -1.8,2.3 -0.1,1.5 1.8,1.8 3.2,0 3.5,-3.2 4.2,-5.2 4.2,-4.4 4.9,-4.9 5.5,-4.3 5.9,-3.8 6.4,-3 6.9,-3.2 7.8,-2.2 8.2,-1.7 8.9,-2.7 9.4,-2.2 9.9,-1.4 10.9,-1.8 11.8,-1.2 12.2,-2.3 12.8,-2.9 13.2,0.6 13.5,3.2 14.2))
input_view | POLYGON((0.1 0,0.1 10,10 10,10 0,0.1 0))
result     | POLYGON((7.6 11.9,7.2 9.8,7.8 7.2,10.3 7.2,11 -4,8.3 -2.5,6.5 0.2,5.8 2.2,5.3 0.2,3.5 -1.5,2.3 -0.1,1.5 1.8,1.8 3.2,0 3.5,-2.9 13.2,7.6 11.9))
view       | POLYGON((0.1 0,0.1 10,10 10,10 0,0.1 0))
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 | 010300000001000000050000009A9999999999B93F00000000000000009A9999999999B93F000000000000244000000000000024400000000000002440000000000000244000000000000000009A9999999999B93F0000000000000000 |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| 010300000001000000050000009A9999999999B93F00000000000000009A9999999999B93F000000000000244000000000000024400000000000002440000000000000244000000000000000009A9999999999B93F0000000000000000
WITH data(geom, view) AS (VALUES (
  'MULTILINESTRING((0 0,10 0,20 0,30 0),(0 15,5 15,10 15,15 15,20 15,25 15,30 15,40 15),(13 13,15 15,17 17))'::geometry,
  ST_MakeEnvelope(12, 12, 18, 18)
))
SELECT geom AS input_geom,
       view AS input_view,
       ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView(geom, view, true) AS result,
       view AS view
FROM data;
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------
input_geom | MULTILINESTRING((0 0,10 0,20 0,30 0),(0 15,5 15,10 15,15 15,20 15,25 15,30 15,40 15),(13 13,15 15,17 17))
input_view | POLYGON((12 12,12 18,18 18,18 12,12 12))
result     | MULTILINESTRING((10 15,15 15,20 15),(13 13,15 15,17 17))
view       | POLYGON((12 12,12 18,18 18,18 12,12 12))
0105000000030000000102000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000024400000000000000000000000000000344000000000000000000000000000003E40000000000000000001020000000800000000000000000000000000000000002E4000000000000014400000000000002E4000000000000024400000000000002E400000000000002E400000000000002E4000000000000034400000000000002E4000000000000039400000000000002E400000000000003E400000000000002E4000000000000044400000000000002E400102000000030000000000000000002A400000000000002A400000000000002E400000000000002E4000000000000031400000000000003140 | 010300000001000000050000000000000000002840000000000000284000000000000028400000000000003240000000000000324000000000000032400000000000003240000000000000284000000000000028400000000000002840 | 01050000000200000001020000000300000000000000000024400000000000002E400000000000002E400000000000002E4000000000000034400000000000002E400102000000030000000000000000002A400000000000002A400000000000002E400000000000002E4000000000000031400000000000003140 | 010300000001000000050000000000000000002840000000000000284000000000000028400000000000003240000000000000324000000000000032400000000000003240000000000000284000000000000028400000000000002840
SELECT ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView('LINESTRING(0 0,10 0,20 0,30 0)',
ST_MakeEnvelope(12, 12, 18, 18), true);
LINESTRING EMPTY
WITH data(geom, view) AS (VALUES (
  'POLYGON((0 10,0 0,10 -10,30 0,25 20,10 -5,0 10))'::geometry,
  ST_MakeEnvelope(-5, 1, 20, 12)
))
SELECT geom AS input_geom,
       view AS input_view,
       ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView(geom, view, true) AS result,
       view AS view
FROM data;
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------
input_geom | POLYGON((0 10,0 0,10 -10,30 0,25 20,10 -5,0 10))
input_view | POLYGON((-5 1,-5 12,20 12,20 1,-5 1))
result     | POLYGON((0 10,0 0,30 0,25 20,10 -5,0 10))
view       | POLYGON((-5 1,-5 12,20 12,20 1,-5 1))
010300000001000000070000000000000000000000000000000000244000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000244000000000000024C00000000000003E40000000000000000000000000000039400000000000003440000000000000244000000000000014C000000000000000000000000000002440 | 0103000000010000000500000000000000000014C0000000000000F03F00000000000014C00000000000002840000000000000344000000000000028400000000000003440000000000000F03F00000000000014C0000000000000F03F | 0103000000010000000600000000000000000000000000000000002440000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003E40000000000000000000000000000039400000000000003440000000000000244000000000000014C000000000000000000000000000002440 | 0103000000010000000500000000000000000014C0000000000000F03F00000000000014C00000000000002840000000000000344000000000000028400000000000003440000000000000F03F00000000000014C0000000000000F03F
WITH data(geom, view) AS (VALUES (
  'POLYGON((0 30,15 30,30 30,30 0,0 0,0 30))'::geometry,
  ST_MakeEnvelope(12, 12, 18, 18)
))
SELECT geom AS input_geom,
       view AS input_view,
       ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView(geom, view) AS result,
       view AS view
FROM data;
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------
input_geom | POLYGON((0 30,15 30,30 30,30 0,0 0,0 30))
input_view | POLYGON((12 12,12 18,18 18,18 12,12 12))
result     | POLYGON((0 30,30 30,30 0,0 0,0 30))
view       | POLYGON((12 12,12 18,18 18,18 12,12 12))
0103000000010000000600000000000000000000000000000000003E400000000000002E400000000000003E400000000000003E400000000000003E400000000000003E4000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003E40 | 010300000001000000050000000000000000002840000000000000284000000000000028400000000000003240000000000000324000000000000032400000000000003240000000000000284000000000000028400000000000002840 | 0103000000010000000500000000000000000000000000000000003E400000000000003E400000000000003E400000000000003E4000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003E40 | 010300000001000000050000000000000000002840000000000000284000000000000028400000000000003240000000000000324000000000000032400000000000003240000000000000284000000000000028400000000000002840
SELECT ST_RemoveSmallParts('MULTIPOLYGON(
    ((60 160,120 160,120 220,60 220,60 160),(70 170,70 210,110 210,110 170,70 170)),
    ((85 75,155 75,155 145,85 145,85 75)),
    ((50 110,70 110,70 130,50 130,50 110)))',
    50, 50);
MULTIPOLYGON(((60 160,120 160,120 220,60 220,60 160)),((85 75,155 75,155 145,85 145,85 75)))
010600000002000000010300000001000000050000000000000000004E4000000000000064400000000000005E4000000000000064400000000000005E400000000000806B400000000000004E400000000000806B400000000000004E4000000000000064400103000000010000000500000000000000004055400000000000C0524000000000006063400000000000C05240000000000060634000000000002062400000000000405540000000000020624000000000004055400000000000C05240
SELECT ST_RemoveSmallParts('LINESTRING(10 10,20 20)',
    50, 50);
LINESTRING EMPTY
WITH data(geom) AS (VALUES (
  ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(1, 2), ST_Point(1, 10))
))
SELECT geom AS input_line,
       ST_Reverse(geom) AS reversed_line
FROM data;
input_line      |    reversed_line
----------------------+----------------------
 LINESTRING(1 2,1 10) | LINESTRING(1 10,1 2)
(1 row)
010200000002000000000000000000F03F0000000000000040000000000000F03F0000000000002440 | 010200000002000000000000000000F03F0000000000002440000000000000F03F0000000000000040
SELECT ST_Segmentize('MULTILINESTRING((0 0,0 1,0 9),(1 10,1 18))'::geometry,
5);
MULTILINESTRING((0 0,0 1,0 5,0 9),(1 10,1 14,1 18))
010500000002000000010200000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000144000000000000000000000000000002240010200000003000000000000000000F03F0000000000002440000000000000F03F0000000000002C40000000000000F03F0000000000003240
SELECT ST_Segmentize('POLYGON((0 0,0 8,30 0,0 0))'::geometry,
        10);
POLYGON((0 0,0 8,7.5 6,15 4,22.5 2,30 0,20 0,10 0,0 0))
0103000000010000000900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020400000000000001E4000000000000018400000000000002E400000000000001040000000000080364000000000000000400000000000003E400000000000000000000000000000344000000000000000000000000000002440000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_Segmentize(('LINESTRING (0 0,60 60)'::geography), 2000000);
LINESTRING(0 0,4.252632294621186 8.43596525986862,8.69579947419404 16.824093489701564,13.550465473227048 25.107950473646188,19.1066053508691 33.21091076089908,25.779290201459894 41.01711439406505,34.188839517966954 48.337222885886,45.238153936612264 54.84733442373889,60 60)
0102000020E61000000900000000000000000000000000000000000000E83E4D0AB2021140DEA7AAD636DF20408C7924D43F6421405F1D7BCAF7D23040B72C4A9CD6192B40E9E569A4A21B3940B78FFF7C4A1B3340D037B21FFF9A40400E5D09907FC739406E66F1CD3082444024EEB0E42B184140EB2B991E2A2B4840E89404D47B9E4640E55D5374756C4B400000000000004E400000000000004E40
SELECT ST_SetPoint('LINESTRING(-1 2,-1 3)', 0, 'POINT(-1 1)');
LINESTRING(-1 1,-1 3)
010200000002000000000000000000F0BF000000000000F03F000000000000F0BF0000000000000840
SELECT ST_SetPoint(foo.geom, ST_NumPoints(foo.geom) - 1, 'POINT(-1 1 3)')
FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(-1 2 3,-1 3 4,5 6 7)'::geometry As geom) As foo;
LINESTRING(-1 2 3,-1 3 4,-1 1 3)
010200008003000000000000000000F0BF00000000000000400000000000000840000000000000F0BF00000000000008400000000000001040000000000000F0BF000000000000F03F0000000000000840
SELECT ST_SetPoint(g, -3, p)
FROM ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,2 2,3 3,4 4)') AS g
    CROSS JOIN ST_PointN(g, 1) as p;
LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,0 0,3 3,4 4)
01020000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000840000000000000084000000000000010400000000000001040
SELECT ST_ShiftLongitude('SRID=4326;POINT(270 0)'::geometry)
POINT(-90 0)
0101000020E610000000000000008056C00000000000000000
SELECT ST_ShiftLongitude('SRID=4326;POINT(-90 0)'::geometry)
POINT(270 0)
0101000020E61000000000000000E070400000000000000000
SELECT ST_ShiftLongitude('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(174 12,182 13)'::geometry)
LINESTRING(174 12,-178 13)
0102000020E6100000020000000000000000C06540000000000000284000000000004066C00000000000002A40
SELECT ST_WrapX(geom, 0, 360);
SELECT ST_WrapX(geom, -30, 360);
UPDATE mytable
   SET geom = ST_SnapToGrid(geom, 0.001);
SELECT ST_SnapToGrid('LINESTRING(1.1115678 2.123,4.111111 3.2374897,4.11112 3.23748667)'::geometry,
        0.001);
LINESTRING(1.112 2.123,4.111 3.237)
010200000002000000986E1283C0CAF13F96438B6CE7FB00408B6CE7FBA97110404C37894160E50940
SELECT ST_SnapToGrid('LINESTRING(-1.1115678 2.123 2.3456 1.11111,
        4.111111 3.2374897 3.1234 1.1111,-1.11111112 2.123 2.3456 1.1111112)'::geometry,
        'POINT(1.12 2.22 3.2 4.4444)',
        0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.01);
LINESTRING(-1.08 2.12 2.3 1.1144,4.12 3.22 3.1 1.1144,-1.08 2.12 2.3 1.1144)
01020000C00300000048E17A14AE47F1BFF6285C8FC2F50040676666666666024030992A1895D4F13F7B14AE47E17A1040C3F5285C8FC20940CDCCCCCCCCCC084030992A1895D4F13F48E17A14AE47F1BFF6285C8FC2F50040676666666666024030992A1895D4F13F
SELECT ST_SnapToGrid('LINESTRING(-1.1115678 2.123 3 2.3456,
        4.111111 3.2374897 3.1234 1.1111)'::geometry,
       0.01);
LINESTRING(-1.11 2.12 3 2.3456,4.11 3.24 3.1234 1.1111)
01020000C002000000C3F5285C8FC2F1BFF6285C8FC2F50040000000000000084016FBCBEEC9C30240713D0AD7A3701040EC51B81E85EB0940789CA223B9FC08409E5E29CB10C7F13F
SELECT ST_Snap(poly, line, ST_Distance(poly, line)*1.01) AS polysnapped
FROM (SELECT
   ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(
     ((26 125,26 200,126 200,126 125,26 125 ),
      ( 51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150 )),
      (( 151 100,151 200,176 175,151 100 )))') As poly,
       ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (5 107,54 84,101 100)') As line
    ) As foo;
MULTIPOLYGON(((26 125,26 200,126 200,126 125,101 100,26 125),
(51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150)),((151 100,151 200,176 175,151 100)))

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
SELECT ST_Snap(poly, line, ST_Distance(poly, line)*1.25) AS polysnapped
FROM (SELECT
  ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(
    (( 26 125,26 200,126 200,126 125,26 125 ),
      ( 51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150 )),
      (( 151 100,151 200,176 175,151 100 )))') As poly,
       ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (5 107,54 84,101 100)') As line
    ) As foo;
MULTIPOLYGON(((5 107,26 200,126 200,126 125,101 100,54 84,5 107),
(51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150)),((151 100,151 200,176 175,151 100)))

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
SELECT ST_Snap(line, poly, ST_Distance(poly, line)*1.01) AS linesnapped
FROM (SELECT
  ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(
     ((26 125,26 200,126 200,126 125,26 125),
      (51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150 )),
      ((151 100,151 200,176 175,151 100)))') As poly,
       ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (5 107,54 84,101 100)') As line
    ) As foo;
LINESTRING(5 107,26 125,54 84,101 100)
01020000000400000000000000000014400000000000C05A400000000000003A400000000000405F400000000000004B40000000000000554000000000004059400000000000005940
SELECT ST_Snap(line, poly, ST_Distance(poly, line)*1.25) AS linesnapped
FROM (SELECT
  ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(
     (( 26 125,26 200,126 200,126 125,26 125 ),
      (51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150 )),
      ((151 100,151 200,176 175,151 100 )))') As poly,
       ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (5 107,54 84,101 100)') As line
    ) As foo;
LINESTRING(26 125,54 84,101 100)
0102000000030000000000000000003A400000000000405F400000000000004B40000000000000554000000000004059400000000000005940
SELECT ST_SwapOrdinates(ST_Scale(ST_SwapOrdinates(g, 'xm'),
      2, 1
    ),
  'xm') FROM ( SELECT 'POINT ZM (0 0 0 2)'::geometry g ) foo;
POINT ZM (0 0 0 4)
01010000C00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001040
SELECT ST_IsValid('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)') As good_line,
ST_IsValid('POLYGON((0 0,1 1,1 2,1 1,0 0))') As bad_poly;
NOTICE:  Self-intersection at or near point 0 0
 good_line | bad_poly
-----------+----------
 t         | f
CREATE TEMP TABLE invalid_geometry_columns (
    table_name text,
    column_name text,
    invalid_count bigint
);

DO $$
DECLARE
    rec record;
    invalid_count bigint;
BEGIN
    FOR rec IN
        SELECT f_table_schema, f_table_name, f_geometry_column
        FROM geometry_columns
        ORDER BY f_table_schema, f_table_name, f_geometry_column
    LOOP
        EXECUTE format(
            'SELECT count(*) FROM %I.%I WHERE NOT ST_IsValid(%I, 0)',
            rec.f_table_schema,
            rec.f_table_name,
            rec.f_geometry_column
        ) INTO invalid_count;

        IF invalid_count 
> 0 THEN
            INSERT INTO invalid_geometry_columns
            VALUES (
                format('%I.%I', rec.f_table_schema, rec.f_table_name),
                rec.f_geometry_column,
                invalid_count
            );
        END IF;
    END LOOP;
END;
$$;

SELECT * FROM invalid_geometry_columns;

SELECT gid, reason(ST_IsValidDetail(geom)), location(ST_IsValidDetail(geom)) as location
FROM
(SELECT ST_MakePolygon(ST_ExteriorRing(e.buff), array_agg(f.line)) As geom, gid
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_Point(x1*10,y1), z1) As buff, x1*10 + y1*100 + z1*1000 As gid
    FROM generate_series(-4,6) x1
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(2,5) y1
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,8) z1
    WHERE x1 
> y1*0.5 AND z1 < x1*y1) As e
    INNER JOIN (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(x1*10,y1), z1)),y1*1, z1*2) As line
    FROM generate_series(-3,6) x1
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(2,5) y1
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,10) z1
    WHERE x1 
> y1*0.75 AND z1 < x1*y1) As f
ON (ST_Area(e.buff) 
> 78 AND ST_Contains(e.buff, f.line))
GROUP BY gid, e.buff) As quintuplet_experiment
WHERE ST_IsValid(geom) = false
ORDER BY gid
LIMIT 3;
 gid  |      reason       |  location
------+-------------------+-------------
 5330 | Self-intersection | POINT(32 5)
 5340 | Self-intersection | POINT(42 5)
 5350 | Self-intersection | POINT(52 5)
SELECT * FROM ST_IsValidDetail('LINESTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,222020 150410)');
 valid | reason | location
-------+--------+----------
 t     |        |
SELECT ST_IsValidReason(
    'POLYGON ((100 200,100 100,200 200,
     200 100,100 200))'::geometry) as validity_info;
Self-intersection[150 150]
SELECT gid, ST_IsValidReason(geom) as validity_info
FROM
(SELECT ST_MakePolygon(ST_ExteriorRing(e.buff), array_agg(f.line)) As geom, gid
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_Point(x1*10,y1), z1) As buff, x1*10 + y1*100 + z1*1000 As gid
    FROM generate_series(-4,6) x1
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(2,5) y1
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,8) z1
    WHERE x1 
> y1*0.5 AND z1 < x1*y1) As e
    INNER JOIN (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(x1*10,y1), z1)),y1*1, z1*2) As line
    FROM generate_series(-3,6) x1
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(2,5) y1
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,10) z1
    WHERE x1 
> y1*0.75 AND z1 < x1*y1) As f
ON (ST_Area(e.buff) 
> 78 AND ST_Contains(e.buff, f.line))
GROUP BY gid, e.buff) As quintuplet_experiment
WHERE ST_IsValid(geom) = false
ORDER BY gid
LIMIT 3;
 gid  |      validity_info
------+--------------------------
 5330 | Self-intersection [32 5]
 5340 | Self-intersection [42 5]
 5350 | Self-intersection [52 5]
SELECT ST_IsValidReason('LINESTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,222020 150410)');
 st_isvalidreason
------------------
 Valid Geometry
SELECT ST_MakeValid(before_geom) AS linework,
  ST_MakeValid(before_geom, 'method=structure') AS structure
FROM (SELECT 'MULTIPOLYGON(((186 194,187 194,188 195,189 195,190 195,
191 195,192 195,193 194,194 194,194 193,195 192,195 191,
195 190,195 189,195 188,194 187,194 186,14 6,13 6,12 5,11 5,
10 5,9 5,8 5,7 6,6 6,6 7,5 8,5 9,5 10,5 11,5 12,6 13,6 14,186 194)),
((150 90,149 80,146 71,142 62,135 55,128 48,119 44,110 41,100 40,
90 41,81 44,72 48,65 55,58 62,54 71,51 80,50 90,51 100,
54 109,58 118,65 125,72 132,81 136,90 139,100 140,110 139,
119 136,128 132,135 125,142 118,146 109,149 100,150 90)))'::geometry AS before_geom) AS f;
MULTIPOLYGON(((11 5,10 5,9 5,8 5,7 6,6 6,6 7,5 8,5 9,5 10,5 11,5 12,6 13,6 14,56.769 64.769,58 62,64 56,14 6,13 6,12 5,11 5)),((54 71,51 80,50 90,51 100,54 109,58 118,65 125,72 132,81 136,90 139,100 140,110 139,119 136,125.231 133.231,56.769 64.769,54 71)),((186 194,187 194,188 195,189 195,190 195,191 195,192 195,193 194,194 194,194 193,195 192,195 191,195 190,195 189,195 188,194 187,194 186,134 126,128 132,125.231 133.231,186 194)),((135 125,142 118,146 109,149 100,150 90,149 80,146 71,142 62,135 55,128 48,119 44,110 41,100 40,90 41,81 44,72 48,65 55,64 56,134 126,135 125))) | MULTIPOLYGON(((149 80,146 71,142 62,135 55,128 48,119 44,110 41,100 40,90 41,81 44,72 48,65 55,64 56,14 6,13 6,12 5,11 5,10 5,9 5,8 5,7 6,6 6,6 7,5 8,5 9,5 10,5 11,5 12,6 13,6 14,56.769 64.769,54 71,51 80,50 90,51 100,54 109,58 118,65 125,72 132,81 136,90 139,100 140,110 139,119 136,125.231 133.231,186 194,187 194,188 195,189 195,190 195,191 195,192 195,193 194,194 194,194 193,195 192,195 191,195 190,195 189,195 188,194 187,194 186,134 126,135 125,142 118,146 109,149 100,150 90,149 80)))
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|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
SELECT ST_MakeValid(before_geom) AS linework,
  ST_MakeValid(before_geom, 'method=structure') AS structure
FROM (SELECT 'MULTIPOLYGON(((91 50,79 22,51 10,23 22,11 50,23 78,51 90,79 78,91 50)),
      ((91 100,79 72,51 60,23 72,11 100,23 128,51 140,79 128,91 100)),
      ((91 150,79 122,51 110,23 122,11 150,23 178,51 190,79 178,91 150)),
      ((141 50,129 22,101 10,73 22,61 50,73 78,101 90,129 78,141 50)),
      ((141 100,129 72,101 60,73 72,61 100,73 128,101 140,129 128,141 100)),
      ((141 150,129 122,101 110,73 122,61 150,73 178,101 190,129 178,141 150)))'::geometry AS before_geom) AS c;
MULTIPOLYGON(((51 110,68.5 117.5,61 100,68.5 82.5,51 90,23 78,21.714 75,11 100,21.714 125,23 122,51 110)),((51 190,76 179.286,73 178,61 150,68.5 132.5,51 140,23 128,21.714 125,11 150,23 178,51 190)),((141 150,130.286 125,129 128,101 140,83.5 132.5,91 150,79 178,76 179.286,101 190,129 178,141 150)),((129 78,101 90,83.5 82.5,91 100,83.5 117.5,101 110,129 122,130.286 125,141 100,130.286 75,129 78)),((101 10,76 20.714,79 22,91 50,83.5 67.5,101 60,129 72,130.286 75,141 50,129 22,101 10)),((11 50,21.714 75,23 72,51 60,68.5 67.5,61 50,73 22,76 20.714,51 10,23 22,11 50)),((83.5 82.5,80.286 75,79 78,76 79.286,83.5 82.5)),((83.5 67.5,76 70.714,79 72,80.286 75,83.5 67.5)),((68.5 67.5,71.714 75,73 72,76 70.714,68.5 67.5)),((68.5 82.5,76 79.286,73 78,71.714 75,68.5 82.5)),((83.5 132.5,80.286 125,79 128,76 129.286,83.5 132.5)),((83.5 117.5,76 120.714,79 122,80.286 125,83.5 117.5)),((68.5 117.5,71.714 125,73 122,76 120.714,68.5 117.5)),((68.5 132.5,76 129.286,73 128,71.714 125,68.5 132.5))) | MULTIPOLYGON(((23 22,11 50,21.714 75,11 100,21.714 125,11 150,23 178,51 190,76 179.286,101 190,129 178,141 150,130.286 125,141 100,130.286 75,141 50,129 22,101 10,76 20.714,51 10,23 22)))
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| 0106000000010000000103000000010000001500000000000000000037400000000000003640000000000000264000000000000049406EDBB66DDBB635400000000000C05240000000000000264000000000000059406EDBB66DDBB635400000000000405F4000000000000026400000000000C062400000000000003740000000000040664000000000008049400000000000C067400000000000005340922449922469664000000000004059400000000000C06740000000000020604000000000004066400000000000A061400000000000C0624092244992244960400000000000405F400000000000A06140000000000000594092244992244960400000000000C052400000000000A061400000000000004940000000000020604000000000000036400000000000405940000000000000244000000000000053406EDBB66DDBB634400000000000804940000000000000244000000000000037400000000000003640
SELECT ST_MakeValid(
'LINESTRING(0 0,0 0)',
'method=structure keepcollapsed=true'
);
POINT(0 0)
010100000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_MakeValid(
'LINESTRING(0 0,0 0)',
'method=structure keepcollapsed=false'
);
LINESTRING EMPTY
SELECT ST_InverseTransformPipeline(
        'POINT(426857.9877165967 5427937.523342293)'::geometry,
        'urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::16031'
    ) AS wgs_geom;
POINT(2 48.99999999999999)
01010000000100000000000040FFFFFFFFFF7F4840
SELECT ST_Transform('SRID=4939;POINT(143.0 -37.0)'::geometry, 7844) AS gda2020_auto;
POINT(143.00000635638918 -36.999986706128176)
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-123.365556, 48.428611), 4326) AS wgs84long_lat;
SRID=4326;POINT(-123.365556 48.428611)
0101000020E6100000D236FE4465D75EC059DAA9B9DC364840
SELECT ST_Transform(ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-123.365556, 48.428611), 4326), 3785) AS sphere_merc;
SRID=3785;POINT(-13732990.8753491 6178458.96425423)
SELECT ST_SRID(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-71.1043 42.315)', 4326));
st_srid
---------
    4326
(1 row)
SELECT ST_Transform(
  'SRID=2249;POLYGON((743238 2967416,743238 2967450,
    743265 2967450,743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416))'::geometry,
  4326) AS wgs_geom;

SRID=4326;POLYGON((-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512903,-71.17768437663261 42.390382947801015,-71.17758443054647 42.390382667791854,-71.17758259272304 42.390289364798825,-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512903))
SELECT ST_Transform('SRID=2249;CIRCULARSTRING(743238 2967416 1,743238 2967450 2,743265 2967450 3,743265.625 2967416 3,743238 2967416 4)'::geometry,
    4326);
SRID=4326;CIRCULARSTRING(-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512903 1,-71.17768437663261 42.390382947801015 2,
-71.17758443054647 42.390382667791854 3,
-71.17758259272304 42.390289364798825 3,-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512903 4)

CREATE INDEX idx_geom_26986_parcels
  ON parcels
  USING gist
  (ST_Transform(geom, 26986))
  WHERE geom IS NOT NULL;

WITH data AS (
  SELECT
    ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((170 50,170 72,-130 72,-130 50,170 50))', 4326) AS p1,
    ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((-170 68,-170 90,-141 90,-141 68,-170 68))', 4326) AS p2,
    '+proj=gnom +ellps=WGS84 +lat_0=70 +lon_0=-160 +no_defs'::text AS gnom
)
SELECT ST_Transform(ST_Intersection(ST_Transform(p1, gnom), ST_Transform(p2, gnom)),
  gnom, 4326)
FROM data;
POLYGON((-140.9999840290591 73.42768865981984,-141 68,-170 68,-170.0000026915361 74.05492179637055,-140.9999840290591 73.42768865981984))
+nadgrids=@conus, @alaska, @ntv2_0.gsb, @ntv1_can.dat
+nadgrids=@conus, @alaska, @ntv2_0.gsb, @ntv1_can.dat, null
UPDATE spatial_ref_sys SET proj4text = '+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk66 +nadgrids=@conus,@alaska,@ntv2_0.gsb,@ntv1_can.dat,null +no_defs' WHERE srid = 4267;
SELECT
    ST_SetSRID(ST_TransformPipeline(
        'SRID=4326;POINT(2 49)'::geometry,
        'urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::16031'
    ), 32631) AS utm_geom;
SRID=32631;POINT(426857.9877165967 5427937.523342293)
SELECT
    ST_SetSRID(ST_InverseTransformPipeline(
        'SRID=32631;POINT(426857.9877165967 5427937.523342293)'::geometry,
        'urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::16031'
    ), 4326) AS wgs_geom;
SRID=4326;POINT(2 48.99999999999999)
0101000020E61000000100000000000040FFFFFFFFFF7F4840
SELECT ST_Transform('SRID=4939;POINT(143.0 -37.0)'::geometry, 7844) AS gda2020_auto;
POINT(143.00000635638918 -36.999986706128176)
SELECT
    ST_TransformPipeline(
        'SRID=4939;POINT(143.0 -37.0)'::geometry,
        'urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::8447'
    ) AS gda2020_code;
POINT(143.0000063280214 -36.999986718287545)
SELECT
    ST_TransformPipeline(
        'SRID=4939;POINT(143.0 -37.0)'::geometry,
        '+proj=pipeline
   +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad
   +step +proj=hgridshift +grids=au_icsm_GDA94_GDA2020_conformal_and_distortion.tif
   +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg'
    ) AS gda2020_pipeline;
POINT(143.0000063280214 -36.999986718287545)
SELECT * FROM postgis_srs_codes('EPSG') ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 10;
10156
10157
10158
10160
10162
10163
10164
10165
10166
10167
SELECT auth_name, auth_srid, srname,point_sw AS point_sw,point_ne AS point_ne
FROM postgis_srs('EPSG', '3005');
-[ RECORD 1 ]-------------------
auth_name | EPSG
auth_srid | 3005
srname    | NAD83 / BC Albers
point_sw  | POINT(-139.04 48.25)
point_ne  | POINT(-114.08 60.01)
SELECT auth_name, auth_srid, srname FROM postgis_srs_all() ORDER BY auth_name, auth_srid LIMIT 10;
auth_name | auth_srid |                                srname
-----------+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------------------
 EPSG      | 10156     | ETRS89 + MSL UK & Ireland VORF08 depth
 EPSG      | 10157     | ETRS89 + CD UK & Ireland VORF08 depth
 EPSG      | 10158     | S34J-IRF
 EPSG      | 10160     | S34J reconstruction east-orientated
 EPSG      | 10162     | JGD2011 / Japan Plane Rectangular CS I + JGD2011 (vertical) height
 EPSG      | 10163     | JGD2011 / Japan Plane Rectangular CS II + JGD2011 (vertical) height
 EPSG      | 10164     | JGD2011 / Japan Plane Rectangular CS III + JGD2011 (vertical) height
 EPSG      | 10165     | JGD2011 / Japan Plane Rectangular CS IV + JGD2011 (vertical) height
 EPSG      | 10166     | JGD2011 / Japan Plane Rectangular CS V + JGD2011 (vertical) height
 EPSG      | 10167     | JGD2011 / Japan Plane Rectangular CS VI + JGD2011 (vertical) height    
SELECT auth_name, auth_srid, srname,point_sw AS point_sw,point_ne AS point_ne
FROM postgis_srs_search('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-90 30,-91 31)')
WHERE auth_srid IN ('2801', '3452', '3457')
ORDER BY auth_name, auth_srid::integer

-[ RECORD 1 ]----------
auth_name | EPSG
auth_srid | 2801
srname    | NAD83(HARN) / Louisiana South
point_sw  | POINT(-93.94 28.85)
point_ne  | POINT(-88.75 31.07)
-[ RECORD 2 ]----------
auth_name | EPSG
auth_srid | 3452
srname    | NAD83 / Louisiana South (ftUS)
point_sw  | POINT(-93.94 28.85)
point_ne  | POINT(-88.75 31.07)
-[ RECORD 3 ]----------
auth_name | EPSG
auth_srid | 3457
srname    | NAD83(HARN) / Louisiana South (ftUS)
point_sw  | POINT(-93.94 28.85)
point_ne  | POINT(-88.75 31.07)
EPSG | 2801 | NAD83(HARN) / Louisiana South | 0101000020E61000005C8FC2F5287C57C09A99999999D93C40 | 0101000020E610000000000000003056C052B81E85EB113F40
EPSG | 3452 | NAD83 / Louisiana South (ftUS) | 0101000020E61000005C8FC2F5287C57C09A99999999D93C40 | 0101000020E610000000000000003056C052B81E85EB113F40
EPSG | 3457 | NAD83(HARN) / Louisiana South (ftUS) | 0101000020E61000005C8FC2F5287C57C09A99999999D93C40 | 0101000020E610000000000000003056C052B81E85EB113F40
WITH ext AS (
  SELECT ST_Extent(geom) AS geom, Max(ST_SRID(geom)) AS srid
  FROM foo
)
SELECT auth_name, auth_srid, srname,
  point_sw AS point_sw,
  point_ne AS point_ne
FROM ext
CROSS JOIN postgis_srs_search(ST_SetSRID(ext.geom, ext.srid))
LIMIT 3;
ALTER TABLE sometable ADD COLUMN geog geography(POINT, 4326);
UPDATE sometable
SET geog = ST_GeogFromText('SRID=4326;POINT(' || lon || ' ' || lat || ')');
SELECT ST_GeogFromText('SRID=4267;POINT(-77.0092 38.889588)');
SRID=4267;POINT(-77.0092 38.889588)
0101000020AB100000E3C798BB964053C000750305DE714340
SELECT ST_GeomCollFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(1 2), LINESTRING(1 2,3 4))');
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geom) AS geometry_type, ST_SRID(geom) AS srid
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;LINESTRING(-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932)') AS geom;
geometry_type | srid
---------------+------
 ST_LineString | 4269
(1 row)
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geom) AS geometry_type, ST_SRID(geom) AS srid
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;MULTILINESTRING((-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932))') AS geom;
geometry_type    | srid
---------------------+------
 ST_MultiLineString  | 4269
(1 row)
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geom) AS geometry_type, ST_SRID(geom) AS srid
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)') AS geom;
geometry_type | srid
---------------+------
 ST_Point      | 4269
(1 row)
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geom) AS geometry_type, ST_SRID(geom) AS srid
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;POLYGON((-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571,-71.1776820268866 42.3903701743239,
-71.1776063012595 42.3903825660754,-71.1775826583081 42.3903033653531,-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571))') AS geom;
geometry_type | srid
---------------+------
 ST_Polygon    | 4269
(1 row)
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geom) AS geometry_type, ST_SRID(geom) AS srid
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;MULTIPOLYGON(((-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236,
-71.1031627617667 42.3152960829043,-71.102923838298 42.3149156848307,
-71.1023097974109 42.3151969047397,-71.1019285062273 42.3147384934248,
-71.102505233663 42.3144722937587,-71.10277487471 42.3141658254797,
-71.103113945163 42.3142739188902,-71.10324876416 42.31402489987,
-71.1033002961013 42.3140393340215,-71.1033488797549 42.3139495090772,
-71.103396240451 42.3138632439557,-71.1041521907712 42.3141153348029,
-71.1041411411543 42.3141545014533,-71.1041287795912 42.3142114839058,
-71.1041188134329 42.3142693656241,-71.1041112482575 42.3143272556118,
-71.1041072845732 42.3143851580048,-71.1041057218871 42.3144430686681,
-71.1041065602059 42.3145009876017,-71.1041097995362 42.3145589148055,
-71.1041166403905 42.3146168544148,-71.1041258822717 42.3146748022936,
-71.1041375307579 42.3147318674446,-71.1041492906949 42.3147711126569,
-71.1041598612795 42.314808571739,-71.1042515013869 42.3151287620809,
-71.1041173835118 42.3150739481917,-71.1040809891419 42.3151344119048,
-71.1040438678912 42.3151191367447,-71.1040194562988 42.3151832057859,
-71.1038734225584 42.3151140942995,-71.1038446938243 42.3151006300338,
-71.1038315271889 42.315094347535,-71.1037393329282 42.315054824985,
-71.1035447555574 42.3152608696313,-71.1033436658644 42.3151648370544,
-71.1032580383161 42.3152269126061,-71.103223066939 42.3152517403219,
-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236)),
((-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546,-71.1043583974082 42.3151211109857,
-71.1043443253471 42.3150676015829,-71.1043850704575 42.3150793250568,-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546)))') AS geom;
geometry_type   | srid
-------------------+------
 ST_MultiPolygon   | 4269
(1 row)
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geom) AS geometry_type, ST_SRID(geom) AS srid
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)') AS geom;
geometry_type    | srid
--------------------+------
 ST_CircularString  | 0
(1 row)
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geom) AS geometry_type, ST_SRID(geom) AS srid
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE(
    ((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
    ((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
    ((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
    ((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1))
)') AS geom;
geometry_type       | srid
--------------------------+------
 ST_PolyhedralSurface     | 0
(1 row)
SELECT ST_GeomFromMARC21(
'<record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
    <leader
>00000nz a2200000nc 4500</leader>
    <controlfield tag="001"
>040277569</controlfield>
    <datafield tag="034" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
        <subfield code="d"
>W004.500000</subfield>
        <subfield code="e"
>W004.500000</subfield>
        <subfield code="f"
>N054.250000</subfield>
        <subfield code="g"
>N054.250000</subfield>
    </datafield>
</record
>'
);

POINT(-4.5 54.25)
010100000000000000000012C00000000000204B40
SELECT ST_GeomFromMARC21(
'<record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
    <leader
>01062cem a2200241 a 4500</leader>
    <controlfield tag="001"
>   84696781 </controlfield>
    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
        <subfield code="b"
>50000</subfield>
        <subfield code="d"
>E0130600</subfield>
        <subfield code="e"
>E0133100</subfield>
        <subfield code="f"
>N0523900</subfield>
        <subfield code="g"
>N0522300</subfield>
    </datafield>
</record
>'
);

POLYGON((13.1 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.65))
010300000001000000050000003333333333332A403333333333534A408988888888082B403333333333534A408988888888082B401111111111314A403333333333332A401111111111314A403333333333332A403333333333534A40
SELECT ST_GeomFromMARC21(
'<record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
        <subfield code="b"
>50000</subfield>
        <subfield code="d"
>E0130600</subfield>
        <subfield code="e"
>E0133100</subfield>
        <subfield code="f"
>N0523900</subfield>
        <subfield code="g"
>N0522300</subfield>
    </datafield>
    <datafield tag="034" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
        <subfield code="d"
>W004.500000</subfield>
        <subfield code="e"
>W004.500000</subfield>
        <subfield code="f"
>N054.250000</subfield>
        <subfield code="g"
>N054.250000</subfield>
    </datafield>
</record
>'
);

GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((13.1 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.65)), POINT(-4.5 54.25))
010700000002000000010300000001000000050000003333333333332A403333333333534A408988888888082B403333333333534A408988888888082B401111111111314A403333333333332A401111111111314A403333333333332A403333333333534A40010100000000000000000012C00000000000204B40
SELECT ST_SRID(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932)'));
0
SELECT ST_SRID(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932)', 4269));
4269
SELECT ST_GeometryType(ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932))'));
ST_MultiLineString
SELECT ST_GeometryType(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)'));
ST_Point
SELECT ST_GeometryType(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571,-71.1776820268866 42.3903701743239,
-71.1776063012595 42.3903825660754,-71.1775826583081 42.3903033653531,-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571))'));
ST_Polygon
SELECT ST_GeometryType(ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236,
-71.1031627617667 42.3152960829043,-71.102923838298 42.3149156848307,
-71.1023097974109 42.3151969047397,-71.1019285062273 42.3147384934248,
-71.102505233663 42.3144722937587,-71.10277487471 42.3141658254797,
-71.103113945163 42.3142739188902,-71.10324876416 42.31402489987,
-71.1033002961013 42.3140393340215,-71.1033488797549 42.3139495090772,
-71.103396240451 42.3138632439557,-71.1041521907712 42.3141153348029,
-71.1041411411543 42.3141545014533,-71.1041287795912 42.3142114839058,
-71.1041188134329 42.3142693656241,-71.1041112482575 42.3143272556118,
-71.1041072845732 42.3143851580048,-71.1041057218871 42.3144430686681,
-71.1041065602059 42.3145009876017,-71.1041097995362 42.3145589148055,
-71.1041166403905 42.3146168544148,-71.1041258822717 42.3146748022936,
-71.1041375307579 42.3147318674446,-71.1041492906949 42.3147711126569,
-71.1041598612795 42.314808571739,-71.1042515013869 42.3151287620809,
-71.1041173835118 42.3150739481917,-71.1040809891419 42.3151344119048,
-71.1040438678912 42.3151191367447,-71.1040194562988 42.3151832057859,
-71.1038734225584 42.3151140942995,-71.1038446938243 42.3151006300338,
-71.1038315271889 42.315094347535,-71.1037393329282 42.315054824985,
-71.1035447555574 42.3152608696313,-71.1033436658644 42.3151648370544,
-71.1032580383161 42.3152269126061,-71.103223066939 42.3152517403219,
-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236)),
((-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546,-71.1043583974082 42.3151211109857,
-71.1043443253471 42.3150676015829,-71.1043850704575 42.3150793250568,-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546)))', 4326));
ST_MultiPolygon
SELECT ST_GeometryType(ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)'));
ST_CircularString
SELECT ST_LineFromText('LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)') AS aline,
ST_LineFromText('POINT(1 2)') IS NULL AS null_return;
aline                 | null_return
------------------------------------
LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)  | t

010200000002000000000000000000F03F000000000000004000000000000008400000000000001040 | t
SELECT ST_MLineFromText('MULTILINESTRING((1 2,3 4),(4 5,6 7))');
SELECT ST_MPointFromText('MULTIPOINT((1 2),(3 4))');
SELECT ST_MPointFromText('MULTIPOINT((-70.9590 42.1180),(-70.9611 42.1223))', 4326);
SELECT ST_MPolyFromText(
    'MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0 1,20 0 1,20 20 1,0 20 1,0 0 1),
                   (5 5 3,5 7 3,7 7 3,7 5 3,5 5 3)))'
);
MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0 1,20 0 1,20 20 1,0 20 1,0 0 1),(5 5 3,5 7 3,7 7 3,7 5 3,5 5 3)))
0106000080010000000103000080020000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000034400000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000034400000000000003440000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000003440000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0500000000000000000014400000000000001440000000000000084000000000000014400000000000001C4000000000000008400000000000001C400000000000001C4000000000000008400000000000001C4000000000000014400000000000000840000000000000144000000000000014400000000000000840
SELECT ST_MPolyFromText(
    'MULTIPOLYGON(((-70.916 42.1002,-70.9468 42.0946,-70.9765 42.0872,
      -70.9754 42.0875,-70.9749 42.0879,-70.9752 42.0881,-70.9754 42.0891,
      -70.9758 42.0894,-70.9759 42.0897,-70.9759 42.0899,-70.9754 42.0902,
      -70.9756 42.0906,-70.9753 42.0907,-70.9753 42.0917,-70.9757 42.0924,
      -70.9755 42.0928,-70.9755 42.0942,-70.9751 42.0948,-70.9755 42.0953,
      -70.9751 42.0958,-70.9751 42.0962,-70.9759 42.0983,-70.9767 42.0987,
      -70.9768 42.0991,-70.9771 42.0997,-70.9771 42.1003,-70.9768 42.1005,
      -70.977 42.1011,-70.9766 42.1019,-70.9768 42.1026,-70.9769 42.1033,
      -70.9775 42.1042,-70.9773 42.1043,-70.9776 42.1043,-70.9778 42.1048,
      -70.9773 42.1058,-70.9774 42.1061,-70.9779 42.1065,-70.9782 42.1078,
      -70.9788 42.1085,-70.9798 42.1087,-70.9806 42.109,-70.9807 42.1093,
      -70.9806 42.1099,-70.9809 42.1109,-70.9808 42.1112,-70.9798 42.1116,
      -70.9792 42.1127,-70.979 42.1129,-70.9787 42.1134,-70.979 42.1139,
      -70.9791 42.1141,-70.9987 42.1116,-71.0022 42.1273,-70.9408 42.1513,
      -70.9315 42.1165,-70.916 42.1002)))',
    4326
);
SRID=4326;MULTIPOLYGON(((-70.916 42.1002,-70.9468 42.0946,-70.9765 42.0872,-70.9754 42.0875,-70.9749 42.0879,-70.9752 42.0881,-70.9754 42.0891,-70.9758 42.0894,-70.9759 42.0897,-70.9759 42.0899,-70.9754 42.0902,-70.9756 42.0906,-70.9753 42.0907,-70.9753 42.0917,-70.9757 42.0924,-70.9755 42.0928,-70.9755 42.0942,-70.9751 42.0948,-70.9755 42.0953,-70.9751 42.0958,-70.9751 42.0962,-70.9759 42.0983,-70.9767 42.0987,-70.9768 42.0991,-70.9771 42.0997,-70.9771 42.1003,-70.9768 42.1005,-70.977 42.1011,-70.9766 42.1019,-70.9768 42.1026,-70.9769 42.1033,-70.9775 42.1042,-70.9773 42.1043,-70.9776 42.1043,-70.9778 42.1048,-70.9773 42.1058,-70.9774 42.1061,-70.9779 42.1065,-70.9782 42.1078,-70.9788 42.1085,-70.9798 42.1087,-70.9806 42.109,-70.9807 42.1093,-70.9806 42.1099,-70.9809 42.1109,-70.9808 42.1112,-70.9798 42.1116,-70.9792 42.1127,-70.979 42.1129,-70.9787 42.1134,-70.979 42.1139,-70.9791 42.1141,-70.9987 42.1116,-71.0022 42.1273,-70.9408 42.1513,-70.9315 42.1165,-70.916 42.1002)))
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
SELECT ST_PointFromText('POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)');
POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)
0101000000CB49287D21C451C0F0BF95ECD8244540
SELECT ST_PointFromText('POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)', 4326);
SRID=4326;POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)
0101000020E6100000CB49287D21C451C0F0BF95ECD8244540
SELECT ST_PolygonFromText('POLYGON((-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571,-71.1776820268866 42.3903701743239,
-71.1776063012595 42.3903825660754,-71.1775826583081 42.3903033653531,-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571))');
POLYGON((-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571,-71.1776820268866 42.3903701743239,-71.1776063012595 42.3903825660754,-71.1775826583081 42.3903033653531,-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571))
SELECT ST_PolygonFromText('POINT(1 2)') IS NULL AS point_is_notpoly;
t
SELECT ST_GeogFromWKB(E'\\001\\002\\000\\000\\000\\002\\000\\000\\000\\037\\205\\353Q\\270~\\\\\\300\\323Mb\\020X\\231C@\\020X9\\264\\310~\\\\\\300)\\\\\\217\\302\\365\\230C@');
LINESTRING(-113.98 39.198,-113.981 39.195)
0102000020E6100000020000001F85EB51B87E5CC0D34D621058994340105839B4C87E5CC0295C8FC2F5984340
SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKB((
    E'\\001\\002\\000\\000\\040\\255\\020\\000\\000\\003\\000\\000\\000\\344\\112\\075' ||
    E'\\013\\102\\312\\121\\300\\156\\303\\050\\010\\036\\041\\105\\100\\047\\277\\105' ||
    E'\\047\\113\\312\\121\\300\\366\\173\\142\\235\\052\\041\\105\\100\\225\\174\\354' ||
    E'\\056\\120\\312\\121\\300\\160\\231\\323\\145\\061\\041\\105\\100'
)::bytea);
0102000020AD10000003000000E44A3D0B42CA51C06EC328081E21454027BF45274BCA51C0F67B629D2A214540957CEC2E50CA51C07099D36531214540
SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKB((
    '\001\002\000\000\040\255\020\000\000\003\000\000\000\344\112\075' ||
    '\013\102\312\121\300\156\303\050\010\036\041\105\100\047\277\105' ||
    '\047\113\312\121\300\366\173\142\235\052\041\105\100\225\174\354' ||
    '\056\120\312\121\300\160\231\323\145\061\041\105\100'
)::bytea);
0102000020AD10000003000000E44A3D0B42CA51C06EC328081E21454027BF45274BCA51C0F67B629D2A214540957CEC2E50CA51C07099D36531214540
SELECT ST_GeomFromWKB(E'\\001\\002\\000\\000\\000\\002\\000\\000\\000\\037\\205\\353Q\\270~\\\\\\300\\323Mb\\020X\\231C@\\020X9\\264\\310~\\\\\\300)\\\\\\217\\302\\365\\230C@', 4326);
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-113.98 39.198,-113.981 39.195)
0102000020E6100000020000001F85EB51B87E5CC0D34D621058994340105839B4C87E5CC0295C8FC2F5984340
SELECT ST_GeomFromWKB(ST_AsEWKB('POINT(2 5)'::geometry)
  );
POINT(2 5)
010100000000000000000000400000000000001440
SELECT ST_LineFromWKB(
    ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)'))
) AS aline,
ST_LineFromWKB(
    ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'))
) IS NULL AS null_return;
aline                 | null_return
------------------------------------
LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)  | t

010200000002000000000000000000F03F000000000000004000000000000008400000000000001040 | t
SELECT ST_LinestringFromWKB(
    ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)'))
) AS aline,
ST_LinestringFromWKB(
    ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'))
) IS NULL AS null_return;
aline                 | null_return
------------------------------------
LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)  | t
010200000002000000000000000000F03F000000000000004000000000000008400000000000001040 | t
SELECT ST_PointFromWKB(ST_AsEWKB('POINT(2 5)'::geometry));
POINT(2 5)
010100000000000000000000400000000000001440
SELECT ST_PointFromWKB(ST_AsEWKB('LINESTRING(2 5,2 6)'::geometry));
null
SELECT ST_Box2dFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0');
BOX(-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646)
SELECT ST_Box2dFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 0);
BOX(-180 -90,180 90)
SELECT ST_Box2dFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 10);
BOX(-115.17282128334 36.1146408319473,-115.172810554504 36.1146461963654)
SELECT ST_GeomFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 4) AS "precision 4", ST_GeomFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 5) AS "precision 5", ST_GeomFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 6) AS "precision 6";
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------
precision 4 | POLYGON((-115.3125 36.03515625,-115.3125 36.2109375,-114.9609375 36.2109375,-114.9609375 36.03515625,-115.3125 36.03515625))
precision 5 | POLYGON((-115.1806640625 36.0791015625,-115.1806640625 36.123046875,-115.13671875 36.123046875,-115.13671875 36.0791015625,-115.1806640625 36.0791015625))
precision 6 | POLYGON((-115.1806640625 36.112060546875,-115.1806640625 36.1175537109375,-115.169677734375 36.1175537109375,-115.169677734375 36.112060546875,-115.1806640625 36.112060546875))
010300000001000000050000000000000000D45CC000000000800442400000000000D45CC000000000001B42400000000080BD5CC000000000001B42400000000080BD5CC000000000800442400000000000D45CC00000000080044240 | 010300000001000000050000000000000090CB5CC000000000200A42400000000090CB5CC000000000C00F424000000000C0C85CC000000000C00F424000000000C0C85CC000000000200A42400000000090CB5CC000000000200A4240 | 010300000001000000050000000000000090CB5CC000000000580E42400000000090CB5CC0000000000C0F424000000000DCCA5CC0000000000C0F424000000000DCCA5CC000000000580E42400000000090CB5CC000000000580E4240
        SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeomFromGML($$
            <gml:LineString xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
                    srsName="EPSG:4269">
                <gml:coordinates>
            -71.16028,42.258729 -71.160837,42.259112 -71.161143,42.25932
                </gml:coordinates>
            </gml:LineString>
        $$));

SRID=4269;LINESTRING(-71.16028 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259112,-71.161143 42.25932)
        SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeomFromGML($$
            <gml:LineString xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
                    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
                    srsName="EPSG:4269">
        <gml:pointProperty>
            <gml:Point gml:id="p1"
><gml:pos
>-71.16028 42.258729</gml:pos
></gml:Point>
        </gml:pointProperty>
        <gml:pos
>-71.160837 42.259112</gml:pos>
        <gml:pos
>-71.161143 42.258729</gml:pos>
                <gml:pointProperty>
                    <gml:Point xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="#p1"/>
                </gml:pointProperty>
            </gml:LineString>
        $$));

SRID=4269;LINESTRING(-71.16028 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259112,-71.161143 42.258729,-71.16028 42.258729)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeomFromGML('
<gml:PolyhedralSurface xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">
<gml:polygonPatches>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
      <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
    <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
    <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
    <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
    <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
    <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
</gml:polygonPatches>
</gml:PolyhedralSurface
>'));

POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)))
SELECT ST_GeomFromGeoJSON('{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-48.23456,20.12345]}') AS wkt;
POINT(-48.23456 20.12345)
0101000020E61000009279E40F061E48C0F2B0506B9A1F3440
SELECT ST_GeomFromGeoJSON('{"type":"LineString","coordinates":[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]}') AS wkt;
LINESTRING Z (1 2 3,4 5 6,7 8 9)
01020000A0E610000003000000000000000000F03F000000000000004000000000000008400000000000001040000000000000144000000000000018400000000000001C4000000000000020400000000000002240
        SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeomFromKML($$
            <LineString>
                <coordinates
>-71.1663, 42.2614
                    -71.1667, 42.2616</coordinates>
            </LineString>
        $$));

SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-71.1663 42.2614,-71.1667 42.2616)
SELECT ST_GeomFromTWKB(ST_AsTWKB('LINESTRING(126 34,127 35)'::geometry));
LINESTRING(126 34, 127 35)
0102000000020000000000000000805F4000000000000041400000000000C05F400000000000804140
SELECT ST_GeomFromTWKB(E'\\x620002f7f40dbce4040105');
LINESTRING(-113.98 39.198,-113.981 39.195)
0102000000020000001F85EB51B87E5CC0D34D621058994340105839B4C87E5CC0295C8FC2F5984340
SELECT ST_LineFromEncodedPolyline('_p~iF~ps|U_ulLnnqC_mqNvxq`@');
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-120.2 38.5,-120.95 40.7,-126.453 43.252)
0102000020E610000003000000CDCCCCCCCC0C5EC00000000000404340CDCCCCCCCC3C5EC09A99999999594440A245B6F3FD9C5FC0C74B378941A04540
SELECT ST_LineFromEncodedPolyline('_p~iF~ps|U_ulLnnqC_mqNvxq`@', 6);
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-12.02 3.85,-12.095 4.07,-12.6453 4.3252)

0102000020E6100000030000000AD7A3703D0A28C0CDCCCCCCCCCC0E40713D0AD7A33028C048E17A14AE471040B537F8C2644A29C005A3923A014D1140
SELECT ST_PointFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0');
POINT(-115.172816 36.114646)
0101000000700ED76A0FCB5CC0004F5AB8AC0E4240
SELECT ST_PointFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 4);
POINT(-115.13671875 36.123046875)
010100000000000000C0C85CC000000000C00F4240
SELECT ST_PointFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 10);
POINT(-115.172815918922 36.1146435141563)
01010000000000806A0FCB5CC0000080A3AC0E4240
SELECT ST_AsEWKT('0103000020e61000000100000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'::geometry);
SRID=4326;POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT('0108000080030000000000000060E30A4100000000785C0241000000000000F03F0000000018E20A4100000000485F024100000000000000400000000018E20A4100000000305C02410000000000000840');
CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)
SELECT ST_AsText('01030000000100000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000');
POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))
SELECT ST_AsText('POINT(111.1111111 1.1111111)'::geometry);
POINT(111.1111111 1.1111111)
SELECT ST_AsText('POINT(111.1111111 1.1111111)'::geometry, 2);
POINT(111.11 1.11)
SELECT ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))', 4326));
\x01030000000100000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f0000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))', 4326), 'XDR');
\x000000000300000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003ff000
00000000003ff00000000000003ff00000000000003ff00000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_AsEWKB(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))', 4326));
\x0103000020e610000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f00000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_AsEWKB(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))', 4326), 'XDR');
\x0020000003000010e600000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
003ff00000000000003ff00000000000003ff00000000000003ff000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_AsHEXEWKB(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))', 4326));
0103000020E6100000010000000500
00000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000F03F
000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03
F000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))', 4326)::text;
WITH route AS (
  SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT(
    'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-120.2 38.5,-120.95 40.7,-126.453 43.252)'
  ) AS geom
)
SELECT ST_AsEncodedPolyline(geom, 5) AS polyline5,
       ST_AsEncodedPolyline(geom, 6) AS polyline6
FROM route;

polyline5          |            polyline6
-----------------------------+----------------------------------
 _p~iF~ps|U_ulLnnqC_mqNvxq`@ | _izlhA~rlgdF_{geC~ywl@_kwzCn`{nI
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_LineFromEncodedPolyline(
  '_izlhA~rlgdF_{geC~ywl@_kwzCn`{nI',
  6
)) AS route;

SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-120.2 38.5,-120.95 40.7,-126.453 43.252)
<script src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key=YOUR_API_KEY&libraries=geometry"
></script>
<script>
  const encodedPath = "_p~iF~ps|U_ulLnnqC_mqNvxq`@";
  const flightPath = new google.maps.Polyline({
    path: google.maps.geometry.encoding.decodePath(encodedPath),
    map: map,
    strokeColor: "#0000CC",
    strokeOpacity: 1.0,
    strokeWeight: 4
  });
</script>

SELECT encode(ST_AsGeobuf(q, 'geom'), 'base64')
FROM (SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))'::geometry AS geom) AS q;
GAAiEAoOCgwIBBoIAAAAAgIAAAE=
SELECT json_build_object(
    'type', 'FeatureCollection',
    'features', json_agg(ST_AsGeoJSON(t.*, id_column =
> 'id')::json)
    )
FROM ( VALUES (1, 'one', 'POINT(1 1)'::geometry),
              (2, 'two', 'POINT(2 2)'),
              (3, 'three', 'POINT(3 3)')
     ) as t(id, name, geom);
{"type" : "FeatureCollection", "features" : [{"type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type":"Point","coordinates":[1,1]}, "id": 1, "properties": {"name": "one"}}, {"type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type":"Point","coordinates":[2,2]}, "id": 2, "properties": {"name": "two"}}, {"type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type":"Point","coordinates":[3,3]}, "id": 3, "properties": {"name": "three"}}]}
SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(t.*, id_column =
> 'id')
FROM (VALUES (1, 'one', 'POINT(1 1)'::geometry)) AS t(id, name, geom);
{"type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type":"Point","coordinates":[1,1]}, "id": 1, "properties": {"name": "one"}}
SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(ST_Transform(geom, 4326)) FROM fe_edges LIMIT 1;
{"type":"MultiLineString","coordinates":[[[-89.734634999999997,31.492072000000000],
[-89.734955999999997,31.492237999999997]]]}

SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON('LINESTRING(1 2 3,4 5 6)');
{"type":"LineString","coordinates":[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]}
SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(ST_SetSRID('POINT(1 1)'::geometry, 4326), 9, 4|1);
{"type":"Point","crs":{"type":"name","properties":{"name":"urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326"}},"bbox":[1.000000000,1.000000000,1.000000000,1.000000000],"coordinates":[1,1]}

SELECT ST_AsGML(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))', 4326));
<gml:Polygon srsName="EPSG:4326"
><gml:outerBoundaryIs
><gml:LinearRing
><gml:coordinates
>0,0 0,1 1,1 1,0 0,0</gml:coordinates
></gml:LinearRing
></gml:outerBoundaryIs
></gml:Polygon
>
SELECT ST_AsGML(3, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(5.234234233242 6.34534534534)', 4326), 5, 17);
<gml:Point srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326"
><gml:pos srsDimension="2"
>6.34535 5.23423</gml:pos
></gml:Point
>
SELECT ST_AsGML(3, ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4, 10 20)',4326), 5, 32);
<gml:Envelope srsName="EPSG:4326" srsDimension="2"
><gml:lowerCorner
>1 2</gml:lowerCorner
><gml:upperCorner
>10 20</gml:upperCorner
></gml:Envelope
>
SELECT ST_AsGML(3, ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4, 10 20)',4326), 5, 49);
<gml:Envelope srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326" srsDimension="2"
><gml:lowerCorner
>2 1</gml:lowerCorner
><gml:upperCorner
>20 10</gml:upperCorner
></gml:Envelope
>
SELECT ST_AsGML(
3,
'POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'::geometry);

 <gml:PolyhedralSurface>
<gml:polygonPatches>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
</gml:polygonPatches>
</gml:PolyhedralSurface
>
SELECT ST_AsKML(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))', 4326));
<Polygon
><outerBoundaryIs
><LinearRing
><coordinates
>0,0 0,1 1,1 1,0 0,0</coordinates
></LinearRing
></outerBoundaryIs
></Polygon
>
SELECT ST_AsKML('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(1 2 3,4 5 6)');
<LineString
><coordinates
>1,2,3 4,5,6</coordinates
></LineString
>
SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-3.2342342 -2.32498)'));
2°19'29.928"S 3°14'3.243"W
SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-3.2342342 -2.32498)', 'D°M''S.SSS"C'));
2°19'29.928"S 3°14'3.243"W
SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-3.2342342 -2.32498)', 'D degrees, M minutes, S seconds to the C'));
2 degrees, 19 minutes, 30 seconds to the S 3 degrees, 14 minutes, 3 seconds to the W
SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-3.2342342 -2.32498)', 'D°M''S.SSS"'));
-2°19'29.928" -3°14'3.243"
SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-3.2342342 -2.32498)', 'D.DDDD degrees C'));
2.3250 degrees S 3.2342 degrees W
SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-302.2342342 -792.32498)'));
72°19'29.928"S 57°45'56.757"E
SELECT ST_AsMARC21('SRID=4326;POINT(-4.504289 54.253312)'::geometry);

                                st_asmarc21
-------------------------------------------------
<record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
        <subfield code="d"
>W0043015</subfield>
        <subfield code="e"
>W0043015</subfield>
        <subfield code="f"
>N0541512</subfield>
        <subfield code="g"
>N0541512</subfield>
    </datafield>
</record>

SELECT ST_AsMARC21('SRID=4326;POLYGON((-4.5792388916015625 54.18172660239091,-4.56756591796875 54.196993557130355,-4.546623229980469 54.18313300502024,-4.5792388916015625 54.18172660239091))'::geometry,'hddd.dddd');

<record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
        <subfield code="d"
>W004.5792</subfield>
        <subfield code="e"
>W004.5466</subfield>
        <subfield code="f"
>N054.1970</subfield>
        <subfield code="g"
>N054.1817</subfield>
    </datafield>
</record>

SELECT ST_AsMARC21('SRID=4326;GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((13.1 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.65)),POINT(-4.5 54.25))'::geometry,'hdddmm.mmmm');

                                st_asmarc21
-------------------------------------------------
<record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
        <subfield code="d"
>E01307.0000</subfield>
        <subfield code="e"
>E01331.0000</subfield>
        <subfield code="f"
>N05240.0000</subfield>
        <subfield code="g"
>N05224.0000</subfield>
    </datafield>
    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
        <subfield code="d"
>W00430.0000</subfield>
        <subfield code="e"
>W00430.0000</subfield>
        <subfield code="f"
>N05415.0000</subfield>
        <subfield code="g"
>N05415.0000</subfield>
    </datafield>
</record>

SELECT ST_AsMVTGeom('POLYGON ((0 0,10 0,10 5,0 -5,0 0))',
    ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0, 0), ST_Point(4096, 4096)),
    4096, 0, false);
MULTIPOLYGON(((5 4096,10 4091,10 4096,5 4096)),((5 4096,0 4101,0 4096,5 4096)))
SELECT ST_AsMVTGeom(ST_Transform(geom, 3857 ),
            ST_TileEnvelope(12, 513, 412),
            extent =
> 4096,
            buffer =
> 64) AS geom
  FROM data
  WHERE geom && ST_Transform(ST_TileEnvelope(12, 513, 412, margin =
> (64.0 / 4096)), 4326)

WITH mvtgeom AS
(
  SELECT ST_AsMVTGeom(geom, ST_TileEnvelope(12, 513, 412), extent =
> 4096, buffer =
> 64) AS geom, name, description
  FROM points_of_interest
  WHERE geom && ST_TileEnvelope(12, 513, 412, margin =
> (64.0 / 4096))
)
SELECT ST_AsMVT(mvtgeom.*)
FROM mvtgeom;

SELECT ST_AsSVG('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))'::geometry);
M 0 0 L 0 -1 1 -1 1 0 Z
SELECT ST_AsSVG('CIRCULARSTRING(-2 0,0 2,2 0,0 2,2 4)'::geometry);
M -2 0 A 2 2 0 0 1 2 0 A 2 2 0 0 1 2 -4
SELECT ST_AsSVG('MULTICURVE((5 5,3 5,3 3,0 3),
CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,2 1,2 2))'::geometry, 0, 0);
M 5 -5 L 3 -5 3 -3 0 -3 M 0 0 A 2 2 0 0 0 2 -2
SELECT ST_AsSVG('MULTISURFACE(
CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(-2 0,-1 -1,0 0,1 -1,2 0,0 2,-2 0),
    (-1 0,0 0.5,1 0,0 1,-1 0)),
((7 8,10 10,6 14,4 11,7 8)))'::geometry, 0, 2);
M -2 0 A 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 A 2 2 0 0 0 -2 0 Z
M -1 0 L 0 -0.5 1 0 0 -1 -1 0 Z
M 7 -8 L 10 -10 6 -14 4 -11 Z
SELECT ST_AsTWKB('LINESTRING(1 1,5 5)'::geometry);
\x02000202020808
SELECT ST_AsTWKB(array_agg(geom), array_agg(gid)) FROM mytable;
\x040402020400000202
SELECT '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE X3D PUBLIC "ISO//Web3D//DTD X3D 3.0//EN" "http://www.web3d.org/specifications/x3d-3.0.dtd">
<X3D>
  <Scene>
    <Transform>
      <Shape>
       <Appearance>
            <Material emissiveColor=''0 0 1''/>
       </Appearance
> ' ||
       ST_AsX3D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )')) ||
      '</Shape>
    </Transform>
  </Scene>
</X3D
>' As x3ddoc;

    x3ddoc
    --------
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE X3D PUBLIC "ISO//Web3D//DTD X3D 3.0//EN" "http://www.web3d.org/specifications/x3d-3.0.dtd">
<X3D>
  <Scene>
    <Transform>
      <Shape>
       <Appearance>
            <Material emissiveColor='0 0 1'/>
       </Appearance>
       <IndexedFaceSet  coordIndex='0 1 2 3 -1 4 5 6 7 -1 8 9 10 11 -1 12 13 14 15 -1 16 17 18 19 -1 20 21 22 23'>
            <Coordinate point='0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1' />
      </IndexedFaceSet>
      </Shape>
    </Transform>
  </Scene>
</X3D>

SELECT string_agg('<Shape
>' || ST_AsX3D(CG_Extrude(geom, 0,0, i*0.5)) ||
    '<Appearance>
          <Material diffuseColor="' || (0.01*i)::text || ' 0.8 0.2" specularColor="' || (0.05*i)::text || ' 0 0.5"/>
        </Appearance>
    </Shape
>', '')
FROM ST_Subdivide(ST_Letters('PostGIS'),20) WITH ORDINALITY AS f(geom,i);

SELECT
    CG_Extrude(
        ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(ST_Letters('PostGIS'), 2),
        0, 0, 10
    ) AS buildings;
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION Z (POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((42.6 39.2 0,36.3 24.5 0,17 20.3 0,17.9 0 0,0 0 0,0 73.8 0,27.3 73.6 0,36.3 70 0,41.8 61.6 0,42.6 39.2 0),(26.5 55.7 0,17 58.8 0,17 35.3 0,25.6 36.2 0,26.5 55.7 0)),((42.6 39.2 10,41.8 61.6 10,36.3 70 10,27.3 73.6 10,0 73.8 10,0 0 10,17.9 0 10,17 20.3 10,36.3 24.5 10,42.6 39.2 10),(26.5 55.7 10,25.6 36.2 10,17 35.3 10,17 58.8 10,26.5 55.7 10)),((42.6 39.2 0,42.6 39.2 10,36.3 24.5 10,36.3 24.5 0,42.6 39.2 0)),((36.3 24.5 0,36.3 24.5 10,17 20.3 10,17 20.3 0,36.3 24.5 0)),((17 20.3 0,17 20.3 10,17.9 0 10,17.9 0 0,17 20.3 0)),((17.9 0 0,17.9 0 10,0 0 10,0 0 0,17.9 0 0)),((0 0 0,0 0 10,0 73.8 10,0 73.8 0,0 0 0)),((0 73.8 0,0 73.8 10,27.3 73.6 10,27.3 73.6 0,0 73.8 0)),((27.3 73.6 0,27.3 73.6 10,36.3 70 10,36.3 70 0,27.3 73.6 0)),((36.3 70 0,36.3 70 10,41.8 61.6 10,41.8 61.6 0,36.3 70 0)),((41.8 61.6 0,41.8 61.6 10,42.6 39.2 10,42.6 39.2 0,41.8 61.6 0)),((26.5 55.7 0,26.5 55.7 10,17 58.8 10,17 58.8 0,26.5 55.7 0)),((17 58.8 0,17 58.8 10,17 35.3 10,17 35.3 0,17 58.8 0)),((17 35.3 0,17 35.3 10,25.6 36.2 10,25.6 36.2 0,17 35.3 0)),((25.6 36.2 0,25.6 36.2 10,26.5 55.7 10,26.5 55.7 0,25.6 36.2 0))),POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((69.01 58 0,84.51 52.5 0,89.71 39.9 0,87.81 9.7 0,81.71 2.9 0,71.31 -0.5 0,54.91 3.9 0,48.31 17.8 0,50.61 48.7 0,58.01 55.6 0,69.01 58 0),(73.91 38.9 0,69.11 42.6 0,64.21 38.9 0,64.21 18.9 0,68.91 15.2 0,73.91 18.9 0,73.91 38.9 0)),((69.01 58 10,58.01 55.6 10,50.61 48.7 10,48.31 17.8 10,54.91 3.9 10,71.31 -0.5 10,81.71 2.9 10,87.81 9.7 10,89.71 39.9 10,84.51 52.5 10,69.01 58 10),(73.91 38.9 10,73.91 18.9 10,68.91 15.2 10,64.21 18.9 10,64.21 38.9 10,69.11 42.6 10,73.91 38.9 10)),((69.01 58 0,69.01 58 10,84.51 52.5 10,84.51 52.5 0,69.01 58 0)),((84.51 52.5 0,84.51 52.5 10,89.71 39.9 10,89.71 39.9 0,84.51 52.5 0)),((89.71 39.9 0,89.71 39.9 10,87.81 9.7 10,87.81 9.7 0,89.71 39.9 0)),((87.81 9.7 0,87.81 9.7 10,81.71 2.9 10,81.71 2.9 0,87.81 9.7 0)),((81.71 2.9 0,81.71 2.9 10,71.31 -0.5 10,71.31 -0.5 0,81.71 2.9 0)),((71.31 -0.5 0,71.31 -0.5 10,54.91 3.9 10,54.91 3.9 0,71.31 -0.5 0)),((54.91 3.9 0,54.91 3.9 10,48.31 17.8 10,48.31 17.8 0,54.91 3.9 0)),((48.31 17.8 0,48.31 17.8 10,50.61 48.7 10,50.61 48.7 0,48.31 17.8 0)),((50.61 48.7 0,50.61 48.7 10,58.01 55.6 10,58.01 55.6 0,50.61 48.7 0)),((58.01 55.6 0,58.01 55.6 10,69.01 58 10,69.01 58 0,58.01 55.6 0)),((73.91 38.9 0,73.91 38.9 10,69.11 42.6 10,69.11 42.6 0,73.91 38.9 0)),((69.11 42.6 0,69.11 42.6 10,64.21 38.9 10,64.21 38.9 0,69.11 42.6 0)),((64.21 38.9 0,64.21 38.9 10,64.21 18.9 10,64.21 18.9 0,64.21 38.9 0)),((64.21 18.9 0,64.21 18.9 10,68.91 15.2 10,68.91 15.2 0,64.21 18.9 0)),((68.91 15.2 0,68.91 15.2 10,73.91 18.9 10,73.91 18.9 0,68.91 15.2 0)),((73.91 18.9 0,73.91 18.9 10,73.91 38.9 10,73.91 38.9 0,73.91 18.9 0))),POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((111.02 37.6 0,123.92 31.1 0,130.72 20.8 0,126.82 5.3 0,116.02 -0.3 0,94.02 3.7 0,98.82 18.9 0,112.52 15.3 0,115.02 17.6 0,98.72 29.6 0,96.12 45.4 0,100.52 53 0,107.32 57.1 0,128.92 54.7 0,122.72 39.9 0,112.02 42.1 0,111.02 37.6 0)),((111.02 37.6 10,112.02 42.1 10,122.72 39.9 10,128.92 54.7 10,107.32 57.1 10,100.52 53 10,96.12 45.4 10,98.72 29.6 10,115.02 17.6 10,112.52 15.3 10,98.82 18.9 10,94.02 3.7 10,116.02 -0.3 10,126.82 5.3 10,130.72 20.8 10,123.92 31.1 10,111.02 37.6 10)),((111.02 37.6 0,111.02 37.6 10,123.92 31.1 10,123.92 31.1 0,111.02 37.6 0)),((123.92 31.1 0,123.92 31.1 10,130.72 20.8 10,130.72 20.8 0,123.92 31.1 0)),((130.72 20.8 0,130.72 20.8 10,126.82 5.3 10,126.82 5.3 0,130.72 20.8 0)),((126.82 5.3 0,126.82 5.3 10,116.02 -0.3 10,116.02 -0.3 0,126.82 5.3 0)),((116.02 -0.3 0,116.02 -0.3 10,94.02 3.7 10,94.02 3.7 0,116.02 -0.3 0)),((94.02 3.7 0,94.02 3.7 10,98.82 18.9 10,98.82 18.9 0,94.02 3.7 0)),((98.82 18.9 0,98.82 18.9 10,112.52 15.3 10,112.52 15.3 0,98.82 18.9 0)),((112.52 15.3 0,112.52 15.3 10,115.02 17.6 10,115.02 17.6 0,112.52 15.3 0)),((115.02 17.6 0,115.02 17.6 10,98.72 29.6 10,98.72 29.6 0,115.02 17.6 0)),((98.72 29.6 0,98.72 29.6 10,96.12 45.4 10,96.12 45.4 0,98.72 29.6 0)),((96.12 45.4 0,96.12 45.4 10,100.52 53 10,100.52 53 0,96.12 45.4 0)),((100.52 53 0,100.52 53 10,107.32 57.1 10,107.32 57.1 0,100.52 53 0)),((107.32 57.1 0,107.32 57.1 10,128.92 54.7 10,128.92 54.7 0,107.32 57.1 0)),((128.92 54.7 0,128.92 54.7 10,122.72 39.9 10,122.72 39.9 0,128.92 54.7 0)),((122.72 39.9 0,122.72 39.9 10,112.02 42.1 10,112.02 42.1 0,122.72 39.9 0)),((112.02 42.1 0,112.02 42.1 10,111.02 37.6 10,111.02 37.6 0,112.02 42.1 0))),POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((156.82 17.7 0,167.02 16 0,167.02 -0.9 0,149.22 2 0,141.42 11.3 0,141.12 42.7 0,134.62 41.8 0,134.62 58.9 0,141.12 57.9 0,140.02 75.4 0,157.92 75.4 0,156.82 57.9 0,166.02 58.9 0,166.02 41.8 0,156.82 42.7 0,156.82 17.7 0)),((156.82 17.7 10,156.82 42.7 10,166.02 41.8 10,166.02 58.9 10,156.82 57.9 10,157.92 75.4 10,140.02 75.4 10,141.12 57.9 10,134.62 58.9 10,134.62 41.8 10,141.12 42.7 10,141.42 11.3 10,149.22 2 10,167.02 -0.9 10,167.02 16 10,156.82 17.7 10)),((156.82 17.7 0,156.82 17.7 10,167.02 16 10,167.02 16 0,156.82 17.7 0)),((167.02 16 0,167.02 16 10,167.02 -0.9 10,167.02 -0.9 0,167.02 16 0)),((167.02 -0.9 0,167.02 -0.9 10,149.22 2 10,149.22 2 0,167.02 -0.9 0)),((149.22 2 0,149.22 2 10,141.42 11.3 10,141.42 11.3 0,149.22 2 0)),((141.42 11.3 0,141.42 11.3 10,141.12 42.7 10,141.12 42.7 0,141.42 11.3 0)),((141.12 42.7 0,141.12 42.7 10,134.62 41.8 10,134.62 41.8 0,141.12 42.7 0)),((134.62 41.8 0,134.62 41.8 10,134.62 58.9 10,134.62 58.9 0,134.62 41.8 0)),((134.62 58.9 0,134.62 58.9 10,141.12 57.9 10,141.12 57.9 0,134.62 58.9 0)),((141.12 57.9 0,141.12 57.9 10,140.02 75.4 10,140.02 75.4 0,141.12 57.9 0)),((140.02 75.4 0,140.02 75.4 10,157.92 75.4 10,157.92 75.4 0,140.02 75.4 0)),((157.92 75.4 0,157.92 75.4 10,156.82 57.9 10,156.82 57.9 0,157.92 75.4 0)),((156.82 57.9 0,156.82 57.9 10,166.02 58.9 10,166.02 58.9 0,156.82 57.9 0)),((166.02 58.9 0,166.02 58.9 10,166.02 41.8 10,166.02 41.8 0,166.02 58.9 0)),((166.02 41.8 0,166.02 41.8 10,156.82 42.7 10,156.82 42.7 0,166.02 41.8 0)),((156.82 42.7 0,156.82 42.7 10,156.82 17.7 10,156.82 17.7 0,156.82 42.7 0))),POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((213.81 13.2 0,208.11 4.2 0,198.51 -0.3 0,184.21 0.9 0,174.91 8.8 0,172.61 57.4 0,175.21 66.1 0,180.91 71.6 0,209.81 74 0,209.81 58.4 0,189.11 56.8 0,188.61 18.7 0,193.81 14.8 0,199.11 16.5 0,199.11 32.2 0,193.41 32.2 0,193.41 46.4 0,213.81 46.4 0,213.81 13.2 0)),((213.81 13.2 10,213.81 46.4 10,193.41 46.4 10,193.41 32.2 10,199.11 32.2 10,199.11 16.5 10,193.81 14.8 10,188.61 18.7 10,189.11 56.8 10,209.81 58.4 10,209.81 74 10,180.91 71.6 10,175.21 66.1 10,172.61 57.4 10,174.91 8.8 10,184.21 0.9 10,198.51 -0.3 10,208.11 4.2 10,213.81 13.2 10)),((213.81 13.2 0,213.81 13.2 10,208.11 4.2 10,208.11 4.2 0,213.81 13.2 0)),((208.11 4.2 0,208.11 4.2 10,198.51 -0.3 10,198.51 -0.3 0,208.11 4.2 0)),((198.51 -0.3 0,198.51 -0.3 10,184.21 0.9 10,184.21 0.9 0,198.51 -0.3 0)),((184.21 0.9 0,184.21 0.9 10,174.91 8.8 10,174.91 8.8 0,184.21 0.9 0)),((174.91 8.8 0,174.91 8.8 10,172.61 57.4 10,172.61 57.4 0,174.91 8.8 0)),((172.61 57.4 0,172.61 57.4 10,175.21 66.1 10,175.21 66.1 0,172.61 57.4 0)),((175.21 66.1 0,175.21 66.1 10,180.91 71.6 10,180.91 71.6 0,175.21 66.1 0)),((180.91 71.6 0,180.91 71.6 10,209.81 74 10,209.81 74 0,180.91 71.6 0)),((209.81 74 0,209.81 74 10,209.81 58.4 10,209.81 58.4 0,209.81 74 0)),((209.81 58.4 0,209.81 58.4 10,189.11 56.8 10,189.11 56.8 0,209.81 58.4 0)),((189.11 56.8 0,189.11 56.8 10,188.61 18.7 10,188.61 18.7 0,189.11 56.8 0)),((188.61 18.7 0,188.61 18.7 10,193.81 14.8 10,193.81 14.8 0,188.61 18.7 0)),((193.81 14.8 0,193.81 14.8 10,199.11 16.5 10,199.11 16.5 0,193.81 14.8 0)),((199.11 16.5 0,199.11 16.5 10,199.11 32.2 10,199.11 32.2 0,199.11 16.5 0)),((199.11 32.2 0,199.11 32.2 10,193.41 32.2 10,193.41 32.2 0,199.11 32.2 0)),((193.41 32.2 0,193.41 32.2 10,193.41 46.4 10,193.41 46.4 0,193.41 32.2 0)),((193.41 46.4 0,193.41 46.4 10,213.81 46.4 10,213.81 46.4 0,193.41 46.4 0)),((213.81 46.4 0,213.81 46.4 10,213.81 13.2 10,213.81 13.2 0,213.81 46.4 0))),POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((235.82 72.9 0,236.82 0 0,218.52 0 0,218.52 73.8 0,235.82 72.9 0)),((235.82 72.9 10,218.52 73.8 10,218.52 0 10,236.82 0 10,235.82 72.9 10)),((235.82 72.9 0,235.82 72.9 10,236.82 0 10,236.82 0 0,235.82 72.9 0)),((236.82 0 0,236.82 0 10,218.52 0 10,218.52 0 0,236.82 0 0)),((218.52 0 0,218.52 0 10,218.52 73.8 10,218.52 73.8 0,218.52 0 0)),((218.52 73.8 0,218.52 73.8 10,235.82 72.9 10,235.82 72.9 0,218.52 73.8 0))),POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((258.33 49.5 0,279.93 34.6 0,283.43 25.9 0,282.53 15.4 0,277.93 6.8 0,270.73 1.6 0,252.33 0.5 0,241.53 4.9 0,246.43 20.6 0,260.73 16.4 0,266.23 18.7 0,267.43 23.2 0,245.63 39.4 0,242.03 48.6 0,242.83 59.6 0,247.53 67.3 0,257.53 73.2 0,280.43 70.8 0,275.23 56.4 0,264.53 58.3 0,258.73 55.1 0,258.33 49.5 0)),((258.33 49.5 10,258.73 55.1 10,264.53 58.3 10,275.23 56.4 10,280.43 70.8 10,257.53 73.2 10,247.53 67.3 10,242.83 59.6 10,242.03 48.6 10,245.63 39.4 10,267.43 23.2 10,266.23 18.7 10,260.73 16.4 10,246.43 20.6 10,241.53 4.9 10,252.33 0.5 10,270.73 1.6 10,277.93 6.8 10,282.53 15.4 10,283.43 25.9 10,279.93 34.6 10,258.33 49.5 10)),((258.33 49.5 0,258.33 49.5 10,279.93 34.6 10,279.93 34.6 0,258.33 49.5 0)),((279.93 34.6 0,279.93 34.6 10,283.43 25.9 10,283.43 25.9 0,279.93 34.6 0)),((283.43 25.9 0,283.43 25.9 10,282.53 15.4 10,282.53 15.4 0,283.43 25.9 0)),((282.53 15.4 0,282.53 15.4 10,277.93 6.8 10,277.93 6.8 0,282.53 15.4 0)),((277.93 6.8 0,277.93 6.8 10,270.73 1.6 10,270.73 1.6 0,277.93 6.8 0)),((270.73 1.6 0,270.73 1.6 10,252.33 0.5 10,252.33 0.5 0,270.73 1.6 0)),((252.33 0.5 0,252.33 0.5 10,241.53 4.9 10,241.53 4.9 0,252.33 0.5 0)),((241.53 4.9 0,241.53 4.9 10,246.43 20.6 10,246.43 20.6 0,241.53 4.9 0)),((246.43 20.6 0,246.43 20.6 10,260.73 16.4 10,260.73 16.4 0,246.43 20.6 0)),((260.73 16.4 0,260.73 16.4 10,266.23 18.7 10,266.23 18.7 0,260.73 16.4 0)),((266.23 18.7 0,266.23 18.7 10,267.43 23.2 10,267.43 23.2 0,266.23 18.7 0)),((267.43 23.2 0,267.43 23.2 10,245.63 39.4 10,245.63 39.4 0,267.43 23.2 0)),((245.63 39.4 0,245.63 39.4 10,242.03 48.6 10,242.03 48.6 0,245.63 39.4 0)),((242.03 48.6 0,242.03 48.6 10,242.83 59.6 10,242.83 59.6 0,242.03 48.6 0)),((242.83 59.6 0,242.83 59.6 10,247.53 67.3 10,247.53 67.3 0,242.83 59.6 0)),((247.53 67.3 0,247.53 67.3 10,257.53 73.2 10,257.53 73.2 0,247.53 67.3 0)),((257.53 73.2 0,257.53 73.2 10,280.43 70.8 10,280.43 70.8 0,257.53 73.2 0)),((280.43 70.8 0,280.43 70.8 10,275.23 56.4 10,275.23 56.4 0,280.43 70.8 0)),((275.23 56.4 0,275.23 56.4 10,264.53 58.3 10,264.53 58.3 0,275.23 56.4 0)),((264.53 58.3 0,264.53 58.3 10,258.73 55.1 10,258.73 55.1 0,264.53 58.3 0)),((258.73 55.1 0,258.73 55.1 10,258.33 49.5 10,258.33 49.5 0,258.73 55.1 0))))
SELECT ST_AsX3D(ST_Translate(ST_Force3D(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(10,10),5, 'quad_segs=2')), 0,0,
    3),
  6) As x3dfrag;

x3dfrag
--------
<IndexedFaceSet  convex='false' coordIndex='0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7'
><Coordinate point='15 10 3 13.535534 6.464466 3 10 5 3 6.464466 6.464466 3 5 10 3 6.464466 13.535534 3 10 15 3 13.535534 13.535534 3 ' /></IndexedFaceSet>

SELECT ST_AsX3D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )), ((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )')) As x3dfrag;

    x3dfrag
    --------
<IndexedTriangleSet  index='0 1 2 3 4 5'
><Coordinate point='0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0'/></IndexedTriangleSet>

SELECT ST_AsX3D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTILINESTRING((20 0 10,16 -12 10,0 -16 10,-12 -12 10,-20 0 10,-12 16 10,0 24 10,16 16 10,20 0 10),
  (12 0 10,8 8 10,0 12 10,-8 8 10,-8 0 10,-8 -4 10,0 -8 10,8 -4 10,12 0 10))')
) As x3dfrag;

    x3dfrag
    --------
<IndexedLineSet  coordIndex='0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 -1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8'>
    <Coordinate point='20 0 10 16 -12 10 0 -16 10 -12 -12 10 -20 0 10 -12 16 10 0 24 10 16 16 10 12 0 10 8 8 10 0 12 10 -8 8 10 -8 0 10 -8 -4 10 0 -8 10 8 -4 10 ' />
 </IndexedLineSet>

SELECT ST_GeoHash(ST_Point(-126, 48));
c0w3hf1s70w3hf1s70w3
SELECT ST_GeoHash(ST_Point(-126, 48), 5);
c0w3h
SELECT ST_GeoHash('LINESTRING(-126 48,-126.1 48.1)'::geometry);
c0w3
SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 && tbl2.column2 AS overlaps
FROM ( VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 3 3)'::geometry),
    (2, 'LINESTRING(0 1, 0 5)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
( VALUES
    (3, 'LINESTRING(1 2, 4 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overlaps
---------+---------+----------
       1 |       3 | t
       2 |       3 | f
(2 rows)
SELECT ST_Point(1,1) && ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(2,2)) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(2,2)) && ST_Point(1,1) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(2,2)) && ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(1,1), ST_Point(3,3)) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 &&& tbl2.column2 AS overlaps_3d,
                        tbl1.column2 && tbl2.column2 AS overlaps_2d
FROM ( VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING Z(0 0 1, 3 3 2)'::geometry),
    (2, 'LINESTRING Z(1 2 0, 0 5 -1)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
( VALUES
    (3, 'LINESTRING Z(1 2 1, 4 6 1)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overlaps_3d | overlaps_2d
---------+---------+-------------+-------------
       1 |       3 | t           | t
       2 |       3 | f           | t

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 &&& tbl2.column2 AS overlaps_3zm,
                        tbl1.column2 && tbl2.column2 AS overlaps_2d
FROM ( VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING M(0 0 1, 3 3 2)'::geometry),
    (2, 'LINESTRING M(1 2 0, 0 5 -1)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
( VALUES
    (3, 'LINESTRING M(1 2 1, 4 6 1)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overlaps_3zm | overlaps_2d
---------+---------+-------------+-------------
       1 |       3 | t           | t
       2 |       3 | f           | t

SELECT ST_MakePoint(1,1,1) &&& ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(0,0,0), ST_MakePoint(2,2,2)) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(0,0,0), ST_MakePoint(2,2,2)) &&& ST_MakePoint(1,1,1) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(0,0,0), ST_MakePoint(2,2,2)) &&& ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(1,1,1), ST_MakePoint(3,3,3)) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 &< tbl2.column2 AS overleft
FROM
  ( VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING(1 2, 4 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
    (2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 3 3)'::geometry),
    (3, 'LINESTRING(0 1, 0 5)'::geometry),
    (4, 'LINESTRING(6 0, 6 1)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overleft
---------+---------+----------
       1 |       2 | f
       1 |       3 | f
       1 |       4 | t
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 &<| tbl2.column2 AS overbelow
FROM
  ( VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING(6 0, 6 4)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
    (2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 3 3)'::geometry),
    (3, 'LINESTRING(0 1, 0 5)'::geometry),
    (4, 'LINESTRING(1 2, 4 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overbelow
---------+---------+-----------
       1 |       2 | f
       1 |       3 | t
       1 |       4 | t
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 &
> tbl2.column2 AS overright
FROM
  ( VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING(1 2,4 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
    (2, 'LINESTRING(0 0,3 3)'::geometry),
    (3, 'LINESTRING(0 1,0 5)'::geometry),
    (4, 'LINESTRING(6 0,6 1)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overright
---------+---------+-----------
       1 |       2 | t
       1 |       3 | t
       1 |       4 | f
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 << tbl2.column2 AS left
FROM
  ( VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING (1 2, 1 5)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
    (2, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 4 3)'::geometry),
    (3, 'LINESTRING (6 0, 6 5)'::geometry),
    (4, 'LINESTRING (2 2, 5 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | left
---------+---------+------
       1 |       2 | f
       1 |       3 | t
       1 |       4 | t
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 <<| tbl2.column2 AS below
FROM
  ( VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 4 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
    (2, 'LINESTRING (1 4, 1 7)'::geometry),
    (3, 'LINESTRING (6 1, 6 5)'::geometry),
    (4, 'LINESTRING (2 3, 5 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | below
---------+---------+-------
       1 |       2 | t
       1 |       3 | f
       1 |       4 | f
(3 rows)

SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0,0 1,1 0)'::geometry = 'LINESTRING(1 1,0 0)'::geometry;
 ?column?
----------
 f
(1 row)
SELECT column1
FROM ( VALUES
    ('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'::geometry),
    ('LINESTRING(1 1, 0 0)'::geometry)) AS foo;
          st_astext
---------------------
 LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)
 LINESTRING(1 1,0 0)
(2 rows)
01020000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
010200000002000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT column1
FROM ( VALUES
    ('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'::geometry),
    ('LINESTRING(1 1, 0 0)'::geometry)) AS foo
GROUP BY column1;
      st_astext
---------------------
 LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)
 LINESTRING(1 1,0 0)
(2 rows)
01020000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
010200000002000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT 'POINT(1707296.37 4820536.77)'::geometry =
   'POINT(1707296.27 4820536.87)'::geometry As pt_intersect;
 pt_intersect
--------------
 f
(1 row)
SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 
>
> tbl2.column2 AS right
FROM
  ( VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING (2 3,5 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
    (2, 'LINESTRING (1 4,1 7)'::geometry),
    (3, 'LINESTRING (6 1,6 5)'::geometry),
    (4, 'LINESTRING (0 0,4 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | right
---------+---------+-------
       1 |       2 | t
       1 |       3 | f
       1 |       4 | f
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 @ tbl2.column2 AS contained
FROM
  ( VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING (1 1, 3 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
    (2, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 4 4)'::geometry),
    (3, 'LINESTRING (2 2, 4 4)'::geometry),
    (4, 'LINESTRING (1 1, 3 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | contained
---------+---------+-----------
       1 |       2 | t
       1 |       3 | f
       1 |       4 | t
(3 rows)

SELECT ST_Buffer('POINT(2 2)'::geometry, 1) @ ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0, 0), ST_Point(5, 5)) AS is_contained;
t
SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(2, 2), ST_Point(3, 3)) @ ST_Buffer('POINT(1 1)'::geometry, 10) AS is_contained;
t
SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(2, 2), ST_Point(3, 3)) @ ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0, 0), ST_Point(5, 5)) AS is_contained;
t
SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 |&
> tbl2.column2 AS overabove
FROM
  ( VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING(6 0,6 4)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
    (2, 'LINESTRING(0 0,3 3)'::geometry),
    (3, 'LINESTRING(0 1,0 5)'::geometry),
    (4, 'LINESTRING(1 2,4 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overabove
---------+---------+-----------
       1 |       2 | t
       1 |       3 | f
       1 |       4 | f
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 |>> tbl2.column2 AS above
FROM
  ( VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING (1 4,1 7)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
    (2, 'LINESTRING (0 0,4 2)'::geometry),
    (3, 'LINESTRING (6 1,6 5)'::geometry),
    (4, 'LINESTRING (2 3,5 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;
column1 | column1 | above
---------+---------+-------
       1 |       2 | t
       1 |       3 | f
       1 |       4 | f
(3 rows)
SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 ~ tbl2.column2 AS contains
FROM
  ( VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING (0 0,3 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
    (2, 'LINESTRING (0 0,4 4)'::geometry),
    (3, 'LINESTRING (1 1,2 2)'::geometry),
    (4, 'LINESTRING (0 0,3 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;
column1 | column1 | contains
---------+---------+----------
       1 |       2 | f
       1 |       3 | t
       1 |       4 | t
(3 rows)
SELECT ST_Buffer('POINT(1 1)'::geometry, 10) ~ ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0, 0), ST_Point(2, 2)) AS contains;
t
SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0, 0), ST_Point(5, 5)) ~ ST_Buffer('POINT(2 2)'::geometry, 1) AS contains;
t
SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0, 0), ST_Point(5, 5)) ~ ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(2, 2), ST_Point(3, 3)) AS contains;
t
SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)'::geometry ~= 'LINESTRING(0 1,1 0)'::geometry AS equality;
t
SELECT ST_Distance(geom, 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry) as d, edabbr, vaabbr
FROM va2005
ORDER BY d limit 10;
d         | edabbr | vaabbr
------------------+--------+--------
                0 | ALQ    | 128
 5541.57712511724 | ALQ    | 129A
 5579.67450712005 | ALQ    | 001
  6083.4207708641 | ALQ    | 131
  7691.2205404848 | ALQ    | 003
 7900.75451037313 | ALQ    | 122
 8694.20710669982 | ALQ    | 129B
 9564.24289057111 | ALQ    | 130
  12089.665931705 | ALQ    | 127
 18472.5531479404 | ALQ    | 002
(10 rows)
SELECT ST_Distance(geom, 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry) as d,edabbr, vaabbr
FROM va2005
ORDER BY geom <-> 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry limit 10;

        d         | edabbr | vaabbr
------------------+--------+--------
                0 | ALQ    | 128
 5541.57712511724 | ALQ    | 129A
 5579.67450712005 | ALQ    | 001
  6083.4207708641 | ALQ    | 131
  7691.2205404848 | ALQ    | 003
 7900.75451037313 | ALQ    | 122
 8694.20710669982 | ALQ    | 129B
 9564.24289057111 | ALQ    | 130
  12089.665931705 | ALQ    | 127
 18472.5531479404 | ALQ    | 002
(10 rows)

WITH index_query AS (
  SELECT ST_Distance(geom, 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry) as d,edabbr, vaabbr
    FROM va2005
  ORDER BY geom <-> 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry LIMIT 100)
  SELECT *
    FROM index_query
  ORDER BY d limit 10;

        d         | edabbr | vaabbr
------------------+--------+--------
                0 | ALQ    | 128
 5541.57712511724 | ALQ    | 129A
 5579.67450712005 | ALQ    | 001
  6083.4207708641 | ALQ    | 131
  7691.2205404848 | ALQ    | 003
 7900.75451037313 | ALQ    | 122
 8694.20710669982 | ALQ    | 129B
 9564.24289057111 | ALQ    | 130
  12089.665931705 | ALQ    | 127
 18472.5531479404 | ALQ    | 002
(10 rows)

\set qt 'ST_AddMeasure(ST_MakeLine(ST_MakePointM(-350, 300, 0), ST_MakePointM(-410, 490, 0)), 10, 20)'

SELECT track_id, dist FROM (
  SELECT track_id,
    ST_DistanceCPA(tr, :qt) dist
  FROM trajectories
  ORDER BY tr |=| :qt
  LIMIT 5
) foo;
track_id        dist
----------+-------------------
      395 | 0.576496831518066
      380 |  5.06797130410151
      390 |  7.72262293958322
      385 |   9.8004461358071
      405 |  10.9534397988433
(5 rows)
SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT b.tlid, b.mtfcc,
    b.geom <#
> ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(746149 2948672,745954 2948576,
        745787 2948499,745740 2948468,745712 2948438,
        745690 2948384,745677 2948319)', 2249) As b_dist,
        ST_Distance(b.geom, ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(746149 2948672,745954 2948576,
        745787 2948499,745740 2948468,745712 2948438,
        745690 2948384,745677 2948319)', 2249)) As act_dist
    FROM bos_roads As b
    ORDER BY b_dist, b.tlid
    LIMIT 100) As foo
    ORDER BY act_dist, tlid LIMIT 10;

   tlid    | mtfcc |      b_dist      |     act_dist
-----------+-------+------------------+------------------
  85732027 | S1400 |                0 |                0
  85732029 | S1400 |                0 |                0
  85732031 | S1400 |                0 |                0
  85734335 | S1400 |                0 |                0
  85736037 | S1400 |                0 |                0
 624683742 | S1400 |                0 | 128.528874268666
  85719343 | S1400 | 260.839270432962 | 260.839270432962
  85741826 | S1400 | 164.759294123275 | 260.839270432962
  85732032 | S1400 |           277.75 | 311.830282365264
  85735592 | S1400 |           222.25 | 311.830282365264
(10 rows)

SELECT ST_3DIntersects(pt, line), ST_Intersects(pt, line)
FROM (SELECT 'POINT(0 0 2)'::geometry As pt, 'LINESTRING (0 0 1,0 2 3)'::geometry As line) As foo;
st_3dintersects | st_intersects
-----------------+---------------
 f               | t
(1 row)
SELECT ST_3DIntersects('TIN(((0 0 0,1 0 0,0 1 0,0 0 0)))'::geometry, 'POINT(.1 .1 0)'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_Contains(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'LINESTRING (10 190,60 80,130 120,190 10)'::geometry AS a,
  'MULTIPOINT (60 80,190 10)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Contains(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'POLYGON ((10 130,50 190,110 190,140 150,150 80,100 10,20 40,10 130))'::geometry AS a,
  'POINT (99 130)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Contains(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'POLYGON ((10 130,50 190,110 190,140 150,150 80,100 10,20 40,10 130))'::geometry AS a,
  'LINESTRING (50 190,110 190,99 130)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Contains(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'POLYGON ((10 130,50 190,110 190,140 150,150 80,100 10,20 40,10 130))'::geometry AS a,
  'POLYGON ((70 40,100 50,120 80,80 110,50 90,70 40))'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Contains(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'POLYGON ((10 130,50 190,110 190,140 150,150 80,100 10,20 40,10 130),(70 40,100 50,120 80,80 110,50 90,70 40))'::geometry AS a,
  'MULTIPOINT (99 130,87 70)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
f
SELECT ST_Contains(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'POLYGON ((10 130,50 190,110 190,140 150,150 80,100 10,20 40,10 130))'::geometry AS a,
  'LINESTRING (99 130,170 131)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
f
SELECT ST_Contains(a, b), ST_Covers(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'LINESTRING (10 190,60 80,130 120,190 10)'::geometry AS a,
  'POINT (190 10)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
f | t
SELECT ST_Contains(a, b), ST_Covers(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'POLYGON ((10 130,50 190,110 190,140 150,150 80,100 10,20 40,10 130))'::geometry AS a,
  'LINESTRING (80 190,110 190,140 150,150 80)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
f | t
WITH circles AS (
  SELECT ST_Buffer(center, 10) AS smallc,
         ST_Buffer(center, 20) AS bigc
  FROM (SELECT 'POINT(1 2)'::geometry AS center) AS p
)
SELECT
  ST_Contains(smallc, bigc) AS smallcontainsbig,
  ST_Contains(bigc, smallc) AS bigcontainssmall,
  ST_Contains(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) AS bigcontainsunion,
  ST_Equals(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) AS bigisunion,
  ST_Covers(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) AS bigcoversexterior,
  ST_Contains(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) AS bigcontainsexterior
FROM circles;

-[ RECORD 1 ]-----
smallcontainsbig   | f
bigcontainssmall   | t
bigcontainsunion   | t
bigisunion         | t
bigcoversexterior  | t
bigcontainsexterior | f
SELECT
  ST_GeometryType(geom_a) AS geomtype,
  ST_Contains(geom_a, geom_a) AS acontainsa,
  ST_ContainsProperly(geom_a, geom_a) AS acontainspropa,
  ST_Contains(geom_a, ST_Boundary(geom_a)) AS acontainsba,
  ST_ContainsProperly(geom_a, ST_Boundary(geom_a)) AS acontainspropba
FROM (VALUES
    (ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1, 1), 5, 1)),
    (ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(1, 1), ST_Point(-1, -1))),
    (ST_Point(1, 1))
  ) AS foo(geom_a);

geomtype    | acontainsa | acontainspropa | acontainsba | acontainspropba
--------------+------------+----------------+-------------+-----------------
ST_Polygon    | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_LineString | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_Point      | t          | t              | f           | f

WITH circles AS (
  SELECT ST_Buffer(center, 10) AS smallc,
         ST_Buffer(center, 20) AS bigc
  FROM (SELECT 'POINT(1 2)'::geometry AS center) AS p
)
SELECT
  ST_ContainsProperly(smallc, bigc) AS smallcontainspropbig,
  ST_ContainsProperly(bigc, smallc) AS bigcontainspropsmall,
  ST_ContainsProperly(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) AS bigcontainspropunion,
  ST_Equals(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) AS bigisunion,
  ST_Covers(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) AS bigcoversexterior,
  ST_ContainsProperly(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) AS bigcontainsexterior
FROM circles;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-----
smallcontainspropbig   | f
bigcontainspropsmall   | t
bigcontainspropunion   | f
bigisunion             | t
bigcoversexterior      | t
bigcontainsexterior    | f
WITH input(geom) AS (VALUES
  (ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1, 1), 5, 1)),
  (ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(1, 1), ST_Point(-1, -1))),
  (ST_Point(1, 1))
)
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geom) AS geomtype,
       ST_Contains(geom, geom) AS acontainsa,
       ST_ContainsProperly(geom, geom) AS acontainspropa,
       ST_Contains(geom, ST_Boundary(geom)) AS acontainsba,
       ST_ContainsProperly(geom, ST_Boundary(geom)) AS acontainspropba
FROM input;
geomtype    | acontainsa | acontainspropa | acontainsba | acontainspropba
--------------+------------+----------------+-------------+-----------------
ST_Polygon    | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_LineString | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_Point      | t          | t              | f           | f

WITH circles AS (
  SELECT ST_Buffer(center, 10) AS smallc,
         ST_Buffer(center, 20) AS bigc
  FROM (SELECT 'POINT(1 2)'::geometry AS center) AS p
)
SELECT
  ST_CoveredBy(smallc, smallc) AS smallinsmall,
  ST_CoveredBy(smallc, bigc) AS smallcoveredbybig,
  ST_CoveredBy(ST_ExteriorRing(bigc), bigc) AS exteriorcoveredbybig,
  ST_Within(ST_ExteriorRing(bigc), bigc) AS exteriorwithinbig
FROM circles;
smallinsmall | smallcoveredbybig | exteriorcoveredbybig | exteriorwithinbig
--------------+-------------------+----------------------+------------------
 t            | t                 | t                    | f
(1 row) 
WITH circles AS (
  SELECT ST_Buffer(center, 10) AS smallc,
         ST_Buffer(center, 20) AS bigc
  FROM (SELECT 'POINT(1 2)'::geometry AS center) AS p
)
SELECT
  ST_Covers(smallc, smallc) AS smallinsmall,
  ST_Covers(smallc, bigc) AS smallcoversbig,
  ST_Covers(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) AS bigcoversexterior,
  ST_Contains(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) AS bigcontainsexterior
FROM circles;
smallinsmall | smallcoversbig | bigcoversexterior | bigcontainsexterior
--------------+----------------+-------------------+---------------------
 t            | f              | t                 | f
(1 row) 
SELECT ST_Covers(geog_poly, geog_pt) As poly_covers_pt,
  ST_Covers(ST_Buffer(geog_pt, 10), geog_pt) As buff_10m_covers_cent
  FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer('SRID=4326;POINT(-99.327 31.4821)'::geography, 300) As geog_poly,
        'SRID=4326;POINT(-99.33 31.483)'::geography As geog_pt ) As foo;
poly_covers_pt | buff_10m_covers_cent
----------------+------------------
 f              | t
SELECT ST_Crosses(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'LINESTRING (10 190,60 80,130 120,190 10)'::geometry AS a,
  'MULTIPOINT (80 170,120 13,130 120,181 142)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Crosses(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'POLYGON ((30 190,10 100,10 10,90 20,110 70,80 130,30 190))'::geometry AS a,
  'MULTIPOINT (56 60,120 13,130 119,181 142)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Crosses(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'POLYGON ((30 190,10 100,10 10,90 20,110 70,80 130,30 190))'::geometry AS a,
  'LINESTRING (30 40,70 50,120 150,190 190)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Crosses(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'LINESTRING (10 190,60 80,130 120,190 10)'::geometry AS a,
  'LINESTRING (10 10,70 30,110 120,190 190)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
CREATE TABLE roads (
  id serial NOT NULL,
  geom geometry,
  CONSTRAINT roads_pkey PRIMARY KEY (road_id)
);
CREATE TABLE highways (
  id serial NOT NULL,
  the_gem geometry,
  CONSTRAINT roads_pkey PRIMARY KEY (road_id)
);
SELECT roads.id
FROM roads, highways
WHERE ST_Crosses(roads.geom, highways.geom);
SELECT ST_Disjoint('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0,0 2 )'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_Disjoint('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 0 0,0 2 )'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_Equals('LINESTRING(0 0,10 10)',
'LINESTRING(0 0,5 5,10 10)');
t
SELECT ST_Equals(ST_Reverse('LINESTRING(0 0,10 10)'),
'LINESTRING(0 0,5 5,10 10)');
t
SELECT ST_Intersects('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0,0 2 )'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_Intersects('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 0 0,0 2 )'::geometry);
t
SELECT id, name FROM cities WHERE ST_Intersects(geom, 'SRID=4326;POLYGON((28 53,27.707 52.293,27 52,26.293 52.293,26 53,26.293 53.707,27 54,27.707 53.707,28 53))');
id | name
----+-------
  2 | Minsk
(1 row)
SELECT ST_Intersects('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-43.23456 72.4567,-43.23456 72.4568)'::geography,
'SRID=4326;POINT(-43.23456 72.4567772)'::geography
);
t
SELECT ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineA, lineB) As A_cross_B,
       ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineB, lineA) As B_cross_A
FROM (SELECT
  'LINESTRING(25 169,89 114,40 70,86 43)'::geometry As lineA,
  'LINESTRING (20 140,71 74,161 53)'::geometry As lineB
  ) As foo;
A_cross_B | B_cross_A
-----------+-----------
        -1 |         1
SELECT ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineA, lineB) As A_cross_B,
       ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineB, lineA) As B_cross_A
FROM (SELECT
 'LINESTRING(25 169,89 114,40 70,86 43)'::geometry As lineA,
 'LINESTRING(171 154,20 140,71 74,161 53)'::geometry As lineB
  ) As foo;
A_cross_B | B_cross_A
-----------+-----------
         3 |        -3
SELECT ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineA, lineB) As A_cross_B,
       ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineB, lineA) As B_cross_A
FROM (SELECT
  'LINESTRING(25 169,89 114,40 70,86 43)'::geometry As lineA,
  'LINESTRING(5 90,71 74,20 140,171 154)'::geometry As lineB
  ) As foo;
A_cross_B | B_cross_A
-----------+-----------
        -2 |         2

SELECT s1.gid, s2.gid, ST_LineCrossingDirection(s1.geom, s2.geom)
  FROM streets s1 CROSS JOIN streets s2
         ON (s1.gid != s2.gid AND s1.geom && s2.geom )
WHERE ST_LineCrossingDirection(s1.geom, s2.geom) 
> 0;

SELECT ST_OrderingEquals('LINESTRING(0 0,10 10)',
'LINESTRING(0 0,5 5,10 10)');
f
SELECT ST_OrderingEquals('LINESTRING(0 0,10 10)',
'LINESTRING(0 0,10 10)');
t
SELECT ST_OrderingEquals('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',
'POLYGON((0 0,1 0,1 1,0 1,0 0))');
f
SELECT ST_Overlaps(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'MULTIPOINT ((20 20),(40 90),(80 130),(140 100),(110 40),(120 170),(150 70))'::geometry AS a,
  'MULTIPOINT ((180 10),(40 90),(80 130),(160 150),(110 40),(50 50),(50 160))'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Overlaps(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'LINESTRING (10 10,40 90,70 110,140 110,170 130,190 190)'::geometry AS a,
  'LINESTRING (10 190,50 130,90 110,130 110,160 70,180 10)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Overlaps(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'POLYGON ((140 140,140 122,135 105,126 100,118 99,110 94,100 86,97 73,102 59,98 49,87 38,70 30,55 29,40 30,28 38,20 50,14 66,10 84,6 100,4 119,4 143,6 166,10 180,18 191,28 195,40 190,55 189,67 186,86 179,112 165,124 158,133 148,140 140),(48 177,40 177,30 174,24 166,22 159,25 155,30 153,40 154,45 157,52 162,53 169,51 174,48 177))'::geometry AS a,
  'POLYGON ((75 63,79 50,87 38,95 31,108 25,124 22,140 18,154 11,166 6,176 10,184 21,188 35,190 58,190 82,193 104,190 121,185 139,178 154,166 163,154 171,139 172,124 171,112 165,96 152,92 142,92 126,86 116,79 110,75 104,72 94,73 86,75 76,75 63))'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Overlaps(a, b) AS overlaps, ST_Crosses(a, b) AS crosses,
       ST_Intersects(a, b) AS intersects, ST_Contains(b, a) AS b_contains_a
FROM (SELECT 'POINT (100 100)'::geometry As a,
             'LINESTRING (30 50,40 160,160 40,180 160)'::geometry  AS b) AS t
overlaps | crosses | intersects | b_contains_a
---------+----------------------+--------------
f        | f       | t          | t
SELECT ST_Overlaps(a, b) AS overlaps, ST_Crosses(a, b) AS crosses,
       ST_Intersects(a, b) AS intersects, ST_Contains(a, b) AS contains
FROM (SELECT 'POLYGON ((40 170,90 30,180 100,40 170))'::geometry AS a,
             'LINESTRING(10 10,190 190)'::geometry AS b) AS t;
overlap | crosses | intersects | contains
---------+---------+------------+--------------
 f       | t       | t          | f
SELECT ST_Overlaps(a, b) AS overlaps, ST_Crosses(a, b) AS crosses,
       ST_Intersects(a, b) AS intersects, ST_Contains(b, a) AS b_contains_a,
       ST_Dimension(a) AS dim_a, ST_Dimension(b) AS dim_b,
       ST_Dimension(ST_Intersection(a, b)) AS dim_int
FROM (SELECT 'POLYGON ((40 170,90 30,180 100,40 170))'::geometry AS a,
             'POLYGON ((110 180,20 60,130 90,110 180))'::geometry AS b) As t;
overlaps | crosses | intersects | b_contains_a | dim_a | dim_b | dim_int
----------+---------+------------+--------------+-------+-------+-----------
 t        | f       | t          | f            |     2 |     2 |       2
SELECT ST_Relate('POINT(1 2)', ST_Buffer('POINT(1 2)', 2), '0FFFFF212');
t
SELECT ST_Relate('POINT(1 2)', ST_Buffer('POINT(1 2)', 2), '*FF*FF212');
t
SELECT c.* , p.name As poly_name
    FROM polys AS p
    INNER JOIN compounds As c
          ON c.geom && p.geom
             AND ST_Relate(p.geom, c.geom, 'T********');

SELECT ST_Relate('POINT(1 2)',
ST_Buffer('POINT(1 2)', 2));
0FFFFF212
SELECT ST_Relate('LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)',
'LINESTRING(5 6,7 8)' );
FF1FF0102
WITH data AS (SELECT
  'LINESTRING(1 1,3 3)'::geometry AS a_line,
  'MULTILINESTRING((3 3,3 5),(3 3,5 3))'::geometry AS b_multiline
)
SELECT ST_Relate(a_line, b_multiline, 1) AS bnr_mod2,
       ST_Relate(a_line, b_multiline, 2) AS bnr_endpoint
    FROM data;
bnr_mod2  | bnr_endpoint
-----------+--------------
 FF10F0102 | FF1F00102
SELECT ST_RelateMatch('101202FFF', 'TTTTTTFFF') ;
t
SELECT pat.name AS relationship, pat.val AS pattern,
       mat.name AS position, mat.val AS matrix,
       ST_RelateMatch(mat.val, pat.val) AS match
    FROM (VALUES ( 'Equality', 'T1FF1FFF1' ),
                 ( 'Overlaps', 'T*T***T**' ),
                 ( 'Within', 'T*F**F***' ),
                 ( 'Disjoint', 'FF*FF****' )) AS pat(name, val)
    CROSS JOIN
        (VALUES  ('non-intersecting', 'FF1FF0212'),
                 ('overlapping', '1010F0212'),
                 ('inside', '1FF0FF212')) AS mat(name, val);
relationship |  pattern  |     position     |  matrix   | match
--------------+-----------+------------------+-----------+-------
 Equality     | T1FF1FFF1 | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | f
 Equality     | T1FF1FFF1 | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | f
 Equality     | T1FF1FFF1 | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | f
 Overlaps     | T*T***T** | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | f
 Overlaps     | T*T***T** | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | t
 Overlaps     | T*T***T** | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | f
 Within       | T*F**F*** | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | f
 Within       | T*F**F*** | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | f
 Within       | T*F**F*** | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | t
 Disjoint     | FF*FF**** | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | t
 Disjoint     | FF*FF**** | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | f
 Disjoint     | FF*FF**** | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | f
SELECT ST_Touches(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'POLYGON ((10 190,10 70,80 70,80 130,50 160,120 160,120 190,10 190))'::geometry AS a,
  'POLYGON ((80 110,140 140,190 110,180 40,140 10,80 50,80 70,80 110))'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Touches(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'POLYGON ((10 190,10 70,80 70,80 130,50 160,120 160,120 190,10 190))'::geometry AS a,
  'POLYGON ((140 140,190 110,180 40,140 10,80 70,140 140))'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Touches(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'POLYGON ((80 10,50 40,50 90,80 130,140 120,160 70,140 30,80 10))'::geometry AS a,
  'LINESTRING (30 190,180 150,160 70)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Touches(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'LINESTRING (10 10,60 140,140 190)'::geometry AS a,
  'LINESTRING (140 190,190 10)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Touches(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'LINESTRING (10 10,60 140,140 190)'::geometry AS a,
  'LINESTRING (60 140,190 10)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Touches(a, b)
FROM (SELECT
  'POLYGON ((30 30,10 110,40 190,120 170,180 180,170 100,130 10,30 30))'::geometry AS a,
  'POINT (170 100)'::geometry AS b
) AS example;
t
SELECT ST_Touches('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,0 2)'::geometry, 'POINT(1 1)'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_Touches('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,0 2)'::geometry, 'POINT(0 2)'::geometry);
t
WITH circles AS (
  SELECT ST_Buffer(center, 20) AS smallc,
         ST_Buffer(center, 40) AS bigc
  FROM (SELECT 'POINT(50 50)'::geometry AS center) AS p
)
SELECT smallc AS small_circle,
       bigc AS big_circle
FROM circles;
POLYGON((70 50,69.616 46.098,68.478 42.346,66.629 38.889,64.142 35.858,61.111 33.371,57.654 31.522,53.902 30.384,50 30,46.098 30.384,42.346 31.522,38.889 33.371,35.858 35.858,33.371 38.889,31.522 42.346,30.384 46.098,30 50,30.384 53.902,31.522 57.654,33.371 61.111,35.858 64.142,38.889 66.629,42.346 68.478,46.098 69.616,50 70,53.902 69.616,57.654 68.478,61.111 66.629,64.142 64.142,66.629 61.111,68.478 57.654,69.616 53.902,70 50)) | POLYGON((90 50,89.231 42.196,86.955 34.693,83.259 27.777,78.284 21.716,72.223 16.741,65.307 13.045,57.804 10.769,50 10,42.196 10.769,34.693 13.045,27.777 16.741,21.716 21.716,16.741 27.777,13.045 34.693,10.769 42.196,10 50,10.769 57.804,13.045 65.307,16.741 72.223,21.716 78.284,27.777 83.259,34.693 86.955,42.196 89.231,50 90,57.804 89.231,65.307 86.955,72.223 83.259,78.284 78.284,83.259 72.223,86.955 65.307,89.231 57.804,90 50))
01030000000100000021000000000000000080514000000000000049407CA67EB86767514007BF479B910C474013E65FD8901E514088B5F495542C454042496AF647A85040427FF97DBD71434058E103C018095040503DF87FCEED4140BF800682428E4E407D6D2B1370AF4040784A0B6AABD34C40B467809EBC853F40F940B8646EF34A401266051E61623E4000000000000049400000000000003E4007BF479B910C47401266051E61623E4089B5F495542C4540B467809EBC853F40427FF97DBD7143407C6D2B1370AF4040503DF87FCEED4140503DF87FCEED41407D6D2B1370AF4040427FF97DBD714340B467809EBC853F4088B5F495542C45401266051E61623E4006BF479B910C47400000000000003E4000000000000049401266051E61623E40F940B8646EF34A40B467809EBC853F40774A0B6AABD34C407C6D2B1370AF4040BE800682428E4E40503DF87FCEED414058E103C018095040427FF97DBD71434042496AF647A8504087B5F495542C454012E65FD8901E514006BF479B910C47407BA67EB867675140FFFFFFFFFFFF48400000000000805140F940B8646EF34A407CA67EB867675140784A0B6AABD34C4013E65FD8901E5140BE800682428E4E4042496AF647A8504058E103C01809504058E103C01809504042496AF647A85040BE800682428E4E4012E65FD8901E5140794A0B6AABD34C407BA67EB867675140FA40B8646EF34A4000000000008051400000000000004940 | 0103000000010000002100000000000000008056400000000000004940F74CFD70CF4E56400E7E8F362319454026CCBFB021BD5540116BE92BA95841408392D4EC8FD0544006FDE5F7F5C63B40B0C207803192534041F5E0FF39B73540BF800682420E5240F4B5AD4CC0BD3040784A0B6AAB535040D09E017AF2162A40F28170C9DCE64C404898157884892540000000000000494000000000000024400F7E8F36231945404898157884892540126BE92BA9584140D09E017AF2162A4008FDE5F7F5C63B40F2B5AD4CC0BD304041F5E0FF39B7354040F5E0FF39B73540F4B5AD4CC0BD304006FDE5F7F5C63B40D09E017AF2162A40106BE92BA958414048981578848925400C7E8F36231945400000000000002440FFFFFFFFFFFF48404898157884892540F28170C9DCE64C40D09E017AF2162A40774A0B6AAB535040F2B5AD4CC0BD3040BE800682420E52403EF5E0FF39B73540B0C207803192534006FDE5F7F5C63B408392D4EC8FD054400E6BE92BA958414025CCBFB021BD55400C7E8F3623194540F64CFD70CF4E5640FFFFFFFFFFFF48400000000000805640F28170C9DCE64C40F74CFD70CF4E5640784A0B6AAB53504026CCBFB021BD5540BE800682420E52408492D4EC8FD05440B0C2078031925340B0C20780319253408392D4EC8FD05440BE800682420E524025CCBFB021BD5540794A0B6AAB535040F64CFD70CF4E5640F48170C9DCE64C4000000000008056400000000000004940
WITH circles AS (
  SELECT ST_Buffer(center, 20) AS smallc,
         ST_Buffer(center, 40) AS bigc
  FROM (SELECT 'POINT(50 50)'::geometry AS center) AS p
)
SELECT
  ST_Within(smallc, smallc) AS smallinsmall,
  ST_Within(smallc, bigc) AS smallinbig,
  ST_Within(bigc, smallc) AS biginsmall,
  ST_Within(ST_Union(smallc, bigc), bigc) AS unioninbig,
  ST_Within(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) AS biginunion,
  ST_Equals(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) AS bigisunion
FROM circles;
t | t | f | t | t | t
WITH sample AS (
  SELECT ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 4)'::geometry, 2163) AS input_point,
         ST_Transform(
           'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15,-72.123 42.1546 20)'::geometry,
           2163
         ) AS input_line
)
SELECT ST_3DDWithin(input_point, input_line, 126.8) AS within_dist_3d,
       ST_DWithin(input_point, input_line, 126.8) AS within_dist_2d,
       input_point AS input_point,
       input_line AS input_line
FROM sample;
-[ RECORD 1 ]--+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
within_dist_3d | f
within_dist_2d | t
input_point    | POINT Z (-11774128.9 5237160.2 4)
input_line     | LINESTRING Z (-11774339.5 5243556.8 15,-11773706.7 5215256.3 20)
WITH data AS (
  SELECT
    'POINT(1 1 2)'::geometry AS geom_a,
    'LINESTRING(1 5 2,2 7 20,1 9 100,14 12 3)'::geometry AS geom_b
)
SELECT
  ST_3DDFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) AS d3dfullywithin10,
  ST_3DDWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) AS d3dwithin10,
  ST_DFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 20) AS d2dfullywithin20,
  ST_3DDFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 20) AS d3dfullywithin20
FROM data;

d3dfullywithin10 | d3dwithin10 | d2dfullywithin20 | d3dfullywithin20
------------------+-------------+------------------+------------------
 f                | t           | t                | f 
SELECT
    ST_DFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) AS DFullyWithin10,
    ST_DWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) AS DWithin10,
    ST_DFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 20) AS DFullyWithin20
FROM (VALUES
    ('POINT(1 1)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING(1 5,2 7,1 9,14 12)'::geometry)
    ) AS v(geom_a, geom_b)
dfullywithin10 | dwithin10 | dfullywithin20
----------------+-----------+----------------
 f              | t         | t
WITH sample AS (
  SELECT ST_Buffer('POINT(100 90)'::geometry, 50, 'quad_segs=2') AS coverage,
         ST_Point(120, 120) AS inside_pt,
         ST_Point(170, 90) AS outside_pt
)
SELECT ST_DWithin(coverage, inside_pt, 0) AS inside_now,
       ST_DWithin(coverage, outside_pt, 10) AS outside_within_10,
       coverage AS coverage_geom,
       inside_pt AS inside_geom,
       outside_pt AS outside_geom
FROM sample;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-----
inside_now        | t
outside_within_10 | f
coverage_geom     | POLYGON((150 90,135 55,100 40,65 55,50 90,65 125,100 140,135 125,150 90))
inside_geom       | POINT(120 120)
outside_geom      | POINT(170 90)
t | f | 010300000001000000090000000000000000C062400000000000805640AED904F05EEB60404999EC3F84524B4000000000000059400000000000004440A44CF61F422950404899EC3F84524B4000000000000049400000000000805640A44CF61F422950405CB309E0BD565F40FFFFFFFFFFFF58400000000000806140AED904F05EEB60405CB309E0BD565F400000000000C062400000000000805640 | 01010000000000000000005E400000000000005E40 | 010100000000000000004065400000000000805640
SELECT DISTINCT ON (s.gid) s.gid, s.school_name, s.geom, h.hospital_name
  FROM schools s
    LEFT JOIN hospitals h ON ST_DWithin(s.geom, h.geom, 3000)
  ORDER BY s.gid, ST_Distance(s.geom, h.geom);

SELECT s.gid, s.school_name
  FROM schools s
    LEFT JOIN hospitals h ON ST_DWithin(s.geom, h.geom, 3000)
  WHERE h.gid IS NULL;

SELECT l.location_name
  FROM locations l
  WHERE NOT EXISTS (
    SELECT 1
    FROM hospitals h
    WHERE ST_DWithin(l.geom, h.geom, 3000)
  );

CREATE INDEX ON broadcasting_towers USING gist (geom);
CREATE INDEX ON broadcasting_towers USING gist (ST_Expand(geom, sending_range));

SELECT b.tower_id, b.geom
  FROM broadcasting_towers b
  WHERE ST_DWithin(b.geom, 'SRID=3857;POINT(3072163.4 7159374.1)', 4000)
    AND ST_DWithin(b.geom, 'SRID=3857;POINT(3072163.4 7159374.1)', b.sending_range);

SELECT ST_PointInsideCircle(ST_Point(1, 2), 0.5, 2, 3);
t
SELECT ST_Area(geom) AS sqft,
       ST_Area(geom) * 0.3048 ^ 2 AS sqm
FROM (
  SELECT 'SRID=2249;POLYGON((743238 2967416,743238 2967450,
          743265 2967450,743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416))'::geometry AS geom
) AS subquery;
sqft   |     sqm
--------+-------------
928.625 | 86.27208552
SELECT ST_Area(geom) AS sqft,
       round(ST_Area(ST_Transform(geom, 26986))::numeric, 6) AS sqm
FROM (
  SELECT 'SRID=2249;POLYGON((743238 2967416,743238 2967450,
          743265 2967450,743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416))'::geometry AS geom
) AS subquery;
sqft   |    sqm
--------+-----------
928.625 | 86.272431
SELECT round((ST_Area(geog) / 0.3048 ^ 2)::numeric, 2) AS sqft_spheroid,
       round((ST_Area(geog, false) / 0.3048 ^ 2)::numeric, 2) AS sqft_sphere,
       round(ST_Area(geog)::numeric, 2) AS sqm_spheroid
FROM (
  SELECT ST_Transform(
           'SRID=2249;POLYGON((743238 2967416,743238 2967450,
           743265 2967450,743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416))'::geometry,
           4326
         )::geography AS geog
) AS subquery;
sqft_spheroid | sqft_sphere | sqm_spheroid
----------------+-------------+--------------
         928.68 |      926.61 |        86.28
SELECT ST_Area(geog) / 0.3048 ^ 2 AS sqft,
               ST_Area(the_geog) AS sqm
        FROM somegeogtable;
SELECT degrees(ST_Azimuth(ST_Point(25, 45), ST_Point(75, 100))) AS degA_B,
       degrees(ST_Azimuth(ST_Point(75, 100), ST_Point(25, 45) )) AS degB_A;
dega_b       |     degb_a
------------------+------------------
42.27368900609371 | 222.27368900609372
WITH directions(deg) AS (VALUES
  (0), (45), (90), (135), (180), (225), (270), (315)
),
bearings AS (
  SELECT deg,
         degrees(ST_Azimuth(ST_Point(0, 0),
                            ST_MakePoint(sin(radians(deg)),
                                         cos(radians(deg))))) AS azimuth
  FROM directions
)
SELECT deg,
       round(azimuth::numeric, 1) AS azimuth,
       (ARRAY['N', 'NE', 'E', 'SE', 'S', 'SW', 'W', 'NW', 'N'])
         [floor((azimuth + 22.5) / 45)::int + 1] AS direction
FROM bearings
ORDER BY deg;
deg | azimuth | direction
-----+---------+-----------
   0 |     0.0 | N
  45 |    45.0 | NE
  90 |    90.0 | E
 135 |   135.0 | SE
 180 |   180.0 | S
 225 |   225.0 | SW
 270 |   270.0 | W
 315 |   315.0 | NW

WITH points AS (
  SELECT 'POINT(25 45)'::geometry AS origin,
         'POINT(75 100)'::geometry AS target
)
SELECT round(degrees(ST_Azimuth(origin, target))::numeric, 6) AS degrees,
       ST_MakeLine(origin, ST_Translate(origin, 0, 105)) AS north,
       ST_MakeLine(origin, target) AS direction
FROM points;
42.273689 | LINESTRING(25 45,25 150) | LINESTRING(25 45,75 100)
42.273689 | 0102000000020000000000000000003940000000000080464000000000000039400000000000C06240 | 010200000002000000000000000000394000000000008046400000000000C052400000000000005940
WITH points AS (
  SELECT 'POINT(75 100)'::geometry AS origin,
         'POINT(25 45)'::geometry AS target
)
SELECT round(degrees(ST_Azimuth(origin, target))::numeric, 6) AS degrees,
       ST_MakeLine(origin, ST_Translate(origin, 0, 90)) AS north,
       ST_MakeLine(origin, target) AS direction
FROM points;
222.273689 | LINESTRING(75 100,75 190) | LINESTRING(75 100,25 45)
222.273689 | 0102000000020000000000000000C0524000000000000059400000000000C052400000000000C06740 | 0102000000020000000000000000C05240000000000000594000000000000039400000000000804640
SELECT degrees(ST_Angle('POINT(0 0)', 'POINT(10 10)', 'POINT(20 0)'));
270
SELECT degrees(ST_Angle('POINT (10 10)', 'POINT (0 0)', 'POINT(90 90)', 'POINT (100 80)'));
269.9999999999999
SELECT degrees(ST_Angle('LINESTRING(0 0,0.3 0.7,1 1)', 'LINESTRING(0 0,0.2 0.5,1 0)'));
45
SELECT ST_ClosestPoint(pt, line) AS cp_pt_line, ST_ClosestPoint(line, pt) AS cp_line_pt
    FROM (SELECT 'POINT (160 40)'::geometry AS pt,
                 'LINESTRING (10 30,50 50,30 110,70 90,180 140,130 190)'::geometry AS line ) AS t;
cp_pt_line   |                cp_line_pt
----------------+------------------------------------------
 POINT(160 40)  | POINT(125.75342465753425 115.34246575342466)
010100000000000000000064400000000000004440 | 010100000004070E1C38705F405FBD7AF5EAD55C40
WITH source AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON ((190 150,20 10,160 70,190 150))'::geometry AS a,
         ST_Buffer('POINT(80 160)'::geometry, 30) AS b
)
SELECT b AS polygon_b,
       ST_ClosestPoint(a, b) AS closest_point
FROM source;
POLYGON((110 160,109.424 154.147,107.716 148.519,104.944 143.333,101.213 138.787,96.667 135.056,91.481 132.284,85.853 130.576,80 130,74.147 130.576,68.519 132.284,63.333 135.056,58.787 138.787,55.056 143.333,52.284 148.519,50.576 154.147,50 160,50.576 165.853,52.284 171.481,55.056 176.667,58.787 181.213,63.333 184.944,68.519 187.716,74.147 189.424,80 190,85.853 189.424,91.481 187.716,96.667 184.944,101.213 181.213,104.944 176.667,107.716 171.481,109.424 165.853,110 160)) | POINT(131.59149149528952 101.89887534906195)
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| 01010000002E84927FED726040B5D9782C87795940
WITH input AS (
  SELECT 'POINT(100 100 30)'::geometry AS pt,
         'LINESTRING (20 80 20,98 190 1,110 180 3,50 75 1000)'::geometry AS line
)
SELECT ST_3DClosestPoint(line, pt) AS cp3d_line_pt,
       ST_ClosestPoint(line, pt) AS cp2d_line_pt
FROM input;
-[ RECORD 1 ]--+--------------------------------------------------------
cp3d_line_pt   | POINT(54.69937988676193 128.93502291722837 11.547586950660556)
cp2d_line_pt   | POINT(73.07692307692307 115.38461538461539)
0101000080B48FB64785594B4034502EB5EB1D60405E9B19515D182740 | 01010000004EECC44EEC4452408A9DD8899DD85C40
WITH input AS (
  SELECT 'MULTIPOINT(100 100 30,50 74 1000)'::geometry AS pt,
         'LINESTRING (20 80 20,98 190 1,110 180 3,50 75 900)'::geometry AS line
)
SELECT ST_3DClosestPoint(line, pt) AS cp3d_line_pt,
       ST_ClosestPoint(line, pt) AS cp2d_line_pt
FROM input;
-[ RECORD 1 ]--+--------------------------------------------------------
cp3d_line_pt   | POINT(54.69937988676193 128.93502291722837 11.547586950660556)
cp2d_line_pt   | POINT(50 75)
0101000080B48FB64785594B4034502EB5EB1D60405E9B19515D182740 | 010100000000000000000049400000000000C05240
WITH input AS (
  SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT(
           'POLYGON((175 150 5,20 40 5,35 45 5,50 60 5,100 100 5,175 150 5))'
         ) AS poly,
         ST_GeomFromEWKT(
           'MULTILINESTRING((175 155 2,20 40 20,50 60 -2,125 100 1,175 155 1),
                            (1 10 2,5 20 1))'
         ) AS mline
)
SELECT ST_3DClosestPoint(poly, mline) AS cp3d,
       ST_ClosestPoint(poly, mline) AS cp2d
FROM input;
-[ RECORD 1 ]--+---------------------------------------
cp3d           | POINT(40.45454545454545 53.63636363636364 5)
cp2d           | POINT(20 40)
0101000080BAE8A28B2E3A4440D245175D74D14A400000000000001440 | 010100000000000000000034400000000000004440
SELECT ST_Distance(
'SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry,
'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45,-72.123 42.1546)'::geometry );
0.00150567726382282
SELECT ST_Distance(
ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry, 3857),
ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45,-72.123 42.1546)'::geometry, 3857) );
167.441410065196
SELECT ST_Distance(
ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry, 3857),
ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45,-72.123 42.1546)'::geometry, 3857)
        ) * cosd(42.3521);
123.742351254151
SELECT ST_Distance(
ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry, 26986),
ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45,-72.123 42.1546)'::geometry, 26986) );
123.797937878454
SELECT ST_Distance(
ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry, 2163),
ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45,-72.123 42.1546)'::geometry, 2163) );
126.664256056812
SELECT ST_Distance(gg1, gg2) As spheroid_dist, ST_Distance(gg1, gg2, false) As sphere_dist
FROM (SELECT
    'SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geography as gg1,
    'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45,-72.123 42.1546)'::geography as gg2
    ) As foo  ;
spheroid_dist   |   sphere_dist
------------------+------------------
 123.802076746848 | 123.475736916397
SELECT ST_3DDistance(
            ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 4)'::geometry, 2163),
                ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15,-72.123 42.1546 20)'::geometry, 2163)
            ) As dist_3d,
            ST_Distance(
                ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry, 2163),
                ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45,-72.123 42.1546)'::geometry, 2163)
            ) As dist_2d;
dist_3d      |     dist_2d
------------------+-----------------
 127.295059324629 | 126.66425605671
SELECT ST_3DDistance(poly, mline) As dist3d,
    ST_Distance(poly, mline) As dist2d
        FROM (SELECT  'POLYGON((175 150 5,20 40 5,35 45 5,50 60 5,100 100 5,175 150 5))'::geometry as poly,
               'MULTILINESTRING((175 155 2,20 40 20,50 60 -2,125 100 1,175 155 1),(1 10 2,5 20 1))'::geometry as mline) as foo;
dist3d       | dist2d
-------------------+--------
                 0 |      0
WITH sample AS (
    SELECT
        ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-118.584 38.374,-118.583 38.5)', 4326) AS geom,
        ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)', 4326) AS pt
)
SELECT
    round(ST_DistanceSphere(ST_Centroid(geom), pt)::numeric, 2) AS dist_meters,
    round(ST_Distance(
        ST_Transform(ST_Centroid(geom), 32611),
        ST_Transform(pt, 32611)
    )::numeric, 2) AS dist_utm11_meters,
    round(ST_Distance(ST_Centroid(geom), pt)::numeric, 5) AS dist_degrees,
    round(ST_Distance(
        ST_Transform(geom, 32611),
        ST_Transform(pt, 32611)
    )::numeric, 2) AS min_dist_line_point_meters
FROM sample;
dist_meters | dist_utm11_meters | dist_degrees | min_dist_line_point_meters
-------------+-------------------+--------------+----------------------------
    70424.71 |          70438.00 |      0.72900 |                   65871.18
WITH input AS (
  SELECT ST_Centroid(
           ST_GeomFromText(
             'LINESTRING(-118.584 38.374,-118.583 38.5)', 4326
           )
         ) AS source,
         ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)', 4326) AS target
)
SELECT round(
         ST_DistanceSpheroid(
           source,
           target,
           'SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]'
         )::numeric,
         2
       ) AS dist_meters_spheroid,
       round(ST_DistanceSphere(source, target)::numeric, 2)
         AS dist_meters_sphere,
       round(
         ST_Distance(
           ST_Transform(source, 32611),
           ST_Transform(target, 32611)
         )::numeric,
         2
       ) AS dist_utm11_meters
FROM input;
dist_meters_spheroid | dist_meters_sphere | dist_utm11_meters
----------------------+--------------------+-------------------
             70454.92 |           70424.71 |          70438.00
WITH lines AS (
  SELECT 'LINESTRING (0 0,100 0)'::geometry AS baseline,
         'LINESTRING (0 0,50 50,100 0)'::geometry AS bowed
)
SELECT baseline AS baseline,
       bowed AS bowed,
       ST_FrechetDistance(baseline, bowed) AS discrete_distance,
       ST_FrechetDistance(baseline, bowed, 0.5) AS densified_distance
FROM lines;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-----+----------------------------
baseline           | LINESTRING(0 0,100 0)
bowed              | LINESTRING(0 0,50 50,100 0)
discrete_distance  | 70.7106781186548
densified_distance | 50
0102000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000059400000000000000000 | 010200000003000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004940000000000000494000000000000059400000000000000000 | 70.71067811865476 | 50
WITH lines AS (
  SELECT 'LINESTRING (20 70,70 60,110 70,170 70)'::geometry AS geomA,
         'LINESTRING (20 90,130 90,60 100,190 100)'::geometry AS geomB,
         'LINESTRING (52.69230769230769 63.46153846153846,60 100)'::geometry AS hausdorff_segment
)
SELECT round(ST_HausdorffDistance(geomA, geomB)::numeric, 6) AS hausdorff_distance,
       round(ST_Distance(geomA, geomB)::numeric, 6) AS distance,
       round(ST_Length(hausdorff_segment)::numeric, 6) AS witness_length,
       ST_ShortestLine(geomA, geomB) AS distance_segment
FROM lines;
37.262066 | 20.000000 | 37.262066 | LINESTRING(20 70,20 90)
37.262066 | 20.000000 | 37.262066 | 0102000000020000000000000000003440000000000080514000000000000034400000000000805640
SELECT ST_HausdorffDistance(
            'LINESTRING (130 0,0 0,0 150)'::geometry,
            'LINESTRING (10 10,10 150,130 10)'::geometry,
            0.5);
70
SELECT DISTINCT ON (buildings.gid) buildings.gid, parcels.parcel_id
   FROM buildings
       INNER JOIN parcels
       ON ST_Intersects(buildings.geom, parcels.geom)
   ORDER BY buildings.gid, ST_HausdorffDistance(buildings.geom, parcels.geom);

SELECT ST_Length(ST_GeomFromText(
'LINESTRING(743238 2967416,743238 2967450,743265 2967450,
743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416)',
2249));
122.63074400009504
SELECT ST_Length(ST_Transform(
        'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45,-72.1240 42.45666,-72.123 42.1546)'::geometry,
            26986
    )
);
34309.4563576191
SELECT ST_Length(the_geog) As length_spheroid, ST_Length(the_geog, false) As length_sphere
FROM (SELECT ST_GeographyFromText('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45,-72.1240 42.45666,-72.123 42.1546)') As the_geog)
 As foo;
length_spheroid  |  length_sphere
------------------+------------------
34310.5703627284 | 34346.20609607416
SELECT ST_3DLength(ST_GeomFromText(
'LINESTRING(743238 2967416 1,743238 2967450 1,743265 2967450 3,
743265.625 2967416 3,743238 2967416 3)',
2249));
122.70471674145682
SELECT ST_LengthSpheroid(
    geometry_column,
    'SPHEROID["GRS_1980",6378137,298.257222101]'
    )
FROM geometry_table;
WITH sample AS (
  SELECT 'MULTILINESTRING((-118.584 38.374,-118.583 38.5),
          (-71.05957 42.3589,-71.061 43))'::geometry AS geom,
         CAST('SPHEROID["GRS_1980",6378137,298.257222101]' AS spheroid) AS sph_m
)
SELECT ST_LengthSpheroid(geom, sph_m) AS tot_len,
       ST_LengthSpheroid(ST_GeometryN(geom, 1), sph_m) AS len_line1,
       ST_LengthSpheroid(ST_GeometryN(geom, 2), sph_m) AS len_line2
FROM sample;
tot_len      |    len_line1     |    len_line2
------------------+------------------+------------------
 85204.52077117894 | 13986.87252824332 | 71217.64824293563
WITH sample AS (
  SELECT 'MULTILINESTRING((-118.584 38.374 20,-118.583 38.5 30),
          (-71.05957 42.3589 75,-71.061 43 90))'::geometry AS geom,
         CAST('SPHEROID["GRS_1980",6378137,298.257222101]' AS spheroid) AS sph_m
)
SELECT ST_LengthSpheroid(geom, sph_m) AS tot_len,
       ST_LengthSpheroid(ST_GeometryN(geom, 1), sph_m) AS len_line1,
       ST_LengthSpheroid(ST_GeometryN(geom, 2), sph_m) AS len_line2
FROM sample;
tot_len      |    len_line1    |    len_line2
------------------+-----------------+------------------
 85204.52592562366 | 13986.876103023424 | 71217.64982260024
SELECT ST_LongestLine(
        'POINT (160 40)',
        'LINESTRING (10 30,50 50,30 110,70 90,180 140,130 190)' ) AS lline;
LINESTRING(160 40,130 190)
0102000000020000000000000000006440000000000000444000000000004060400000000000C06740
SELECT ST_LongestLine(
        'POLYGON ((190 150,20 10,160 70,190 150))',
        ST_Buffer('POINT(80 160)', 30)
            ) AS llinewkt;
LINESTRING(20 10,91.4805029709527 187.7163859753386)
01020000000200000000000000000034400000000000002440DA77888FC0DE56408EEC47A2EC766740
SELECT ST_LongestLine(geom) AS llinewkt,
                  ST_MaxDistance(geom) AS max_dist,
                  ST_Length(ST_LongestLine(geom)) AS lenll
FROM (SELECT 'POLYGON ((40 180,110 160,180 180,180 120,140 90,160 40,80 10,70 40,20 50,40 180),
              (60 140,99 77.5,90 140,60 140))'::geometry AS geom) AS t;
llinewkt          |      max_dist      |       lenll
---------------------------+--------------------+--------------------
 LINESTRING(20 50,180 180) | 206.15528128088303 | 206.15528128088303
0102000000020000000000000000003440000000000000494000000000008066400000000000806640 | 206.15528128088303 | 206.15528128088303
SELECT ST_3DLongestLine(line, pt) AS lol3d_line_pt, ST_LongestLine(line, pt) AS lol2d_line_pt
FROM (
    SELECT 'POINT(100 100 30)'::geometry AS pt,
           'LINESTRING (20 80 20,98 190 1,110 180 3,50 75 1000)'::geometry AS line
) AS foo;
lol3d_line_pt           |       lol2d_line_pt
-----------------------------------+----------------------------
 LINESTRING(50 75 1000,100 100 30) | LINESTRING(98 190,100 100)
01020000800200000000000000000049400000000000C052400000000000408F40000000000000594000000000000059400000000000003E40 | 01020000000200000000000000008058400000000000C0674000000000000059400000000000005940
SELECT ST_3DLongestLine(line, pt) AS lol3d_line_pt, ST_LongestLine(line, pt) AS lol2d_line_pt
FROM (
    SELECT 'MULTIPOINT(100 100 30,50 74 1000)'::geometry AS pt,
           'LINESTRING (20 80 20,98 190 1,110 180 3,50 75 900)'::geometry AS line
) AS foo;
lol3d_line_pt          |      lol2d_line_pt
---------------------------------+--------------------------
 LINESTRING(98 190 1,50 74 1000) | LINESTRING(98 190,50 74)
01020000800200000000000000008058400000000000C06740000000000000F03F000000000000494000000000008052400000000000408F40 | 01020000000200000000000000008058400000000000C0674000000000000049400000000000805240
SELECT ST_3DLongestLine(poly, mline) AS lol3d, ST_LongestLine(poly, mline) AS lol2d
FROM (
    SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT(
               'POLYGON((175 150 5,20 40 5,35 45 5,50 60 5,100 100 5,175 150 5))'
           ) AS poly,
           ST_GeomFromEWKT(
               'MULTILINESTRING((175 155 2,20 40 20,50 60 -2,125 100 1,175 155 1),
               (1 10 2,5 20 1))'
           ) AS mline
) AS foo;
lol3d             |          lol2d
------------------------------+--------------------------
 LINESTRING(175 150 5,1 10 2) | LINESTRING(175 150,1 10)
0102000080020000000000000000E065400000000000C062400000000000001440000000000000F03F00000000000024400000000000000040 | 0102000000020000000000000000E065400000000000C06240000000000000F03F0000000000002440
SELECT ST_MaxDistance('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0,0 2 )'::geometry);
2
SELECT ST_MaxDistance('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 2,2 2 )'::geometry);
2.82842712474619
SELECT ST_MaxDistance('POLYGON ((10 10,10 0,0 0,10 10))'::geometry);
14.142135623730951
SELECT ST_3DMaxDistance(
            ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 10000)'::geometry, 2163),
                ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15,-72.123 42.1546 20)'::geometry, 2163)
            ) As dist_3d,
            ST_MaxDistance(
                ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 10000)'::geometry, 2163),
                ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15,-72.123 42.1546 20)'::geometry, 2163)
            ) As dist_2d;
dist_3d      |     dist_2d
------------------+------------------
 24383.7467488441 | 22247.8472107251
SELECT ST_MinimumClearance('POLYGON ((0 0,1 0,1 1,0.5 3.2e-4,0 0))');
0.00032
SELECT ST_MinimumClearanceLine('POLYGON ((0 0,1 0,1 1,0.5 3.2e-4,0 0))');
LINESTRING(0.5 0.00032,0.5 0)

010200000002000000000000000000E03FF168E388B5F8343F000000000000E03F0000000000000000
SELECT ST_Perimeter(ST_GeomFromText(
'POLYGON((743238 2967416,743238 2967450,743265 2967450,
743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416))',
2249));
122.63074400009504
SELECT ST_Perimeter(ST_GeomFromText(
'MULTIPOLYGON(((763104.471273676 2949418.44119003,
763104.477769673 2949418.42538203,
763104.189609677 2949418.22343004,763104.471273676 2949418.44119003)),
((763104.471273676 2949418.44119003,763095.804579742 2949436.33850239,
763086.132105649 2949451.46730207,763078.452329651 2949462.11549407,
763075.354136904 2949466.17407812,763064.362142565 2949477.64291974,
763059.953961626 2949481.28983009,762994.637609571 2949532.04103014,
762990.568508415 2949535.06640477,762986.710889563 2949539.61421415,
763117.237897679 2949709.50493431,763235.236617789 2949617.95619822,
763287.718121842 2949562.20592617,763111.553321674 2949423.91664605,
763104.471273676 2949418.44119003)))',
2249));
845.227713366825
SELECT  ST_Perimeter(geog) As per_meters, ST_Perimeter(geog)/0.3048 As per_ft
FROM ST_GeogFromText('POLYGON((-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512902,-71.1776843766326 42.3903829478009,
-71.1775844305465 42.3903826677917,-71.1775825927231 42.3902893647987,-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512902))') As geog;
per_meters    |      per_ft
-----------------+------------------
37.37904625414049 | 122.63466618812497
SELECT  ST_Perimeter(geog) As per_meters, ST_Perimeter(geog, false) As per_sphere_meters, ST_Perimeter(geog)/0.3048 As per_ft
FROM ST_GeogFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((-71.1044543107478 42.340674480411,-71.1044542869917 42.3406744369506,
-71.1044553562977 42.340673886454,-71.1044543107478 42.340674480411)),
((-71.1044543107478 42.340674480411,-71.1044860600303 42.3407237015564,-71.1045215770124 42.3407653385914,
-71.1045498002983 42.3407946553165,-71.1045611902745 42.3408058316308,-71.1046016507427 42.340837442371,
-71.104617893173 42.3408475056957,-71.1048586153981 42.3409875993595,-71.1048736143677 42.3409959528211,
-71.1048878050242 42.3410084812078,-71.1044020965803 42.3414730072048,
-71.1039672113619 42.3412202916693,-71.1037740497748 42.3410666421308,
-71.1044280218456 42.3406894151355,-71.1044543107478 42.340674480411)))') As geog;
per_meters    | per_sphere_meters |      per_ft
------------------+-------------------+------------------
 257.634283683311 |  257.412311446337 | 845.256836231335

SELECT ST_3DPerimeter(geom), ST_Perimeter2D(geom), ST_Perimeter(geom) FROM
            (SELECT 'SRID=2249;POLYGON((743238 2967416 2,743238 2967450 1,
743265.625 2967416 1,743238 2967416 2))'::geometry As geom) As foo;
ST_3DPerimeter  |  st_perimeter2d  |   st_perimeter
------------------+------------------+------------------
105.46579359767418 | 105.43299727218763 | 105.43299727218763
SELECT ST_ShortestLine(
        'POINT (160 40)',
        'LINESTRING (10 30,50 50,30 110,70 90,180 140,130 190)') As sline;
LINESTRING(160 40,125.75342465753425 115.34246575342466)
0102000000020000000000000000006440000000000000444004070E1C38705F405FBD7AF5EAD55C40
SELECT ST_ShortestLine(
         'POLYGON ((190 150,20 10,160 70,190 150))',
         ST_Buffer('POINT(80 160)', 30)
                  ) AS llinewkt;
LINESTRING(131.59149149528952 101.89887534906195,101.21320343559643 138.78679656440357)
0102000000020000002E84927FED726040B5D9782C8779594004D20520A54D5940FE16FD6F2D596140
WITH input AS (
  SELECT 'POINT(100 100 30)'::geometry AS pt,
         'LINESTRING (20 80 20,98 190 1,110 180 3,50 75 1000)'::geometry AS line
)
SELECT ST_3DShortestLine(line, pt) AS shl3d_line_pt,
       ST_ShortestLine(line, pt) AS shl2d_line_pt
FROM input;
-[ RECORD 1 ]--+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
shl3d_line_pt  | LINESTRING(54.69937988676193 128.93502291722837 11.547586950660556,100 100 30)
shl2d_line_pt  | LINESTRING(73.07692307692307 115.38461538461539,100 100)
010200008002000000B48FB64785594B4034502EB5EB1D60405E9B19515D182740000000000000594000000000000059400000000000003E40 | 0102000000020000004EECC44EEC4452408A9DD8899DD85C4000000000000059400000000000005940
WITH input AS (
  SELECT 'MULTIPOINT(100 100 30,50 74 1000)'::geometry AS pt,
         'LINESTRING (20 80 20,98 190 1,110 180 3,50 75 900)'::geometry AS line
)
SELECT ST_3DShortestLine(line, pt) AS shl3d_line_pt,
       ST_ShortestLine(line, pt) AS shl2d_line_pt
FROM input;
-[ RECORD 1 ]--+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
shl3d_line_pt  | LINESTRING(54.69937988676193 128.93502291722837 11.547586950660556,100 100 30)
shl2d_line_pt  | LINESTRING(50 75,50 74)
010200008002000000B48FB64785594B4034502EB5EB1D60405E9B19515D182740000000000000594000000000000059400000000000003E40 | 01020000000200000000000000000049400000000000C0524000000000000049400000000000805240
WITH input AS (
  SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT(
           'POLYGON((175 150 5,20 40 5,35 45 5,50 60 5,100 100 5,175 150 5))'
         ) AS poly,
         ST_GeomFromEWKT(
           'MULTILINESTRING((175 155 2,20 40 20,50 60 -2,125 100 1,175 155 1),
                            (1 10 2,5 20 1))'
         ) AS mline
)
SELECT ST_3DShortestLine(poly, mline) AS shl3d,
       ST_ShortestLine(poly, mline) AS shl2d
FROM input;
-[ RECORD 1 ]--+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
shl3d          | LINESTRING(40.45454545454545 53.63636363636364 5,40.45454545454545 53.63636363636364 5)
shl2d          | LINESTRING(20 40,20 40)
010200008002000000BAE8A28B2E3A4440D245175D74D14A400000000000001440BAE8A28B2E3A4440D245175D74D14A400000000000001440 | 0102000000020000000000000000003440000000000000444000000000000034400000000000004440
SELECT ST_ClipByBox2D(geom, ST_MakeEnvelope(0, 0, 10, 10)) FROM mytab;
SELECT ST_Difference('LINESTRING(50 100,50 200)'::geometry,
        'LINESTRING(50 50,50 150)'::geometry
    );
LINESTRING(50 150,50 200)
01020000000200000000000000000049400000000000C0624000000000000049400000000000006940
SELECT ST_Difference('MULTIPOINT(-118.58 38.38 5,-118.60 38.329 6,-118.614 38.281 7)' :: geometry,
 'POINT(-118.614 38.281 5)' :: geometry
);
MULTIPOINT(-118.6 38.329 6,-118.58 38.38 5)
01040000800200000001010000806666666666A65DC0273108AC1C2A43400000000000001840010100008085EB51B81EA55DC0713D0AD7A33043400000000000001440
SELECT ST_Intersection('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0,0 2 )'::geometry);
POINT EMPTY
SELECT ST_Intersection('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 0 0,0 2 )'::geometry);
POINT(0 0)
010100000000000000000000000000000000000000
select clipped.gid, clipped.f_name, clipped_geom
from (
         select trails.gid, trails.f_name,
             (ST_Dump(ST_Intersection(country.geom, trails.geom))).geom clipped_geom
         from country
              inner join trails on ST_Intersects(country.geom, trails.geom)
     ) as clipped
where ST_Dimension(clipped.clipped_geom) = 1;
select poly.gid,
    ST_Multi(ST_Buffer(ST_Intersection(country.geom, poly.geom),
            0.0
        )
    ) clipped_geom
from country
     inner join poly on ST_Intersects(country.geom, poly.geom)
where not ST_IsEmpty(ST_Buffer(ST_Intersection(country.geom, poly.geom), 0.0));
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'LINESTRING Z (2 2 6,1.5 1.5 7,1 1 8,0.5 0.5 8,0 0 10)'::geometry AS input_linestring,
         'POLYGON Z ((0 0 8,0 1 8,1 1 8,1 0 8,0 0 8))'::geometry AS input_polygon
)
SELECT input_linestring AS input_linestring,
       input_polygon AS input_polygon,
       ST_Intersection(input_linestring, input_polygon) AS intersection_2d,
       CG_3DIntersection(input_linestring, input_polygon) AS intersection_3d
FROM data;
LINESTRING Z (2 2 6,1.5 1.5 7,1 1 8,0.5 0.5 8,0 0 10) | POLYGON Z ((0 0 8,0 1 8,1 1 8,1 0 8,0 0 8)) | LINESTRING Z (1 1 8,0.5 0.5 8,0 0 10) | LINESTRING Z (1 1 8,0.5 0.5 8)
010200008005000000000000000000004000000000000000400000000000001840000000000000F83F000000000000F83F0000000000001C40000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000002040000000000000E03F000000000000E03F0000000000002040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002440 | 010300008001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020400000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000002040000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000002040000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000002040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002040 | 010200008003000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000002040000000000000E03F000000000000E03F0000000000002040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002440 | 010200008002000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000002040000000000000E03F000000000000E03F0000000000002040
SELECT id,
       ST_MemUnion(geom) as singlegeom
FROM sometable f
GROUP BY id;

SELECT ST_Node('LINESTRINGZ(0 0 0, 10 10 10, 0 10 5, 10 0 3)'::geometry) As  output;
MULTILINESTRING Z ((0 0 0,5 5 4.5),(5 5 4.5,10 10 10,0 10 5,5 5 4.5),(5 5 4.5,10 0 3))
010500008003000000010200008002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000144000000000000014400000000000001240010200008004000000000000000000144000000000000014400000000000001240000000000000244000000000000024400000000000002440000000000000000000000000000024400000000000001440000000000000144000000000000014400000000000001240010200008002000000000000000000144000000000000014400000000000001240000000000000244000000000000000000000000000000840
SELECT ST_Node('MULTILINESTRING ((2 5,2 1,7 1),(6 1,4 1,2 3,2 5))'::geometry) As  output;
MULTILINESTRING((2 5,2 3),(2 3,2 1,4 1),(4 1,2 3),(4 1,6 1),(6 1,7 1))
0105000000050000000102000000020000000000000000000040000000000000144000000000000000400000000000000840010200000003000000000000000000004000000000000008400000000000000040000000000000F03F0000000000001040000000000000F03F0102000000020000000000000000001040000000000000F03F000000000000004000000000000008400102000000020000000000000000001040000000000000F03F0000000000001840000000000000F03F0102000000020000000000000000001840000000000000F03F0000000000001C40000000000000F03F
SELECT
         ST_Split(
           ST_Buffer('POINT(100 90)'::geometry, 50),
           'LINESTRING(10 10,190 190)'::geometry
         );
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((150 90,149 80.2,146.2 70.9,141.6 62.2,135.4 54.6,127.8 48.4,119.1 43.8,109.8 41,100 40,90.2 41,80.9 43.8,72.2 48.4,64.6 54.6,60.1 60.1,129.9 129.9,135.4 125.4,141.6 117.8,146.2 109.1,149 99.8,150 90)), POLYGON((60.1 60.1,58.4 62.2,53.8 70.9,51 80.2,50 90,51 99.8,53.8 109.1,58.4 117.8,64.6 125.4,72.2 131.6,80.9 136.2,90.2 139,100 140,109.8 139,119.1 136.2,127.8 131.6,129.9 129.9,60.1 60.1)))
010700000002000000010300000001000000140000000000000000C0624000000000008056401A509EA641A16240C9AE1902B60F544098DF770E35466240EBE271BB69B7514092DB04F459B2614024BEEFBA591C4F40AED904F05EEB60404999EC3F84524B40EE208822D3F15F40B991EC2F98364840161D8E4496C85D40A18120C62BE745403751E6FD49705B4096BF8665F97A444000000000000059400000000000004440C9AE1902B68F564096BF8665F97A4440EBE271BB69375440A18120C62BE7454013DF77DD2C0E5240B791EC2F98364840A44CF61F422950404899EC3F84524B403A7DCB148D114E403A7DCB148D114E40B120CDBA9C3B6040B120CDBA9C3B6040AED904F05EEB60405CB309E0BD565F4092DB04F459B26140EE208822D3715D4097DF770E35466240181D8E4496485B401A509EA641A162403951E6FD49F058400000000000C062400000000000805640010300000001000000120000003A7DCB148D114E403A7DCB148D114E40B891EC2F98364D4024BEEFBA591C4F40A18120C62BE74A40EAE271BB69B7514096BF8665F97A4940C8AE1902B60F54400000000000004940000000000080564096BF8665F97A49403751E6FD49F05840A18120C62BE74A40151D8E4496485B40B791EC2F98364D40ED208822D3715D40A44CF61F422950405CB309E0BD565F4012DF77DD2C0E524092DB04F459726040E9E271BB6937544097DF770E35066140C8AE1902B68F56401A509EA641616140FFFFFFFFFFFF584000000000008061403751E6FD49705B401A509EA641616140161D8E4496C85D4098DF770E35066140ED208822D3F15F4092DB04F459726040B120CDBA9C3B6040B120CDBA9C3B60403A7DCB148D114E403A7DCB148D114E40
SELECT ST_Split('MULTILINESTRING((10 10,190 190),(15 15,30 30,100 90))',
    ST_Point(30, 30));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
    LINESTRING(10 10,30 30),
    LINESTRING(30 30,190 190),
    LINESTRING(15 15,30 30),
    LINESTRING(30 30,100 90)
)
010700000004000000010200000002000000000000000000244000000000000024400000000000003E400000000000003E400102000000020000000000000000003E400000000000003E400000000000C067400000000000C067400102000000020000000000000000002E400000000000002E400000000000003E400000000000003E400102000000020000000000000000003E400000000000003E4000000000000059400000000000805640
WITH data AS (SELECT
  'LINESTRING(0 0,100 100)'::geometry AS line,
  'POINT(51 50)':: geometry AS point
)
SELECT ST_Split(ST_Snap(line, point, 1), point) AS snapped_split,
       ST_Split(line, point) AS not_snapped_not_split
       FROM data;
-[ RECORD 1 ]---------
snapped_split         | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(0 0,51 50), LINESTRING(51 50,100 100))
not_snapped_not_split | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(0 0,100 100))
01070000000200000001020000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080494000000000000049400102000000020000000000000000804940000000000000494000000000000059400000000000005940 | 0107000000010000000102000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000059400000000000005940
SELECT row_number() OVER() As rn,geom As wkt
    FROM (SELECT ST_Subdivide('POLYGON((132 10,119 23,85 35,68 29,66 28,49 42,32 56,22 64,32 110,40 119,36 150,
        57 158,75 171,92 182,114 184,132 186,146 178,176 184,179 162,184 141,190 122,
        190 100,185 79,186 56,186 52,178 34,168 18,147 13,132 10))'::geometry, 10))  AS f(geom);

rn │                                                      wkt
────┼────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  1 │ POLYGON((85 35,68 29,66 28,32 56,22 64,29.82608695652174 100,119 100,119 23,85 35))
  2 │ POLYGON((186 52,178 34,168 18,147 13,132 10,119 23,119 56,186 56,186 52))
  3 │ POLYGON((185 79,186 56,119 56,119 100,190 100,185 79))
  4 │ POLYGON((40 119,36 150,57 158,75 171,92 182,114 184,114 100,29.82608695652174 100,32 110,40 119))
  5 │ POLYGON((132 186,146 178,176 184,179 162,184 141,190 122,190 100,114 100,114 184,132 186))

1 | 010300000001000000090000000000000000405540000000000080414000000000000051400000000000003D4000000000008050400000000000003C4000000000000040400000000000004C4000000000000036400000000000005040BDE94D6F7AD33D4000000000000059400000000000C05D4000000000000059400000000000C05D40000000000000374000000000004055400000000000804140
2 | 0103000000010000000900000000000000004067400000000000004A40000000000040664000000000000041400000000000006540000000000000324000000000006062400000000000002A40000000000080604000000000000024400000000000C05D4000000000000037400000000000C05D400000000000004C4000000000004067400000000000004C4000000000004067400000000000004A40
3 | 0103000000010000000600000000000000002067400000000000C0534000000000004067400000000000004C400000000000C05D400000000000004C400000000000C05D4000000000000059400000000000C06740000000000000594000000000002067400000000000C05340
4 | 0103000000010000000A00000000000000000044400000000000C05D4000000000000042400000000000C062400000000000804C400000000000C063400000000000C05240000000000060654000000000000057400000000000C066400000000000805C4000000000000067400000000000805C400000000000005940BDE94D6F7AD33D40000000000000594000000000000040400000000000805B4000000000000044400000000000C05D40
5 | 0103000000010000000A0000000000000000806040000000000040674000000000004062400000000000406640000000000000664000000000000067400000000000606640000000000040644000000000000067400000000000A061400000000000C067400000000000805E400000000000C0674000000000000059400000000000805C4000000000000059400000000000805C40000000000000674000000000008060400000000000406740
SELECT ST_Subdivide(ST_Segmentize('LINESTRING(0 0,85 85)'::geography,
                          1200000)::geometry, 8);
LINESTRING(0 0,0.487578359029357 5.57659056746196,0.984542144675897 11.1527721155093,1.50101059639722 16.7281035483571,1.94532113630331 21.25)
LINESTRING(1.94532113630331 21.25,2.04869538062779 22.3020741387339,2.64204641967673 27.8740533545155,3.29994062412787 33.443216802941,4.04836719489742 39.0084282520239,4.59890468420694 42.5)
LINESTRING(4.59890468420694 42.5,4.92498503922732 44.5680389206321,5.98737409390639 50.1195229244701,7.3290919767674 55.6587646879025,8.79638749938413 60.1969505994924)
LINESTRING(8.79638749938413 60.1969505994924,9.11375579533779 61.1785363177625,11.6558166691368 66.6648504160202,15.642041247655 72.0867690601745,22.8716627200212 77.3609628116894,24.6991785131552 77.8939011989848)
LINESTRING(24.6991785131552 77.8939011989848,39.4046096622744 82.1822848017636,44.7994523421035 82.5156766227011)
LINESTRING(44.7994523421035 82.5156766227011,85 85)

0102000020E61000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000072E91DC7B34DF3F8AB9F9C16D4E16406B551D875E81EF3FD2B48F25384E2640C59BE7AF2304F83F8F4B80FE64BA30409D3E4A0E0920FF3F0000000000403540
0102000020E6100000060000009D3E4A0E0920FF3F0000000000403540D7195A67BA63004063D412BB544D36402434B83BE9220540679AECF5C1DF3B40D4F71A4547660A40AFD50454BBB840407E22812B873110400E674D2D148143402A5C0045476512400000000000404540
0102000020E6100000050000002A5C0045476512400000000000404540181533472FB313402C7CD57FB54846407BFBC83112F317405ADCF5864C0F49402A5EB67CFD501D408526BB6652D44B409A98311AC0972140AEDF5FAD35194E40
0102000020E6100000060000009A98311AC0972140AEDF5FAD35194E409F6919333E3A224016F82E47DA964E408A3AD433C74F27407A62C2E88CAA5040FCB862A1B9482F4046F0D09F8D05524027A2BB4925DF3640CFD1C3031A5753404811F05CFDB23840AEDF5FAD35795340
0102000020E6100000030000004811F05CFDB23840AEDF5FAD357953409B8ED93FCAB343407E88DF8DAA8B5440C305507454664640087485D800A15440
0102000020E610000002000000C305507454664640087485D800A1544000000000004055400000000000405540

WITH complex_areas_to_subdivide AS (
    DELETE from polygons_table
    WHERE ST_NPoints(geom) 
> 255
    RETURNING id, column1, column2, column3, geom
)
INSERT INTO polygons_table (fid, column1, column2, column3, geom)
    SELECT fid, column1, column2, column3,
           ST_Subdivide(geom, 255) as geom
    FROM complex_areas_to_subdivide;

CREATE TABLE subdivided_geoms AS
    SELECT pkey, ST_Subdivide(geom) AS geom
    FROM original_geoms;

SELECT ST_SymDifference('LINESTRING(50 100,50 200)',
        'LINESTRING(50 50,50 150)'
    );
MULTILINESTRING((50 150,50 200),(50 50,50 100))
01050000000200000001020000000200000000000000000049400000000000C06240000000000000494000000000000069400102000000020000000000000000004940000000000000494000000000000049400000000000005940
SELECT ST_SymDifference('LINESTRING(1 2 1,1 4 2)',
    'LINESTRING(1 1 3,1 3 4)');
MULTILINESTRING((1 3 4,1 4 2),(1 1 3,1 2 1))
010500008002000000010200008002000000000000000000F03F00000000000008400000000000001040000000000000F03F00000000000010400000000000000040010200008002000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000840000000000000F03F0000000000000040000000000000F03F
SELECT id,
       ST_Union(geom) as singlegeom
FROM sometable f
GROUP BY id;

SELECT ST_Union('POINT(1 2)'::geometry, 'POINT(-2 3)'::geometry);
MULTIPOINT((1 2),(-2 3))
0104000000020000000101000000000000000000F03F0000000000000040010100000000000000000000C00000000000000840
SELECT ST_Union('POINT(1 2)'::geometry, 'POINT(1 2)'::geometry);
POINT(1 2)
0101000000000000000000F03F0000000000000040
SELECT ST_Union(geom)
FROM (
    SELECT 'POLYGON Z((-7 4.2 5,-7.1 4.2 5,-7.1 4.3 5,-7 4.2 5))'::geometry geom
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'POINT Z(5 5 5)'::geometry geom
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'POINT Z(-2 3 1)'::geometry geom
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'LINESTRING Z(5 5 5,10 10 10)'::geometry geom
) AS foo;
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(-2 3 1), LINESTRING(5 5 5,10 10 10), POLYGON((-7 4.2 5,-7.1 4.2 5,-7.1 4.3 5,-7 4.2 5)))
010700008003000000010100008000000000000000C00000000000000840000000000000F03F010200008002000000000000000000144000000000000014400000000000001440000000000000244000000000000024400000000000002440010300008001000000040000000000000000001CC0CDCCCCCCCCCC104000000000000014406666666666661CC0CDCCCCCCCCCC104000000000000014406666666666661CC0333333333333114000000000000014400000000000001CC0CDCCCCCCCCCC10400000000000001440
SELECT ST_Union(geom)
FROM (
    SELECT 'POLYGON((-7 4.2 2,-7.1 4.2 3,-7.1 4.3 2,-7 4.2 2))'::geometry geom
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'POINT(5 5 5)'::geometry geom
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'POINT(-2 3 1)'::geometry geom
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'LINESTRING(5 5 5,10 10 10)'::geometry geom
) AS foo;
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(-2 3 1), LINESTRING(5 5 5,10 10 10), POLYGON((-7 4.2 2,-7.1 4.2 3,-7.1 4.3 2,-7 4.2 2)))
010700008003000000010100008000000000000000C00000000000000840000000000000F03F010200008002000000000000000000144000000000000014400000000000001440000000000000244000000000000024400000000000002440010300008001000000040000000000000000001CC0CDCCCCCCCCCC104000000000000000406666666666661CC0CDCCCCCCCCCC104000000000000008406666666666661CC0333333333333114000000000000000400000000000001CC0CDCCCCCCCCCC10400000000000000040
SELECT ST_Union(ARRAY(SELECT geom FROM sometable));
SELECT ST_Union(ARRAY[
    'LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)'::geometry,
    'LINESTRING(4 5,5 6)'::geometry
]) As wktunion;
MULTILINESTRING((1 2,3 4),(4 5,5 6))
010500000002000000010200000002000000000000000000F03F0000000000000040000000000000084000000000000010400102000000020000000000000000001040000000000000144000000000000014400000000000001840
SELECT ST_Buffer(
  ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
  50, 'quad_segs=8');
POLYGON((150 90,149 80,146 71,142 62,135 55,128 48,119 44,110 41,100 40,90 41,81 44,72 48,65 55,58 62,54 71,51 80,50 90,51 100,54 109,58 118,65 125,72 132,81 136,90 139,100 140,110 139,119 136,128 132,135 125,142 118,146 109,149 100,150 90))
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
SELECT ST_Buffer(
  ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
  50, 'quad_segs=2');
POLYGON((150 90,135 55,100 40,65 55,50 90,65 125,100 140,135 125,150 90))
010300000001000000090000000000000000C062400000000000805640AED904F05EEB60404999EC3F84524B4000000000000059400000000000004440A44CF61F422950404899EC3F84524B4000000000000049400000000000805640A44CF61F422950405CB309E0BD565F40FFFFFFFFFFFF58400000000000806140AED904F05EEB60405CB309E0BD565F400000000000C062400000000000805640
SELECT ST_Buffer(
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'),
  10, 'endcap=round join=round');
POLYGON((143 157,144 158,146 159,148 160,150 160,152 160,154 159,156 158,157 157,158 156,159 154,160 152,160 150,160 50,160 48,159 46,158 44,157 43,156 42,154 41,152 40,150 40,148 40,146 41,144 42,143 43,142 44,141 46,140 48,140 50,140 126,57 43,56 42,54 41,52 40,50 40,48 40,46 41,44 42,43 43,42 44,41 46,40 48,40 50,40 52,41 54,42 56,43 57,143 157))
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
SELECT ST_Buffer(
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'),
  10, 'endcap=square join=round');
POLYGON((143 157,144 158,146 159,148 160,150 160,152 160,154 159,156 158,157 157,158 156,159 154,160 152,160 150,160 50,160 40,140 40,140 126,57 43,50 36,36 50,143 157))
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
SELECT ST_Buffer(
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'),
  10, 'endcap=flat join=round');
POLYGON((143 157,144 158,146 159,148 160,150 160,152 160,154 159,156 158,157 157,158 156,159 154,160 152,160 150,160 50,140 50,140 126,57 43,43 57,143 157))
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
SELECT ST_Buffer(
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'),
  10, 'join=bevel');
POLYGON((143 157,160 150,160 50,160 48,159 46,158 44,157 43,156 42,154 41,152 40,150 40,148 40,146 41,144 42,143 43,142 44,141 46,140 48,140 50,140 126,57 43,56 42,54 41,52 40,50 40,48 40,46 41,44 42,43 43,42 44,41 46,40 48,40 50,40 52,41 54,42 56,43 57,143 157))
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
SELECT ST_Buffer(
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'),
  10, 'join=mitre mitre_limit=5.0');
POLYGON((160 174,160 50,160 48,159 46,158 44,157 43,156 42,154 41,152 40,150 40,148 40,146 41,144 42,143 43,142 44,141 46,140 48,140 50,140 126,57 43,56 42,54 41,52 40,50 40,48 40,46 41,44 42,43 43,42 44,41 46,40 48,40 50,40 52,41 54,42 56,43 57,160 174))
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
SELECT ST_Buffer(
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'),
  10, 'join=mitre mitre_limit=1.0');
POLYGON((148 162,160 157,160 50,160 48,159 46,158 44,157 43,156 42,154 41,152 40,150 40,148 40,146 41,144 42,143 43,142 44,141 46,140 48,140 50,140 126,57 43,56 42,54 41,52 40,50 40,48 40,46 41,44 42,43 43,42 44,41 46,40 48,40 50,40 52,41 54,42 56,43 57,148 162))
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
SELECT ST_Buffer(
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'),
  10, 'side=left');
POLYGON((150 50,150 150,50 50,43 57,143 157,144 158,146 159,148 160,150 160,152 160,154 159,156 158,157 157,158 156,159 154,160 152,160 150,160 50,150 50))
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
SELECT ST_Buffer(
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'),
  10, 'side=right');
POLYGON((50 50,150 150,150 50,140 50,140 126,57 43,50 50))
01030000000100000007000000000000000000494000000000000049400000000000C062400000000000C062400000000000C062400000000000004940000000000080614000000000000049400000000000806140A81EFC3FE7765F4058E103C018894C40A81EFC3FE776454000000000000049400000000000004940
SELECT ST_Buffer(
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'),
  10, 'side=left join=mitre');
POLYGON((150 50,150 150,50 50,43 57,160 174,160 50,150 50))
010300000001000000070000000000000000C0624000000000000049400000000000C062400000000000C0624000000000000049400000000000004940A81EFC3FE776454058E103C018894C400000000000006440ACF001608CC46540000000000000644000000000000049400000000000C062400000000000004940
SELECT ST_Buffer(
  ST_ForceRHR(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText(
    'POLYGON ((50 50,50 150,150 150,150 50,50 50))'))),
  20, 'side=left');
POLYGON((50 50,50 150,150 150,150 50,50 50))
SELECT ST_Buffer(
  ST_ForceRHR(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText(
    'POLYGON ((50 50,50 150,150 150,150 50,50 50))'))),
  20, 'side=right');
POLYGON((50 50,50 70,50 150,150 150,150 50,70 50,50 50),(70 70,130 70,130 130,70 130,70 70))
SELECT ST_NPoints(ST_Buffer('POINT(100 90)'::geometry, 50)) As promisingcircle_pcount,
ST_NPoints(ST_Buffer('POINT(100 90)'::geometry, 50, 2)) As lamecircle_pcount;

promisingcircle_pcount | lamecircle_pcount
------------------------+-------------------
             33 |                9

WITH input AS (
  SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-71.063526, 42.35785), 4269) AS point_4269
), projected AS (
  SELECT point_4269,
         ST_Transform(point_4269, 26986) AS point_26986
  FROM input
)
SELECT point_4269 AS input_point_4269,
       ST_Buffer(point_26986, 100, 2) AS octagon_26986
FROM projected;
SRID=4269;POINT(-71.063526 42.35785) | SRID=26986;POLYGON((236057.5905746494 900908.7599186979,236028.30125276805 900838.0492405792,235957.5905746494 900808.7599186979,235886.87989653074 900838.0492405792,235857.5905746494 900908.7599186979,235886.87989653074 900979.4705968165,235957.5905746494 901008.7599186979,236028.30125276805 900979.4705968165,236057.5905746494 900908.7599186979))
WITH projected AS (
  SELECT id, ST_Transform(geom, 26986) AS geom
  FROM coast
),
closed AS (
  SELECT id, ST_Buffer(ST_Buffer(geom, 1000), -1000) AS geom
  FROM projected
)
SELECT id, ST_Transform(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 50), 4326) AS geom
FROM closed;
WITH sample(id, geom) AS (
  VALUES
    ('plain', 'POLYGON((0 0,10 0,10 10,0 10,0 0))'::geometry),
    ('spike', 'POLYGON((0 0,10 0,10 10,5.2 10,5 16,4.8 10,0 10,0 0))'::geometry)
),
eroded AS (
  SELECT id, geom, ST_Buffer(geom, -0.5) AS eroded_geom
  FROM sample
),
scored AS (
  SELECT id,
         round((
           ST_Area(eroded_geom) / ST_Area(geom) /
           NULLIF(ST_Perimeter(eroded_geom) / ST_Perimeter(geom), 0)
         )::numeric, 3) AS erosion_index
  FROM eroded
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty(eroded_geom)
)
SELECT id, erosion_index, erosion_index > 1.1 AS possible_spike
FROM scored
ORDER BY id;
id   | erosion_index | possible_spike
-------+---------------+----------------
 plain |         0.900 | f
 spike |         1.147 | t
WITH line AS (
  SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0, 100 0, 160 40)'::geometry AS geom
),
vertices AS (
  SELECT (dump).path[1] AS n,
         (dump).geom AS geom,
         line.geom AS line_geom
  FROM line
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_DumpPoints(line.geom) AS dump
),
radii AS (
  SELECT n,
         geom,
         5 + (25 - 5) * ST_LineLocatePoint(line_geom, geom) AS radius
  FROM vertices
),
segments AS (
  SELECT n,
         geom,
         radius,
         lead(geom) OVER (ORDER BY n) AS next_geom,
         lead(radius) OVER (ORDER BY n) AS next_radius
  FROM radii
)
SELECT ST_Union(
         ST_ConvexHull(
           ST_Collect(
             ST_Buffer(geom, radius),
             ST_Buffer(next_geom, next_radius)
           )
         )
       ) AS tapered_buffer
FROM segments
WHERE next_geom IS NOT NULL;
POLYGON((96.758 -16.301,-0.975 -4.904,-1.913 -4.619,-2.778 -4.157,-3.536 -3.536,-4.157 -2.778,-4.619 -1.913,-4.904 -0.975,-5 0,-4.904 0.975,-4.619 1.913,-4.157 2.778,-3.536 3.536,-2.778 4.157,-1.913 4.619,-0.975 4.904,93.101 15.875,142.322 57.678,146.111 60.787,150.433 63.097,155.123 64.52,160 65,164.877 64.52,169.567 63.097,173.889 60.787,177.678 57.678,180.787 53.889,183.097 49.567,184.52 44.877,185 40,184.52 35.123,183.097 30.433,180.787 26.111,177.678 22.322,173.889 19.213,169.567 16.903,106.36 -15.355,103.242 -16.301,100 -16.62,96.758 -16.301))
WITH data(geom) AS (VALUES
   ('LINESTRING (180 40,30 20,20 90)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (180 40,160 160)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (160 160,80 190,80 120,20 90)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (80 60,120 130,150 80)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (80 60,150 80)'::geometry)
)
SELECT ST_BuildArea(ST_Collect(geom )) AS wkt
    FROM data;
POLYGON((180 40,30 20,20 90,80 120,80 190,160 160,180 40),(150 80,120 130,80 60,150 80))
01030000000200000007000000000000000080664000000000000044400000000000003E4000000000000034400000000000003440000000000080564000000000000054400000000000005E4000000000000054400000000000C067400000000000006440000000000000644000000000008066400000000000004440040000000000000000C0624000000000000054400000000000005E40000000000040604000000000000054400000000000004E400000000000C062400000000000005440
WITH input AS (
  SELECT 'POINT(100 90)'::geometry AS geom
),
rings AS (
  SELECT ST_Buffer(geom, 25, 'quad_segs=1') AS inring,
         ST_Buffer(geom, 50, 'quad_segs=1') AS outring
  FROM input
)
SELECT inring AS inner_ring,
       outring AS outer_ring,
       ST_BuildArea(ST_Collect(inring, outring)) AS area
FROM rings;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-----
inner_ring | POLYGON((125 90,100 65,75 90,100 115,125 90))
outer_ring | POLYGON((150 90,100 40,50 90,100 140,150 90))
area       | POLYGON((150 90,100 40,50 90,100 140,150 90),(125 90,100 115,75 90,100 65,125 90))
010300000001000000050000000000000000405F400000000000805640000000000000594000000000004050400000000000C05240000000000080564000000000000059400000000000C05C400000000000405F400000000000805640 | 010300000001000000050000000000000000C0624000000000008056400000000000005940000000000000444000000000000049400000000000805640FFFFFFFFFFFF584000000000008061400000000000C062400000000000805640 | 010300000002000000050000000000000000C0624000000000008056400000000000005940000000000000444000000000000049400000000000805640FFFFFFFFFFFF584000000000008061400000000000C062400000000000805640050000000000000000405F40000000000080564000000000000059400000000000C05C400000000000C052400000000000805640000000000000594000000000004050400000000000405F400000000000805640
WITH lines(geom) AS (VALUES
  ('LINESTRING(36 35,45 307)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING(30 290,390 280)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING(320 60,300 310)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING(20 60,320 60)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING(120 140,168 225)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING(140 220,220 150,120 170)'::geometry)
),
noded AS (
  SELECT ST_Node(ST_UnaryUnion(ST_Collect(geom))) AS geom FROM lines
)
SELECT ST_BuildArea(geom) AS area
FROM noded;

POLYGON((320 60,36.8 60,44.4 289.6,302.2 282.4,320 60),(156.9 205.3,135.2 167,220 150,156.9 205.3))
0103000000020000000500000000000000000074400000000000004E40E2E1E1E1E16942400000000000004E4036D964934D364640B1FB7CD7961972403326FD4447E372407FA2A32105A7714000000000000074400000000000004E400400000067B3D96C369B63400683C16030A869401D4324851AE760402D8CC54B94DE64400000000000806B400000000000C0624067B3D96C369B63400683C16030A86940
SELECT ST_Centroid(
  'MULTIPOINT (8 24,10 92,12 154,17 68,28 10,29 52,29 84,55 50,56 24,131 14,160 180,189 180)');
POINT(60.333 77.667)
0101000000ABAAAAAAAA2A4E40ABAAAAAAAA6A5340
SELECT ST_Centroid(
  'LINESTRING (190 160,10 190,40 90,20 70,10 10,30 40,30 10,110 40,70 10,110 10,140 40,140 10,160 30,180 10)');
POINT(76.191 79.876)
0101000000DF2DB9D4340C5340FD2ADAB809F85340
SELECT ST_Centroid(
  'POLYGON ((190 190,10 190,10 10,190 10,190 20,160 30,60 30,60 130,190 140,190 190))');
POINT(80.251 113.405)
01010000003B4056AE0E105440B06749D0EB595C40
SELECT ST_Centroid(
  'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((190 170,180 100,80 140,80 160,130 160,110 180,110 190,180 180,190 170)),
    LINESTRING (80 120,120 20,140 70,150 30,180 50,190 10),
    MULTIPOINT (19 150,22 49,30 13,32 101,45 35,67 88,75 16))');
POINT(143.361 148.263)
010100000022906B2290EB6140FF6C48FF6C886240
SELECT ST_Centroid(g)
FROM  ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(0 2,-1 1,0 0,0.5 0,1 0,2 1,1 2,0.5 2,0 2)')  AS g ;
st_astext
-------------
 POINT(0.5 1)
(1 row)
0101000000FCFFFFFFFFFFDF3F000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_Centroid(g)
FROM  ST_GeomFromText('COMPOUNDCURVE(CIRCULARSTRING(0 2,-1 1,0 0),(0 0,0.5 0,1 0), CIRCULARSTRING( 1 0,2 1,1 2),(1 2,0.5 2,0 2))' ) AS g;
st_astext
-------------
 POINT(0.5 1)
(1 row)
0101000000FCFFFFFFFFFFDF3F000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_Collect(ST_Centroid(geom) ORDER BY path)
FROM ST_Dump('MULTIPOLYGON (
    ((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0)),
    ((2 2,2 3,3 3,3 2,2 2))
  )'::geometry);

MULTIPOINT((0.5 0.5),(2.5 2.5))
0104000000020000000101000000000000000000E03F000000000000E03F010100000000000000000004400000000000000440
SELECT n AS iterations, ST_ChaikinSmoothing(
    'POLYGON ((20 20,60 90,10 150,100 190,190 160,130 120,190 50,140 70,120 10,90 60,20 20))', n
  ) AS smoothed
FROM generate_series(1, 3) AS n;
1 | POLYGON((30 37.5,50 72.5,47.5 105,22.5 135,32.5 160,77.5 180,122.5 182.5,167.5 167.5,175 150,145 130,145 102.5,175 67.5,177.5 55,152.5 65,135 55,125 25,112.5 22.5,97.5 47.5,72.5 50,37.5 30,30 37.5))
2 | POLYGON((35 46.25,45 63.75,49.375 80.625,48.125 96.875,41.25 112.5,28.75 127.5,25 141.25,30 153.75,43.75 165,66.25 175,88.75 180.625,111.25 181.875,133.75 178.75,156.25 171.25,169.375 163.125,173.125 154.375,167.5 145,152.5 135,145 123.125,145 109.375,152.5 93.75,167.5 76.25,175.625 64.375,176.875 58.125,171.25 57.5,158.75 62.5,148.125 62.5,139.375 57.5,132.5 47.5,127.5 32.5,121.875 24.375,115.625 23.125,108.75 28.75,101.25 41.25,91.25 48.125,78.75 49.375,63.75 45,46.25 35,35.625 31.875,31.875 35.625,35 46.25))
3 | POLYGON((37.5 50.625,42.5 59.375,46.09375 67.96875,48.28125 76.40625,49.0625 84.6875,48.4375 92.8125,46.40625 100.78125,42.96875 108.59375,38.125 116.25,31.875 123.75,27.8125 130.9375,25.9375 137.8125,26.25 144.375,28.75 150.625,33.4375 156.5625,40.3125 162.1875,49.375 167.5,60.625 172.5,71.875 176.40625,83.125 179.21875,94.375 180.9375,105.625 181.5625,116.875 181.09375,128.125 179.53125,139.375 176.875,150.625 173.125,159.53125 169.21875,166.09375 165.15625,170.3125 160.9375,172.1875 156.5625,171.71875 152.03125,168.90625 147.34375,163.75 142.5,156.25 137.5,150.625 132.03125,146.875 126.09375,145 119.6875,145 112.8125,146.875 105.46875,150.625 97.65625,156.25 89.375,163.75 80.625,169.53125 73.28125,173.59375 67.34375,175.9375 62.8125,176.5625 59.6875,175.46875 57.96875,172.65625 57.65625,168.125 58.75,161.875 61.25,156.09375 62.5,150.78125 62.5,145.9375 61.25,141.5625 58.75,137.65625 55,134.21875 50,131.25 43.75,128.75 36.25,126.09375 30.46875,123.28125 26.40625,120.3125 24.0625,117.1875 23.4375,113.90625 24.53125,110.46875 27.34375,106.875 31.875,103.125 38.125,98.75 42.96875,93.75 46.40625,88.125 48.4375,81.875 49.0625,75 48.28125,67.5 46.09375,59.375 42.5,50.625 37.5,43.59375 34.21875,38.28125 32.65625,34.6875 32.8125,32.8125 34.6875,32.65625 38.28125,34.21875 43.59375,37.5 50.625))
1 |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
2 | 010300000001000000290000000000000000804140000000000020474000000000008046400000000000E04F400000000000B048400000000000285440000000000010484000000000003858400000000000A044400000000000205C400000000000C03C400000000000E05F4000000000000039400000000000A861400000000000003E4000000000003863400000000000E045400000000000A0644000000000009050400000000000E06540000000000030564000000000009466400000000000D05B400000000000BC66400000000000B8604000000000005866400000000000886340000000000068654000000000002C654000000000006464400000000000A4654000000000004C63400000000000F06440000000000020624000000000001063400000000000E0604000000000002062400000000000C85E4000000000002062400000000000585B40000000000010634000000000007057400000000000F0644000000000001053400000000000F46540000000000018504000000000001C66400000000000104D4000000000006865400000000000C04C400000000000D863400000000000404F4000000000008462400000000000404F4000000000006C61400000000000C04C4000000000009060400000000000C047400000000000E05F4000000000004040400000000000785E4000000000006038400000000000E85C4000000000002037400000000000305B400000000000C03C4000000000005059400000000000A044400000000000D0564000000000001048400000000000B053400000000000B048400000000000E04F400000000000804640000000000020474000000000008041400000000000D041400000000000E03F400000000000E03F400000000000D0414000000000008041400000000000204740
3 |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
SELECT n AS iterations, ST_ChaikinSmoothing(
    'LINESTRING (10 140,80 130,100 190,190 150,140 20,120 120,50 30,30 100)', n
  ) AS smoothed
FROM generate_series(1, 3) AS n;
1 | LINESTRING(10 140,62.5 132.5,85 145,95 175,122.5 180,167.5 160,177.5 117.5,152.5 52.5,135 45,125 95,102.5 97.5,67.5 52.5,45 47.5,30 100)
2 | LINESTRING(10 140,49.375 134.375,68.125 135.625,79.375 141.875,87.5 152.5,92.5 167.5,101.875 176.25,115.625 178.75,133.75 175,156.25 165,170 149.375,175 128.125,171.25 101.25,158.75 68.75,148.125 50.625,139.375 46.875,132.5 57.5,127.5 82.5,119.375 95.625,108.125 96.875,93.75 86.25,76.25 63.75,61.875 51.25,50.625 48.75,41.25 60.625,30 100)
3 | LINESTRING(10 140,39.53125 135.78125,54.0625 134.6875,63.4375 135.3125,70.9375 137.1875,76.5625 140.3125,81.40625 144.53125,85.46875 149.84375,88.75 156.25,91.25 163.75,94.84375 169.6875,99.53125 174.0625,105.3125 176.875,112.1875 178.125,120.15625 177.8125,129.21875 175.9375,139.375 172.5,150.625 167.5,159.6875 161.09375,166.5625 153.28125,171.25 144.0625,173.75 133.4375,174.0625 121.40625,172.1875 107.96875,168.125 93.125,161.875 76.875,156.09375 64.21875,150.78125 55.15625,145.9375 49.6875,141.5625 47.8125,137.65625 49.53125,134.21875 54.84375,131.25 63.75,128.75 76.25,125.46875 85.78125,121.40625 92.34375,116.5625 95.9375,110.9375 96.5625,104.53125 94.21875,97.34375 88.90625,89.375 80.625,80.625 69.375,72.65625 60.625,65.46875 54.375,59.0625 50.625,53.4375 49.375,48.28125 51.71875,43.59375 57.65625,38.4375 70.46875,30 100)
1 | 01020000000E000000000000000000244000000000008061400000000000404F400000000000906040000000000040554000000000002062400000000000C057400000000000E065400000000000A05E4000000000008066400000000000F06440000000000000644000000000003066400000000000605D4000000000001063400000000000404A400000000000E0604000000000008046400000000000405F400000000000C057400000000000A0594000000000006058400000000000E050400000000000404A4000000000008046400000000000C047400000000000003E400000000000005940
2 |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
3 |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
SELECT ST_ChaikinSmoothing(geom) smoothed
FROM (SELECT  'POLYGON((0 0,8 8,0 16,0 0))'::geometry geom) AS foo;
POLYGON((2 2,6 6,6 10,2 14,0 12,0 4,2 2))
0103000000010000000700000000000000000000400000000000000040000000000000184000000000000018400000000000001840000000000000244000000000000000400000000000002C40000000000000000000000000000028400000000000000000000000000000104000000000000000400000000000000040
WITH input(geom) AS (VALUES
  ('LINESTRING (10 140,80 130,100 190,190 150,140 20,120 120,50 30,30 100)'::geometry)
)
SELECT ST_CatmullRomSmoothing(geom, 5) AS segments_5,
  ST_CatmullRomSmoothing(geom, 10) AS segments_10
FROM input;
LINESTRING(10 140,24.8 136.88,40.4 132.64,55.6 128.96,69.2 127.52,80 130,86.08 139.12,88.24 153.76,89.36 169.84,92.32 183.28,100 190,115.76 189.84,137.68 185.52,160.72 177.28,179.84 165.36,190 150,188.48 126.08,178.64 93.44,164.56 59.76,150.32 32.72,140 20,134.88 28.32,132.24 52.56,130.16 82.64,126.72 108.48,120 120,108.4 111.6,93.2 90,76.8 63.6,61.6 40.8,50 30,42.8 33.76,38.4 46.48,35.6 64.32,33.2 83.44,30 100) | LINESTRING(10 140,17.225 138.685,24.8 136.88,32.575 134.795,40.4 132.64,48.125 130.625,55.6 128.96,62.675 127.855,69.2 127.52,75.025 128.165,80 130,83.71 133.615,86.08 139.12,87.47 146.005,88.24 153.76,88.75 161.875,89.36 169.84,90.43 177.145,92.32 183.28,95.39 187.735,100 190,106.795 190.455,115.76 189.84,126.265 188.185,137.68 185.52,149.375 181.875,160.72 177.28,171.085 171.765,179.84 165.36,186.355 158.095,190 150,190.535 139.61,188.48 126.08,184.345 110.37,178.64 93.44,171.875 76.25,164.56 59.76,157.205 44.93,150.32 32.72,144.415 24.09,140 20,137.01 21.54,134.88 28.32,133.37 39.08,132.24 52.56,131.25 67.5,130.16 82.64,128.73 96.72,126.72 108.48,123.89 116.66,120 120,114.8 117.975,108.4 111.6,101.1 101.925,93.2 90,85 76.875,76.8 63.6,68.9 51.225,61.6 40.8,55.2 33.375,50 30,45.975 30.52,42.8 33.76,40.325 39.24,38.4 46.48,36.875 55,35.6 64.32,34.425 73.96,33.2 83.44,31.775 92.28,30 100)
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|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
SELECT ST_CatmullRomSmoothing('LINESTRING(0 0,5 0,10 0,15 0)');
LINESTRING(0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,14 0,15 0)
01020000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000084000000000000000000000000000001040000000000000000000000000000014400000000000000000000000000000184000000000000000000000000000001C40000000000000000000000000000020400000000000000000000000000000224000000000000000000000000000002440000000000000000000000000000026400000000000000000000000000000284000000000000000000000000000002A4000000000000000000000000000002C4000000000000000000000000000002E400000000000000000
WITH input(geom) AS (VALUES
  ('POLYGON ((20 20,60 90,10 150,100 190,190 160,130 120,190 50,140 70,120 10,90 60,20 20))'::geometry)
)
SELECT ST_CatmullRomSmoothing(geom, 5) AS segments_5,
  ST_CatmullRomSmoothing(geom, 10) AS segments_10
FROM input;
POLYGON((20 20,22.4 27.12,32.4 40.56,45.2 57.44,56 74.88,60 90,53.52 102.96,39.76 115.68,24.24 127.92,12.48 139.44,10 150,19.04 160.4,35.92 170.8,57.28 180,79.76 186.8,100 190,120.4 188.64,143.2 183.52,164.8 176.08,181.6 167.76,190 160,185.68 153.12,171.04 146.16,152.56 138.64,136.72 130.08,130 120,136.08 106.48,150.64 89.84,168.16 72.96,183.12 58.72,190 50,186.56 49.52,176.48 55.36,163.12 63.44,149.84 69.68,140 70,134.24 61.36,130.32 46.48,127.28 29.92,124.16 16.24,120 10,115.28 14.4,110.64 26.4,105.36 41.2,98.72 54,90 60,76.8 56,59.6 45.2,42 32.4,27.6 22.4,20 20)) | POLYGON((20 20,19.95 22.59,22.4 27.12,26.75 33.23,32.4 40.56,38.75 48.75,45.2 57.44,51.15 66.27,56 74.88,59.15 82.91,60 90,58.015 96.495,53.52 102.96,47.205 109.365,39.76 115.68,31.875 121.875,24.24 127.92,17.545 133.785,12.48 139.44,9.735 144.855,10 150,13.33 155.125,19.04 160.4,26.71 165.675,35.92 170.8,46.25 175.625,57.28 180,68.59 183.775,79.76 186.8,90.37 188.925,100 190,109.675 189.88,120.4 188.64,131.725 186.46,143.2 183.52,154.375 180,164.8 176.08,174.025 171.94,181.6 167.76,187.075 163.72,190 160,189.535 156.54,185.68 153.12,179.245 149.68,171.04 146.16,161.875 142.5,152.56 138.64,143.905 134.52,136.72 130.08,131.815 125.26,130 120,131.635 113.81,136.08 106.48,142.645 98.37,150.64 89.84,159.375 81.25,168.16 72.96,176.305 65.33,183.12 58.72,187.915 53.49,190 50,189.32 48.715,186.56 49.52,182.14 51.905,176.48 55.36,170 59.375,163.12 63.44,156.26 67.045,149.84 69.68,144.28 70.835,140 70,136.83 66.745,134.24 61.36,132.11 54.415,130.32 46.48,128.75 38.125,127.28 29.92,125.79 22.435,124.16 16.24,122.27 11.905,120 10,117.585 10.95,115.28 14.4,112.995 19.75,110.64 26.4,108.125 33.75,105.36 41.2,102.255 48.15,98.72 54,94.665 58.15,90 60,84.125 59.15,76.8 56,68.475 51.15,59.6 45.2,50.625 38.75,42 32.4,34.175 26.75,27.6 22.4,22.725 19.95,20 20))
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|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
SELECT ST_ConcaveHull('MULTIPOINT ((10 72),(53 76),(56 66),(63 58),(71 51),(81 48),(91 46),(101 45),(111 46),(121 47),(131 50),(140 55),(145 64),(144 74),(135 80),(125 83),(115 85),(105 87),(95 89),(85 91),(75 93),(65 95),(55 98),(45 102),(37 107),(29 114),(22 122),(19 132),(18 142),(21 151),(27 160),(35 167),(44 172),(54 175),(64 178),(74 180),(84 181),(94 181),(104 181),(114 181),(124 181),(134 179),(144 177),(153 173),(162 168),(171 162),(177 154),(182 145),(184 135),(139 132),(136 142),(128 149),(119 153),(109 155),(99 155),(89 155),(79 153),(69 150),(61 144),(63 134),(72 128),(82 125),(92 123),(102 121),(112 119),(122 118),(132 116),(142 113),(151 110),(161 106),(170 102),(178 96),(185 88),(189 78),(190 68),(189 58),(185 49),(179 41),(171 34),(162 29),(153 25),(143 23),(133 21),(123 19),(113 19),(102 19),(92 19),(82 19),(72 21),(62 22),(52 25),(43 29),(33 34),(25 41),(19 49),(14 58),(21 73),(31 74),(42 74),(173 134),(161 134),(150 133),(97 104),(52 117),(157 156),(94 171),(112 106),(169 73),(58 165),(149 40),(70 33),(147 157),(48 153),(140 96),(47 129),(173 55),(144 86),(159 67),(150 146),(38 136),(111 170),(124 94),(26 59),(60 41),(71 162),(41 64),(88 110),(122 34),(151 97),(157 56),(39 146),(88 33),(159 45),(47 56),(138 40),(129 165),(33 48),(106 31),(169 147),(37 122),(71 109),(163 89),(37 156),(82 170),(180 72),(29 142),(46 41),(59 155),(124 106),(157 80),(175 82),(56 50),(62 116),(113 95),(144 167))',
         0.1 );
st_astext
-----------
POLYGON ((18 142, 21 151, 27 160, 35 167, 44 172, 54 175, 64 178, 74 180, 84 181, 94 181, 104 181, 114 181, 124 181, 134 179, 144 177, 153 173, 162 168, 171 162, 177 154, 182 145, 184 135, 173 134, 161 134, 150 133, 139 132, 136 142, 128 149, 119 153, 109 155, 99 155, 89 155, 79 153, 69 150, 61 144, 63 134, 72 128, 82 125, 92 123, 102 121, 112 119, 122 118, 132 116, 142 113, 151 110, 161 106, 170 102, 178 96, 185 88, 189 78, 190 68, 189 58, 185 49, 179 41, 171 34, 162 29, 153 25, 143 23, 133 21, 123 19, 113 19, 102 19, 92 19, 82 19, 72 21, 62 22, 52 25, 43 29, 33 34, 25 41, 19 49, 14 58, 10 72, 21 73, 31 74, 42 74, 53 76, 56 66, 63 58, 71 51, 81 48, 91 46, 101 45, 111 46, 121 47, 131 50, 140 55, 145 64, 144 74, 135 80, 125 83, 115 85, 105 87, 95 89, 85 91, 75 93, 65 95, 55 98, 45 102, 37 107, 29 114, 22 122, 19 132, 18 142))
(1 row)
SELECT ST_ConcaveHull('MULTIPOINT ((132 64),(114 64),(99 64),(81 64),(63 64),(57 49),(52 36),(46 20),(37 20),(26 20),(32 36),(39 55),(43 69),(50 84),(57 100),(63 118),(68 133),(74 149),(81 164),(88 180),(101 180),(112 180),(119 164),(126 149),(132 131),(139 113),(143 100),(150 84),(157 69),(163 51),(168 36),(174 20),(163 20),(150 20),(143 36),(139 49),(132 64),(99 151),(92 138),(88 124),(81 109),(74 93),(70 82),(83 82),(99 82),(112 82),(126 82),(121 96),(114 109),(110 122),(103 138),(99 151),(34 27),(43 31),(48 44),(46 58),(52 73),(63 73),(61 84),(72 71),(90 69),(101 76),(123 71),(141 62),(166 27),(150 33),(159 36),(146 44),(154 53),(152 62),(146 73),(134 76),(143 82),(141 91),(130 98),(126 104),(132 113),(128 127),(117 122),(112 133),(119 144),(108 147),(119 153),(110 171),(103 164),(92 171),(86 160),(88 142),(79 140),(72 124),(83 131),(79 118),(68 113),(63 102),(68 93),(35 45))',
         0.15, true );
st_astext
-----------
POLYGON ((43 69, 50 84, 57 100, 63 118, 68 133, 74 149, 81 164, 88 180, 101 180, 112 180, 119 164, 126 149, 132 131, 139 113, 143 100, 150 84, 157 69, 163 51, 168 36, 174 20, 163 20, 150 20, 143 36, 139 49, 132 64, 114 64, 99 64, 81 64, 63 64, 57 49, 52 36, 46 20, 37 20, 26 20, 32 36, 35 45, 39 55, 43 69), (88 124, 81 109, 74 93, 83 82, 99 82, 112 82, 121 96, 114 109, 110 122, 103 138, 92 138, 88 124))
(1 row)
WITH data(geom) AS (VALUES
   ('POLYGON ((10 90,39 85,61 79,50 90,80 80,95 55,25 60,90 45,70 16,63 38,60 10,50 30,43 27,30 10,20 20,10 90))'::geometry)
)
SELECT ST_ConcaveHull(geom, 0.1) AS polygon_hull,
       ST_ConcaveHull(ST_Points(geom), 0.1) AS points_hull
    FROM data;

POLYGON((60 10,50 30,43 27,30 10,20 20,10 90,39 85,50 90,80 80,95 55,90 45,70 16,60 10)) | POLYGON((25 60,10 90,39 85,50 90,80 80,95 55,90 45,70 16,60 10,30 10,20 20,43 27,50 30,63 38,61 79,25 60))
SELECT disease_type,
    ST_ConcaveHull(ST_Collect(obs_pnt), 0.3 ) AS geom
  FROM disease_obs
  GROUP BY disease_type;

SELECT ST_ConvexHull(ST_Collect(ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((100 190,10 8),(150 10,20 30))'),
            ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOINT(50 5,150 30,50 10,10 10)')
            ));
st_astext
-----------
POLYGON((50 5,10 8,10 10,100 190,150 30,150 10,50 5))
(1 row)
SELECT d.disease_type,
    ST_ConvexHull(ST_Collect(d.geom)) As geom
    FROM disease_obs As d
    GROUP BY d.disease_type;

WITH data AS (
  SELECT polygon, ST_Buffer(center, 20) AS point_buffer
  FROM (SELECT
    'POLYGON((175 150,20 40,50 60,125 100,175 150))'::geometry AS polygon,
    'POINT(110 170)'::geometry AS center
  ) AS input
)
SELECT ST_DelaunayTriangles(ST_Union(polygon, point_buffer)) AS triangles
FROM data;
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((96 184,93 181,96 156,96 184)), POLYGON((96 184,96 156,102 188,96 184)), POLYGON((96 184,102 188,99 187,96 184)), POLYGON((102 188,96 156,99 153,102 188)), POLYGON((102 188,99 153,102 152,102 188)), POLYGON((102 188,102 152,106 190,102 188)), POLYGON((106 190,102 152,106 150,106 190)), POLYGON((106 190,106 150,110 190,106 190)), POLYGON((110 190,106 150,110 150,110 190)), POLYGON((110 190,110 150,118 188,110 190)), POLYGON((110 190,118 188,114 190,110 190)), POLYGON((118 188,110 150,121 153,118 188)), POLYGON((118 188,121 153,121 187,118 188)), POLYGON((121 187,121 153,124 156,121 187)), POLYGON((121 187,124 156,124 184,121 187)), POLYGON((121 187,124 184,175 150,121 187)), POLYGON((175 150,124 184,127 181,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,127 181,128 178,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,128 178,130 174,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,130 174,130 170,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,130 170,130 166,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,130 166,128 162,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,128 162,127 159,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,127 159,124 156,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,124 156,125 100,175 150)), POLYGON((125 100,124 156,121 153,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,121 153,118 152,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,118 152,114 150,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,114 150,110 150,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,110 150,106 150,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,106 150,102 152,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,102 152,99 153,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,99 153,50 60,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,50 60,20 40,125 100)), POLYGON((20 40,50 60,90 166,20 40)), POLYGON((20 40,90 166,90 170,20 40)), POLYGON((20 40,90 170,90 174,20 40)), POLYGON((20 40,90 174,92 178,20 40)), POLYGON((92 178,90 174,90 170,92 178)), POLYGON((92 178,90 170,92 162,92 178)), POLYGON((92 178,92 162,93 159,92 178)), POLYGON((92 178,93 159,93 181,92 178)), POLYGON((93 181,93 159,96 156,93 181)), POLYGON((96 156,93 159,50 60,96 156)), POLYGON((96 156,50 60,99 153,96 156)), POLYGON((50 60,93 159,92 162,50 60)), POLYGON((50 60,92 162,90 166,50 60)), POLYGON((90 166,92 162,90 170,90 166)), POLYGON((110 150,114 150,121 153,110 150)), POLYGON((121 153,114 150,118 152,121 153)), POLYGON((124 156,127 159,130 166,124 156)), POLYGON((124 156,130 166,128 178,124 156)), POLYGON((124 156,128 178,124 184,124 156)), POLYGON((124 184,128 178,127 181,124 184)), POLYGON((128 178,130 166,130 170,128 178)), POLYGON((128 178,130 170,130 174,128 178)), POLYGON((130 166,127 159,128 162,130 166)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT polygon, ST_Buffer(center, 20) AS point_buffer
  FROM (SELECT
    'POLYGON((175 150,20 40,50 60,125 100,175 150))'::geometry AS polygon,
    'POINT(110 170)'::geometry AS center
  ) AS input
)
SELECT ST_DelaunayTriangles(ST_Union(polygon, point_buffer), 0.001, 1) AS triangulation_edges
FROM data;
MULTILINESTRING((121 187,175 150),(118 188,121 187),(114 190,118 188),(110 190,114 190),(106 190,110 190),(102 188,106 190),(99 187,102 188),(96 184,99 187),(93 181,96 184),(92 178,93 181),(20 40,92 178),(20 40,125 100),(125 100,175 150),(124 156,125 100),(124 156,175 150),(124 156,127 159),(127 159,175 150),(127 159,128 162),(128 162,175 150),(128 162,130 166),(130 166,175 150),(130 166,130 170),(130 170,175 150),(130 174,130 170),(130 174,175 150),(128 178,130 174),(128 178,175 150),(127 181,128 178),(127 181,175 150),(124 184,127 181),(124 184,175 150),(121 187,124 184),(124 156,124 184),(121 187,124 156),(121 153,124 156),(121 153,121 187),(118 188,121 153),(110 150,121 153),(110 150,118 188),(110 150,110 190),(110 190,118 188),(106 150,110 150),(106 150,110 190),(106 190,106 150),(102 152,106 150),(102 152,106 190),(102 152,102 188),(99 153,102 152),(99 153,102 188),(96 156,99 153),(96 156,102 188),(96 156,96 184),(96 184,102 188),(93 181,96 156),(93 159,96 156),(93 159,93 181),(92 178,93 159),(92 162,93 159),(92 162,92 178),(90 170,92 162),(90 170,92 178),(90 170,90 174),(90 174,92 178),(20 40,90 174),(20 40,90 170),(90 170,90 166),(20 40,90 166),(50 60,90 166),(20 40,50 60),(50 60,125 100),(50 60,99 153),(99 153,125 100),(50 60,96 156),(50 60,93 159),(50 60,92 162),(90 166,92 162),(102 152,125 100),(106 150,125 100),(110 150,125 100),(110 150,114 150),(114 150,125 100),(114 150,118 152),(118 152,125 100),(118 152,121 153),(121 153,125 100),(114 150,121 153),(124 184,128 178),(124 156,128 178),(128 178,130 166),(124 156,130 166),(127 159,130 166),(128 178,130 170))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'MULTIPOINT(14 14,34 14,54 14,74 14,94 14,114 14,134 14,
    150 14,154 14,154 6,134 6,114 6,94 6,74 6,54 6,34 6,
    14 6,10 6,8 6,7 7,6 8,6 10,6 30,6 50,6 70,6 90,6 110,6 130,
    6 150,6 170,6 190,6 194,14 194,14 174,14 154,14 134,14 114,
    14 94,14 74,14 54,14 34,14 14)'::geometry AS l_shape_points
)
SELECT ST_DelaunayTriangles(l_shape_points) AS triangles
FROM data;
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((6 194,6 190,14 194,6 194)), POLYGON((14 194,6 190,14 174,14 194)), POLYGON((14 194,14 174,154 14,14 194)), POLYGON((154 14,14 174,14 154,154 14)), POLYGON((154 14,14 154,150 14,154 14)), POLYGON((154 14,150 14,154 6,154 14)), POLYGON((154 6,150 14,134 6,154 6)), POLYGON((134 6,150 14,134 14,134 6)), POLYGON((134 6,134 14,114 14,134 6)), POLYGON((134 6,114 14,114 6,134 6)), POLYGON((114 6,114 14,94 14,114 6)), POLYGON((114 6,94 14,94 6,114 6)), POLYGON((94 6,94 14,74 14,94 6)), POLYGON((94 6,74 14,74 6,94 6)), POLYGON((74 6,74 14,54 14,74 6)), POLYGON((74 6,54 14,54 6,74 6)), POLYGON((54 6,54 14,34 14,54 6)), POLYGON((54 6,34 14,34 6,54 6)), POLYGON((34 6,34 14,14 14,34 6)), POLYGON((34 6,14 14,14 6,34 6)), POLYGON((14 6,14 14,10 6,14 6)), POLYGON((10 6,14 14,6 10,10 6)), POLYGON((10 6,6 10,7 7,10 6)), POLYGON((10 6,7 7,8 6,10 6)), POLYGON((7 7,6 10,6 8,7 7)), POLYGON((6 10,14 14,6 30,6 10)), POLYGON((6 30,14 14,14 34,6 30)), POLYGON((6 30,14 34,6 50,6 30)), POLYGON((6 50,14 34,14 54,6 50)), POLYGON((6 50,14 54,6 70,6 50)), POLYGON((6 70,14 54,14 74,6 70)), POLYGON((6 70,14 74,6 90,6 70)), POLYGON((6 90,14 74,14 94,6 90)), POLYGON((6 90,14 94,6 110,6 90)), POLYGON((6 110,14 94,14 114,6 110)), POLYGON((6 110,14 114,6 130,6 110)), POLYGON((6 130,14 114,14 134,6 130)), POLYGON((6 130,14 134,6 150,6 130)), POLYGON((6 150,14 134,14 154,6 150)), POLYGON((6 150,14 154,6 170,6 150)), POLYGON((6 170,14 154,14 174,6 170)), POLYGON((6 170,14 174,6 190,6 170)), POLYGON((14 154,14 134,150 14,14 154)), POLYGON((150 14,14 134,134 14,150 14)), POLYGON((134 14,14 134,114 14,134 14)), POLYGON((114 14,14 134,14 114,114 14)), POLYGON((114 14,14 114,94 14,114 14)), POLYGON((94 14,14 114,14 94,94 14)), POLYGON((94 14,14 94,74 14,94 14)), POLYGON((74 14,14 94,14 74,74 14)), POLYGON((74 14,14 74,54 14,74 14)), POLYGON((54 14,14 74,14 54,54 14)), POLYGON((54 14,14 54,34 14,54 14)), POLYGON((34 14,14 54,14 34,34 14)), POLYGON((34 14,14 34,14 14,34 14)))
SELECT ST_DelaunayTriangles(
  'MULTIPOINT Z(14 14 10,150 14 100,34 6 25,20 10 150)'::geometry);
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION Z (POLYGON Z ((14 14 10,20 10 150,34 6 25,14 14 10)),POLYGON Z ((14 14 10,34 6 25,150 14 100,14 14 10)))
SELECT ST_FilterByM(geom, 30) simplified
FROM (SELECT  ST_SetEffectiveArea('LINESTRING(5 2,3 8,6 20,7 25,10 10)'::geometry) geom) As foo;
LINESTRING(5 2,7 25,10 10)
010200000003000000000000000000144000000000000000400000000000001C40000000000000394000000000000024400000000000002440
WITH source AS (
  SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'),
           10, 'endcap=round join=round') AS geom
)
SELECT geom AS area,
       ST_GeneratePoints(geom, 12, 1996) AS points
FROM source;
POLYGON((142.929 157.071,144.444 158.315,146.173 159.239,148.049 159.808,150 160,151.951 159.808,153.827 159.239,155.556 158.315,157.071 157.071,158.315 155.556,159.239 153.827,159.808 151.951,160 150,160 50,159.808 48.049,159.239 46.173,158.315 44.444,157.071 42.929,155.556 41.685,153.827 40.761,151.951 40.192,150 40,148.049 40.192,146.173 40.761,144.444 41.685,142.929 42.929,141.685 44.444,140.761 46.173,140.192 48.049,140 50,140 125.858,57.071 42.929,55.556 41.685,53.827 40.761,51.951 40.192,50 40,48.049 40.192,46.173 40.761,44.444 41.685,42.929 42.929,41.685 44.444,40.761 46.173,40.192 48.049,40 50,40.192 51.951,40.761 53.827,41.685 55.556,42.929 57.071,142.929 157.071)) | MULTIPOINT((97.546 111.15),(155.206 69.56),(101.94 114.818),(90.308 91.125),(151.257 106.401),(143.12 120.461),(152.952 146.697),(119.774 123.985),(148.672 40.92),(54.376 45.337),(150.667 88.153),(129.634 120.578))
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|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
SELECT s.id, dp.path[1] AS pt_id, dp.geom
FROM s, ST_DumpPoints(ST_GeneratePoints(s.geom, 12)) AS dp;
SELECT z.id,
       CASE WHEN z.count_delta < 0 THEN -1 ELSE 1 END AS sign,
       dp.path[1] AS pt_id,
       dp.geom
FROM zones AS z
CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_DumpPoints(
    ST_GeneratePoints(z.geom, abs(z.count_delta)::integer, z.id + 1)
) AS dp
WHERE z.count_delta <> 0;
WITH test AS (
SELECT 'MULTIPOINT((10 10),(10 40),(40 10),(190 190))'::geometry geom)
SELECT
  ST_Centroid(geom) centroid,
  ST_GeometricMedian(geom) median
FROM test;
centroid      |                 median
--------------------+----------------------------------------
   POINT(62.5 62.5) | POINT(25.01778421249728 25.01778421249728)
(1 row)
01010000000000000000404F400000000000404F40 | 0101000000990F93818D043940990F93818D043940
SELECT ST_LineMerge('MULTILINESTRING((10 160,60 120),(120 140,60 120),(120 140,180 120))'
);
LINESTRING(10 160,60 120,120 140,180 120)
SELECT ST_LineMerge('MULTILINESTRING((10 160,60 120),(120 140,60 120),(120 140,180 120),(100 180,120 140))'
);
MULTILINESTRING((10 160,60 120,120 140),(100 180,120 140),(120 140,180 120))
SELECT ST_LineMerge('MULTILINESTRING((-29 -27,-30 -29.7,-36 -31,-45 -33),(-45.2 -33.2,-46 -32))'
);
MULTILINESTRING((-45.2 -33.2,-46 -32),(-29 -27,-30 -29.7,-36 -31,-45 -33))
SELECT ST_LineMerge('MULTILINESTRING((60 30,10 70),(120 50,60 30),(120 50,180 30))',
TRUE);
MULTILINESTRING((120 50,60 30,10 70),(120 50,180 30))
SELECT ST_LineMerge('MULTILINESTRING((-29 -27 11,-30 -29.7 10,-36 -31 5,-45 -33 6),(-29 -27 12,-30 -29.7 5),(-45 -33 1,-46 -32 11))'
        );
LINESTRING Z (-30 -29.7 5,-29 -27 11,-30 -29.7 10,-36 -31 5,-45 -33 1,-46 -32 11)
WITH mic AS (
  SELECT * FROM ST_MaximumInscribedCircle(
    'POLYGON ((40 180,110 160,180 180,180 120,140 90,160 40,80 10,70 40,20 50,40 180),
              (60 140,50 90,90 140,60 140))')
)
SELECT round(radius::numeric, 3) AS radius,
       ST_SnapToGrid(center, 1) AS center,
       ST_SnapToGrid(nearest, 1) AS nearest,
       ST_SnapToGrid(ST_Buffer(center, radius), 1) AS circle,
       ST_SnapToGrid(ST_MakeLine(center, nearest), 1) AS radius_line
FROM mic;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-----
radius      | 45.189
center      | POINT(97 76)
nearest     | POINT(62 105)
circle      | POLYGON((142 76,141 68,139 59,135 51,129 44,122 39,114 35,106 32,97 31,88 32,80 35,72 39,65 44,59 51,55 59,53 68,52 76,53 85,55 94,59 101,65 108,72 114,80 118,88 121,97 122,106 121,114 118,122 114,129 108,135 101,139 94,141 85,142 76))
radius_line | LINESTRING(97 76,62 105)
WITH mic AS (
  SELECT * FROM ST_MaximumInscribedCircle(
    'MULTILINESTRING((100 40,10 150),(10 160,100 150),(190 150,80 40))')
)
SELECT round(radius::numeric, 3) AS radius,
       ST_SnapToGrid(center, 1) AS center,
       ST_SnapToGrid(nearest, 1) AS nearest,
       ST_SnapToGrid(ST_Buffer(center, radius), 1) AS circle,
       ST_SnapToGrid(ST_MakeLine(center, nearest), 1) AS radius_line
FROM mic;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-----
radius      | 39.924
center      | POINT(94 110)
nearest     | POINT(63 85)
circle      | POLYGON((134 110,133 103,131 95,127 88,122 82,116 77,109 74,102 71,94 71,86 71,79 74,72 77,66 82,61 88,57 95,55 103,54 110,55 118,57 126,61 133,66 139,72 144,79 147,86 150,94 150,102 150,109 147,116 144,122 139,127 133,131 126,133 118,134 110))
radius_line | LINESTRING(94 110,63 85)
WITH obstacles(geom) AS (VALUES ('MULTILINESTRING (
        (10 100,60 180,130 150,190 160),
        (20 50,70 70,90 20,110 40),
        (160 30,100 100,180 100))'::geometry)),
circle AS (
  SELECT result.*
  FROM obstacles
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_LargestEmptyCircle(obstacles.geom) AS result
)
SELECT round(radius::numeric, 6) AS radius,
       ST_SnapToGrid(center, 1) AS center,
       ST_SnapToGrid(nearest, 1) AS nearest,
       ST_SnapToGrid(ST_MakeLine(center, nearest), 1) AS radius_line,
       ST_SnapToGrid(ST_Buffer(center, radius), 1) AS circle
FROM circle;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-----
radius      | 39.260545
center      | POINT(62 108)
nearest     | POINT(70 70)
radius_line | LINESTRING(62 108,70 70)
circle      | POLYGON((101 108,100 101,98 93,94 87,89 81,83 76,77 72,69 70,62 69,54 70,47 72,40 76,34 81,29 87,25 93,23 101,22 108,23 116,25 123,29 130,34 136,40 141,47 145,54 147,62 148,69 147,77 145,83 141,89 136,94 130,98 123,100 116,101 108))
WITH inputs(points, boundary) AS (VALUES (
  'MULTIPOINT ((70 50),(60 130),(130 150),(80 90))'::geometry,
  'POLYGON ((90 190,10 100,60 10,190 40,120 100,190 180,90 190))'::geometry
)),
circle AS (
  SELECT result.*
  FROM inputs
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_LargestEmptyCircle(
    ST_Collect(points, boundary), 0, boundary
  ) AS result
)
SELECT round(radius::numeric, 6) AS radius,
       ST_SnapToGrid(center, 1) AS center,
       ST_SnapToGrid(nearest, 1) AS nearest,
       ST_SnapToGrid(ST_MakeLine(center, nearest), 1) AS radius_line,
       ST_SnapToGrid(ST_Buffer(center, radius), 1) AS circle
FROM circle;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-----
radius      | 19.903876
center      | POINT(97 100)
nearest     | POINT(80 90)
radius_line | LINESTRING(97 100,80 90)
circle      | POLYGON((117 100,117 96,116 92,114 89,111 86,108 83,105 82,101 80,97 80,93 80,90 82,86 83,83 86,81 89,79 92,78 96,77 100,78 104,79 108,81 111,83 114,86 116,90 118,93 119,97 120,101 119,105 118,108 116,111 114,114 111,116 108,117 104,117 100))
SELECT d.disease_type,
ST_MinimumBoundingCircle(ST_Collect(d.geom)) As geom
FROM disease_obs As d
GROUP BY d.disease_type;

SELECT ST_MinimumBoundingCircle(ST_Collect('LINESTRING(55 75,125 150)',
ST_Point(20, 80)), 8
) As wktmbc;
POLYGON((72.5 178.4024474346694,84.86920388664029 177.18418718546332,96.76306620464646 173.57622349601382,107.72451249529237 167.71720838753708,117.33230052487836 159.83230052487838,125.21720838753708 150.22451249529237,131.07622349601382 139.26306620464646,134.68418718546332 127.3692038866403,135.9024474346694 115,134.68418718546332 102.63079611335971,131.07622349601382 90.73693379535354,125.21720838753708 79.77548750470766,117.33230052487838 70.16769947512164,107.72451249529237 62.282791612462916,96.76306620464648 56.42377650398619,84.86920388664032 52.815812814536685,72.50000000000001 51.59755256533059,60.13079611335969 52.815812814536685,48.236933795353536 56.42377650398618,37.27548750470765 62.28279161246291,27.667699475121637 70.16769947512162,19.782791612462923 79.77548750470763,13.923776503986204 90.7369337953535,10.315812814536692 102.63079611335968,9.097552565330588 114.99999999999999,10.315812814536685 127.3692038866403,13.923776503986197 139.2630662046465,19.78279161246291 150.22451249529234,27.667699475121623 159.83230052487835,37.275487504707634 167.71720838753708,48.236933795353494 173.5762234960138,60.13079611335967 177.18418718546332,72.5 178.4024474346694))
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
SELECT center, radius FROM ST_MinimumBoundingRadius('POLYGON((26426 65078,26531 65242,26075 65136,26096 65427,26426 65078))');
st_astext                 |      radius
------------------------------------------+------------------
 POINT(26284.84180271327 65267.114509082545) | 247.43604559140655
0101000000CB7C18E035ABD94094F30EAA63DEEF40 | 247.43604559140655
SELECT ST_OrientedEnvelope('MULTIPOINT ((0 0),(-1 -1),(3 2))');
POLYGON((3 2,-1 -1,-1.12 -0.84,2.88 2.16,3 2))
SELECT ST_OrientedEnvelope(ST_Collect('LINESTRING(55 75,125 150)',
                ST_Point(20, 80))
                ) As wktenv;
POLYGON((20 80,125 150,138.0769230769241 130.38461538461573,33.07692307692291 60.384615384615195,20 80))
SELECT ST_Union(
 ST_OffsetCurve(f.geom, f.width/2, 'quad_segs=4 join=round'),
 ST_OffsetCurve(f.geom, -f.width/2, 'quad_segs=4 join=round')
) as track
FROM someroadstable;

SELECT ST_OffsetCurve(
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)'),
    15, 'quad_segs=4 join=round');
LINESTRING(164 1,18 1,15.073645169758077 1.288220793951544,
    12.259748514523654 2.141807012330698,9.66644650470597 3.527955815461818,
    7.393398282201788 5.393398282201788,5.393398282201788 7.393398282201788,
    3.527955815461818 9.66644650470597,2.141807012330696 12.259748514523654,
    1.288220793951544 15.073645169758075,1 18,1 195)
SELECT ST_OffsetCurve(
    geom,
    -15,
    'quad_segs=4 join=round') As notsocurvy
    FROM ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)') As geom;
LINESTRING(164 31,31 31,31 195)
SELECT ST_OffsetCurve(
    ST_OffsetCurve(
        geom,
        -30,
        'quad_segs=4 join=round'),
    -15,
    'quad_segs=4 join=round') As morecurvy
    FROM ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)') As geom;
LINESTRING(164 61,61 61,61 195)
SELECT ST_Collect(
    ST_OffsetCurve(geom, 15, 'quad_segs=4 join=round'),
    ST_OffsetCurve(
        ST_OffsetCurve(
            geom,
            -30,
            'quad_segs=4 join=round'),
        -15,
        'quad_segs=4 join=round')
) As parallel_curves
    FROM ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)') As geom;
MULTILINESTRING((164 1,18 1,15.073645169758077 1.288220793951544,
12.259748514523654 2.141807012330698,9.66644650470597 3.527955815461818,
7.393398282201788 5.393398282201788,5.393398282201788 7.393398282201788,
3.527955815461818 9.66644650470597,2.141807012330696 12.259748514523654,
1.288220793951544 15.073645169758075,1 18,1 195),(164 61,61 61,61 195))
SELECT ST_OffsetCurve(
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)'),
        15, 'quad_segs=4 join=bevel');
LINESTRING(164 1,18 1,7.393398282201788 5.393398282201788,
    5.393398282201788 7.393398282201788,1 18,1 195)
SELECT ST_Collect(
    ST_OffsetCurve(geom, 15, 'quad_segs=4 join=mitre mitre_limit=2.2'),
    ST_OffsetCurve(geom, -15, 'quad_segs=4 join=mitre mitre_limit=2.2')
    )
    FROM ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)') As geom;
MULTILINESTRING((164 1,11.786796564403577 1,1 11.786796564403577,1 195),
    (164 31,31 31,31 195))
SELECT ST_PointOnSurface(
  'MULTIPOINT (8 24,10 92,12 154,17 68,28 10,29 52,29 84,55 50,56 24,131 14,160 180,189 180)');
POINT(55 50)
01010000000000000000804B400000000000004940
SELECT ST_PointOnSurface(
  'LINESTRING (190 160,10 190,40 90,20 70,10 10,30 40,30 10,110 40,70 10,110 10,140 40,140 10,160 30,180 10)');
POINT(40 90)
010100000000000000000044400000000000805640
SELECT ST_PointOnSurface(
  'POLYGON ((190 190,10 190,10 10,190 10,190 20,160 30,60 30,60 130,190 140,190 190))');
POINT(35 80)
010100000000000000008041400000000000005440
SELECT ST_PointOnSurface(
  'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((190 170,180 100,80 140,80 160,130 160,110 180,110 190,180 180,190 170)),
    LINESTRING (80 120,120 20,140 70,150 30,180 50,190 10),
    MULTIPOINT (19 150,22 49,30 13,32 101,45 35,67 88,75 16))');
POINT(133.571 150)
01010000002449922449B260400000000000C06240
SELECT ST_PointOnSurface('LINESTRING(0 5 1,0 0 1,0 10 2)');
st_asewkt
--------------
 POINT(0 0 1)
(1 row)
010100008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_PointOnSurface(geom) AS pt_on_surf, ST_Centroid(geom) AS centroid
    FROM (SELECT 'POLYGON ((130 120,120 190,30 140,50 20,190 20,
                      170 100,90 60,90 130,130 120))'::geometry AS geom) AS t;
pt_on_surf    |                  centroid
-----------------+---------------------------------------------
 POINT(62.5 110) | POINT(100.18264840182648 85.11415525114155)
01010000000000000000404F400000000000805B40 | 0101000000BB20EC82B00B59407594D3514E475540
WITH data(geom) AS (
  VALUES
    ('LINESTRING (180 40,30 20,20 90)'::geometry),
    ('LINESTRING (180 40,160 160)'::geometry),
    ('LINESTRING (80 60,120 130,150 80)'::geometry),
    ('LINESTRING (80 60,150 80)'::geometry),
    ('LINESTRING (20 90,70 70,80 130)'::geometry),
    ('LINESTRING (80 130,160 160)'::geometry),
    ('LINESTRING (20 90,20 160,70 190)'::geometry),
    ('LINESTRING (70 190,80 130)'::geometry),
    ('LINESTRING (70 190,160 160)'::geometry)
)
SELECT ST_Polygonize(geom)
FROM data;
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((180 40,30 20,20 90,70 70,80 130,160 160,180 40),(150 80,120 130,80 60,150 80)), POLYGON((80 60,120 130,150 80,80 60)), POLYGON((80 130,70 70,20 90,20 160,70 190,80 130)), POLYGON((160 160,80 130,70 190,160 160)))
WITH poly_a(id, geom) AS (VALUES
  ('a1', 'POLYGON ((0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0))'::geometry),
  ('a2', 'POLYGON ((4 0, 8 0, 8 4, 4 4, 4 0))'::geometry)
),
poly_b(id, geom) AS (VALUES
  ('b1', 'POLYGON ((0 0, 8 0, 8 2, 0 2, 0 0))'::geometry),
  ('b2', 'POLYGON ((0 2, 8 2, 8 4, 0 4, 0 2))'::geometry)
),
lines AS (
  SELECT ST_Boundary(geom) AS geom FROM poly_a
  UNION ALL
  SELECT ST_Boundary(geom) FROM poly_b
),
noded AS (
  SELECT ST_UnaryUnion(ST_Collect(geom)) AS geom FROM lines
),
cells AS (
  SELECT (ST_Dump(ST_Polygonize(geom))).geom AS geom FROM noded
)
SELECT a.id AS id_a,
       b.id AS id_b,
       c.geom AS geom
FROM cells AS c
LEFT JOIN poly_a AS a ON ST_Within(ST_PointOnSurface(c.geom), a.geom)
LEFT JOIN poly_b AS b ON ST_Within(ST_PointOnSurface(c.geom), b.geom)
WHERE a.id IS NOT NULL OR b.id IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY id_a, id_b;
id_a | id_b |              geom
------+------+--------------------------------
 a1   | b1   | POLYGON((4 0,0 0,0 2,4 2,4 0))
 a1   | b2   | POLYGON((4 4,4 2,0 2,0 4,4 4))
 a2   | b1   | POLYGON((4 0,4 2,8 2,8 0,4 0))
 a2   | b2   | POLYGON((4 2,4 4,8 4,8 2,4 2))

SELECT ST_Polygonize(geom_4269) As geomtextrep
FROM (SELECT geom_4269 FROM ma.suffolk_edges) As foo;
geomtextrep
-------------
 SRID=4269;GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((-71.040878 42.285678,-71.040943 42.2856,-71.04096 42.285752,-71.040878 42.285678)),
 POLYGON((-71.17166 42.353675,-71.172026 42.354044,-71.17239 42.354358,-71.171794 42.354971,-71.170511 42.354855,
 -71.17112 42.354238,-71.17166 42.353675)))
(1 row)
SELECT (ST_Dump(t.polycoll)).geom AS geomtextrep
FROM (SELECT ST_Polygonize(geom_4269) AS polycoll
    FROM (SELECT geom_4269 FROM ma.suffolk_edges)
        As foo) AS t;

geomtextrep
-------------
 SRID=4269;POLYGON((-71.040878 42.285678,-71.040943 42.2856,-71.04096 42.285752,
-71.040878 42.285678))
 SRID=4269;POLYGON((-71.17166 42.353675,-71.172026 42.354044,-71.17239 42.354358,
-71.171794 42.354971,-71.170511 42.354855,-71.17112 42.354238,-71.17166 42.353675))
(2 rows)
SELECT ST_ReducePrecision('POINT(1.412 19.323)', 0.1);
POINT(1.4 19.3)
0101000000666666666666F63FCDCCCCCCCC4C3340
SELECT ST_ReducePrecision('POINT(1.412 19.323)', 1.0);
POINT(1 19)
0101000000000000000000F03F0000000000003340
SELECT ST_ReducePrecision('POINT(1.412 19.323)', 10);
POINT(0 20)
010100000000000000000000000000000000003440
SELECT ST_ReducePrecision('LINESTRING (10 10,19.6 30.1,20 30,20.3 30,40 40)', 1);
LINESTRING (10 10, 20 30, 40 40)
0102000000030000000000000000002440000000000000244000000000000034400000000000003E4000000000000044400000000000004440
WITH data(geom) AS (
  VALUES ('POLYGON ((10 10,60 60.1,70 30,40 40,50 10,10 10))'::geometry)
)
SELECT geom AS input,
       ST_ReducePrecision(geom, 10) AS reduced
FROM data;
-[ RECORD 1 ]------------------------------------------------
input   | POLYGON((10 10,60 60.1,70 30,40 40,50 10,10 10))
reduced | MULTIPOLYGON(((10 10,40 40,50 10,10 10)),((40 40,60 60,70 30,40 40)))
01030000000100000006000000000000000000244000000000000024400000000000004E40CDCCCCCCCC0C4E4000000000008051400000000000003E40000000000000444000000000000044400000000000004940000000000000244000000000000024400000000000002440 | 0106000000020000000103000000010000000400000000000000000044400000000000004440000000000000494000000000000024400000000000002440000000000000244000000000000044400000000000004440010300000001000000040000000000000000004E400000000000004E4000000000008051400000000000003E40000000000000444000000000000044400000000000004E400000000000004E40
SELECT ST_SharedPaths(ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((26 125,26 200,126 200,126 125,26 125),
      (51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150))'),
   ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(151 100,126 156.25,126 125,101 150,76 175)')
   )
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(MULTILINESTRING((126 156.25,126 125),
(101 150,76 175)),MULTILINESTRING EMPTY)
0107000000020000000105000000020000000102000000020000000000000000805F4000000000008863400000000000805F400000000000405F4001020000000200000000000000004059400000000000C0624000000000000053400000000000E06540010500000000000000
SELECT ST_SharedPaths(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(76 175,101 150,126 125,126 156.25,151 100)'),
   ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((26 125,26 200,126 200,126 125,26 125),
       (51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150))')
    )
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(MULTILINESTRING EMPTY,
MULTILINESTRING((76 175,101 150),(126 125,126 156.25)))
01070000000200000001050000000000000001050000000200000001020000000200000000000000000053400000000000E0654000000000004059400000000000C062400102000000020000000000000000805F400000000000405F400000000000805F400000000000886340
SELECT ST_NPoints(geom) AS np_before,
     ST_NPoints(ST_Simplify(geom, 0.1)) AS np01_notbadcircle,
     ST_NPoints(ST_Simplify(geom, 0.5)) AS np05_notquitecircle,
     ST_NPoints(ST_Simplify(geom, 1)) AS np1_octagon,
     ST_NPoints(ST_Simplify(geom, 10)) AS np10_gone,
     (ST_Simplify(geom, 100) is null) AS  np100_geometrygoesaway
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer('POINT(1 3)', 10, 12) As geom) AS t;
-[ RECORD 1 ]------------
np_before                | 49
np01_notbadcircle        | 33
np05_notquitecircle      | 17
np1_octagon              | 9
np10_gone                | null
np100_geometrygoesaway   | t
SELECT ST_Simplify('MULTILINESTRING ((20 180,20 150,50 150,50 100,110 150,150 140,170 120),(20 10,80 30,90 120),(90 120,130 130),(130 130,130 70,160 40,180 60,180 90,140 80),(50 40,70 40,80 70,70 60,60 60,50 50,50 40))'::geometry,
40);
MULTILINESTRING((20 180,50 100,170 120),(20 10,90 120),(90 120,130 130),(130 130,160 40,180 90,140 80),(50 40,80 70,50 40))
010500000005000000010200000003000000000000000000344000000000008066400000000000004940000000000000594000000000004065400000000000005E400102000000020000000000000000003440000000000000244000000000008056400000000000005E4001020000000200000000000000008056400000000000005E400000000000406040000000000040604001020000000400000000000000004060400000000000406040000000000000644000000000000044400000000000806640000000000080564000000000008061400000000000005440010200000003000000000000000000494000000000000044400000000000005440000000000080514000000000000049400000000000004440
SELECT ST_Simplify('MULTIPOLYGON (((90 110,80 180,50 160,10 170,10 140,20 110,90 110)),((40 80,100 100,120 160,170 180,190 70,140 10,110 40,60 40,40 80),(180 70,170 110,142.5 128.5,128.5 77.5,90 60,180 70)))'::geometry,
40);
MULTIPOLYGON(((90 110,80 180,10 170,20 110,90 110)),((40 80,170 180,140 10,40 80),(180 70,142.5 128.5,90 60,180 70)))
0106000000020000000103000000010000000500000000000000008056400000000000805B40000000000000544000000000008066400000000000002440000000000040654000000000000034400000000000805B4000000000008056400000000000805B40010300000002000000040000000000000000004440000000000000544000000000004065400000000000806640000000000080614000000000000024400000000000004440000000000000544004000000000000000080664000000000008051400000000000D06140000000000010604000000000008056400000000000004E4000000000008066400000000000805140
SELECT  ST_NPoints(geom) AS np_before,
        ST_NPoints(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 0.1)) AS np01_notbadcircle,
        ST_NPoints(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 0.5)) AS np05_notquitecircle,
        ST_NPoints(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 1))   AS np1_octagon,
        ST_NPoints(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 10))  AS np10_minimal,
        ST_NPoints(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 100)) AS np100_minimal
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer('POINT(1 3)', 10, 12) AS geom) AS t;
np_before | np01_notbadcircle | np05_notquitecircle | np1_octagon | np10_minimal | np100_minimal
-----------+-------------------+---------------------+-------------+--------------+---------------
        49 |                33 |                  17 |           9 |            4 |             4
SELECT ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology('MULTILINESTRING ((20 180,20 150,50 150,50 100,110 150,150 140,170 120),(20 10,80 30,90 120),(90 120,130 130),(130 130,130 70,160 40,180 60,180 90,140 80),(50 40,70 40,80 70,70 60,60 60,50 50,50 40))'::geometry,
40);
MULTILINESTRING((20 180,50 100,110 150,170 120),(20 10,80 30,90 120),(90 120,130 130),(130 130,130 70,160 40,180 90,140 80),(50 40,70 40,80 70,60 60,50 40))
SELECT ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology('MULTIPOLYGON (((90 110,80 180,50 160,10 170,10 140,20 110,90 110)),((40 80,100 100,120 160,170 180,190 70,140 10,110 40,60 40,40 80),(180 70,170 110,142.5 128.5,128.5 77.5,90 60,180 70)))'::geometry,
40);
MULTIPOLYGON(((90 110,80 180,10 170,20 110,90 110)),((40 80,100 100,170 180,190 70,140 10,40 80),(180 70,142.5 128.5,90 60,180 70)))
SELECT ST_SimplifyPolygonHull(
  'POLYGON ((131 158,136 163,161 165,173 156,179 148,169 140,186 144,190 137,185 131,174 128,174 124,166 119,158 121,158 115,165 107,161 97,166 88,166 79,158 57,145 57,112 53,111 47,93 43,90 48,88 40,80 39,68 32,51 33,40 31,39 34,49 38,34 38,25 34,28 39,36 40,44 46,24 41,17 41,14 46,19 50,33 54,21 55,13 52,11 57,22 60,34 59,41 68,75 72,62 77,56 70,46 72,31 69,46 76,52 82,47 84,56 90,66 90,64 94,56 91,33 97,36 100,23 100,22 107,29 106,31 112,46 116,36 118,28 131,53 132,59 127,62 131,76 130,80 135,89 137,87 143,73 145,80 150,88 150,85 157,99 162,116 158,115 165,123 165,122 170,134 164,131 158))'::geometry,
  0.3
);
POLYGON((161 165,173 156,186 144,190 137,185 131,174 124,166 119,166 79,158 57,68 32,40 31,25 34,17 41,14 46,11 57,56 91,33 97,23 100,22 107,28 131,80 135,73 145,85 157,99 162,122 170,161 165))
SELECT ST_SimplifyPolygonHull(
  'POLYGON ((131 158,136 163,161 165,173 156,179 148,169 140,186 144,190 137,185 131,174 128,174 124,166 119,158 121,158 115,165 107,161 97,166 88,166 79,158 57,145 57,112 53,111 47,93 43,90 48,88 40,80 39,68 32,51 33,40 31,39 34,49 38,34 38,25 34,28 39,36 40,44 46,24 41,17 41,14 46,19 50,33 54,21 55,13 52,11 57,22 60,34 59,41 68,75 72,62 77,56 70,46 72,31 69,46 76,52 82,47 84,56 90,66 90,64 94,56 91,33 97,36 100,23 100,22 107,29 106,31 112,46 116,36 118,28 131,53 132,59 127,62 131,76 130,80 135,89 137,87 143,73 145,80 150,88 150,85 157,99 162,116 158,115 165,123 165,122 170,134 164,131 158))'::geometry,
  0.3, false
);
POLYGON((131 158,116 158,99 162,89 137,76 130,59 127,28 131,46 116,36 100,64 94,75 72,41 68,33 54,68 32,90 48,112 53,145 57,158 57,161 97,158 115,158 121,190 137,169 140,179 148,161 165,131 158))
WITH letters AS (
  SELECT ST_Letters('xt') AS geom
)
SELECT geom AS input,
  ST_SimplifyPolygonHull(ST_Segmentize(geom, 2.0), 0.1) AS outer_hull
FROM letters;
MULTIPOLYGON(((18.3 57.6,20.7 51,23.3 41.9,26 51,28.4 57.6,45.4 57.6,33.1 28.8,46.6 0,29.5 0,26.6 6.7,23.3 16.3,19.8 6.3,17.1 0,0 0,13.5 28.8,1.3 57.6,18.3 57.6)),((77.808 15.2,82.208 15.2,83.508 16,83.508 -0.9,82.108 -0.2,76.808 -0.2,76.108 -0.2,75.408 -0.2,74.608 -0.1,73.908 -0.1,73.208 0,72.508 0,71.808 0.1,71.108 0.2,70.408 0.3,69.708 0.5,69.008 0.6,68.408 0.9,67.708 1.1,67.008 1.4,66.408 1.7,65.708 2,65.108 2.4,64.408 2.8,63.808 3.2,63.208 3.7,62.608 4.1,62.108 4.7,61.508 5.2,61.008 5.8,60.508 6.4,60.008 7.1,59.508 7.8,59.108 8.6,58.708 9.5,58.308 10.4,57.908 11.3,57.608 12.3,57.608 42.7,52.208 42.7,51.108 41.8,51.108 58.9,52.208 57.9,57.608 57.9,57.608 74.4,56.508 75.4,74.408 75.4,73.308 74.2,73.308 57.9,81.408 57.9,82.508 58.9,82.508 41.8,81.408 42.7,73.308 42.7,73.308 17.7,73.408 17.4,73.608 17.2,73.808 16.9,74.008 16.7,74.208 16.5,74.408 16.3,74.708 16.1,75.008 15.9,75.308 15.7,75.608 15.6,76.008 15.5,76.308 15.4,76.708 15.3,77.008 15.2,77.408 15.2,77.808 15.2))) | MULTIPOLYGON(((45.4 57.6,44.631 55.8,33.869 30.6,46.6 0,29.5 0,19.8 6.3,18.45 3.15,17.1 0,0 0,10.969 23.4,9.688 37.8,2.062 55.8,1.3 57.6,45.4 57.6)),((83.508 16,83.508 -0.9,72.508 0,71.108 0.2,70.408 0.3,69.008 0.6,67.708 1.1,67.008 1.4,65.708 2,64.408 2.8,63.808 3.2,62.608 4.1,61.508 5.2,60.508 6.4,59.508 7.8,59.108 8.6,58.308 10.4,57.908 11.3,57.608 12.3,51.108 41.8,51.108 58.9,56.508 75.4,74.408 75.4,82.508 58.9,83.508 16)))
SELECT geom AS original, ST_SimplifyVW(geom, 20) AS simplified
FROM (SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0,10 0,10 10,5.2 10,5 16,4.8 10,0 10,0 0))'::geometry AS geom) AS t;
POLYGON((0 0,10 0,10 10,5.2 10,5 16,4.8 10,0 10,0 0)) | POLYGON((0 0,10 0,10 10,0 10,0 0))
01030000000100000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002440000000000000000000000000000024400000000000002440CDCCCCCCCCCC1440000000000000244000000000000014400000000000003040333333333333134000000000000024400000000000000000000000000000244000000000000000000000000000000000 | 010300000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000024400000000000000000000000000000244000000000000024400000000000000000000000000000244000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_SimplifyVW(geom, 30) simplified
  FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(5 2,3 8,6 20,7 25,10 10)'::geometry AS geom) AS t;
LINESTRING(5 2,7 25,10 10)
010200000003000000000000000000144000000000000000400000000000001C40000000000000394000000000000024400000000000002440
SELECT ST_SimplifyVW('LINESTRING (10 10,50 40,30 70,50 60,70 80,50 110,100 100,90 140,100 180,150 170,170 140,190 90,180 40,110 40,150 20)'::geometry,
1600);
LINESTRING(10 10,100 100,100 180,150 170,190 90,150 20)
0102000000060000000000000000002440000000000000244000000000000059400000000000005940000000000000594000000000008066400000000000C0624000000000004065400000000000C0674000000000008056400000000000C062400000000000003440
SELECT ST_SimplifyVW('POLYGON ((20 20,50 60,20 120,40 170,80 180,120 140,180 180,160 130,180 100,180 30,130 70,150 10,20 20))'::geometry,
1600);
POLYGON((20 20,20 120,80 180,160 130,180 30,20 20))
010300000001000000060000000000000000003440000000000000344000000000000034400000000000005E40000000000000544000000000008066400000000000006440000000000040604000000000008066400000000000003E4000000000000034400000000000003440
SELECT ST_SetEffectiveArea(geom) AS all_pts,
       ST_SetEffectiveArea(geom, 30) AS threshold_30
FROM (SELECT  'LINESTRING(5 2,3 8,6 20,7 25,10 10)'::geometry geom) As foo;
-[ RECORD 1 ]------------------
all_pts      | LINESTRING M (5 2 3.4e+38,3 8 29,6 20 1.5,7 25 49.5,10 10 3.4e+38)
threshold_30 | LINESTRING M (5 2 3.4e+38,7 25 49.5,10 10 3.4e+38)
01020000400500000000000000000014400000000000000040000000E0FFFFEF47000000000000084000000000000020400000000000003D4000000000000018400000000000003440000000000000F83F0000000000001C4000000000000039400000000000C0484000000000000024400000000000002440000000E0FFFFEF47 | 01020000400300000000000000000014400000000000000040000000E0FFFFEF470000000000001C4000000000000039400000000000C0484000000000000024400000000000002440000000E0FFFFEF47
SELECT ST_TriangulatePolygon('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))');
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,0 0)), POLYGON((1 1,1 0,0 0,1 1)))
SELECT ST_TriangulatePolygon('POLYGON ((26 17,31 19,34 21,37 24,38 29,39 43,39 161,38 172,36 176,34 179,30 181,25 183,10 185,10 190,100 190,121 189,139 187,154 182,167 177,177 169,184 161,189 152,190 141,188 128,186 123,184 117,180 113,176 108,170 104,164 101,151 96,136 92,119 89,100 89,86 89,73 89,73 39,74 32,75 27,77 23,79 20,83 18,89 17,106 15,106 10,10 10,10 15,26 17),(152 147,151 152,149 157,146 162,142 166,137 169,132 172,126 175,118 177,109 179,99 180,89 180,80 179,76 178,74 176,73 171,73 100,85 99,91 99,102 99,112 100,121 102,128 104,134 107,139 110,143 114,147 118,149 123,151 128,153 141,152 147))'
);
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((10 10, 10 15, 26 17, 10 10)), POLYGON ((25 183, 10 185, 10 190, 25 183)), POLYGON ((126 175, 121 189, 139 187, 126 175)), POLYGON ((137 169, 139 187, 154 182, 137 169)), POLYGON ((149 157, 167 177, 177 169, 149 157)), POLYGON ((153 141, 189 152, 190 141, 153 141)), POLYGON ((153 141, 188 128, 186 123, 153 141)), POLYGON ((186 123, 184 117, 180 113, 186 123)), POLYGON ((149 123, 176 108, 170 104, 149 123)), POLYGON ((147 118, 164 101, 151 96, 147 118)), POLYGON ((121 102, 136 92, 119 89, 121 102)), POLYGON ((85 99, 73 89, 73 100, 85 99)), POLYGON ((89 17, 106 15, 106 10, 89 17)), POLYGON ((83 18, 10 10, 26 17, 83 18)), POLYGON ((100 190, 25 183, 10 190, 100 190)), POLYGON ((121 189, 109 179, 100 190, 121 189)), POLYGON ((189 152, 152 147, 184 161, 189 152)), POLYGON ((153 141, 190 141, 188 128, 153 141)), POLYGON ((147 118, 170 104, 164 101, 147 118)), POLYGON ((139 110, 151 96, 136 92, 139 110)), POLYGON ((73 89, 85 99, 86 89, 73 89)), POLYGON ((83 18, 89 17, 106 10, 83 18)), POLYGON ((83 18, 26 17, 31 19, 83 18)), POLYGON ((100 190, 30 181, 25 183, 100 190)), POLYGON ((189 152, 153 141, 152 147, 189 152)), POLYGON ((176 108, 151 128, 180 113, 176 108)), POLYGON ((91 99, 86 89, 85 99, 91 99)), POLYGON ((10 10, 83 18, 106 10, 10 10)), POLYGON ((76 178, 100 190, 80 179, 76 178)), POLYGON ((86 89, 91 99, 100 89, 86 89)), POLYGON ((79 20, 83 18, 31 19, 79 20)), POLYGON ((102 99, 100 89, 91 99, 102 99)), POLYGON ((34 21, 79 20, 31 19, 34 21)), POLYGON ((112 100, 100 89, 102 99, 112 100)), POLYGON ((37 24, 79 20, 34 21, 37 24)), POLYGON ((100 89, 112 100, 119 89, 100 89)), POLYGON ((79 20, 37 24, 77 23, 79 20)), POLYGON ((119 89, 112 100, 121 102, 119 89)), POLYGON ((77 23, 37 24, 75 27, 77 23)), POLYGON ((136 92, 121 102, 128 104, 136 92)), POLYGON ((38 29, 75 27, 37 24, 38 29)), POLYGON ((134 107, 136 92, 128 104, 134 107)), POLYGON ((75 27, 38 29, 74 32, 75 27)), POLYGON ((139 110, 136 92, 134 107, 139 110)), POLYGON ((74 32, 38 29, 73 39, 74 32)), POLYGON ((151 96, 139 110, 143 114, 151 96)), POLYGON ((39 43, 73 39, 38 29, 39 43)), POLYGON ((151 96, 143 114, 147 118, 151 96)), POLYGON ((73 39, 39 43, 73 89, 73 39)), POLYGON ((170 104, 147 118, 149 123, 170 104)), POLYGON ((73 89, 39 43, 73 100, 73 89)), POLYGON ((176 108, 149 123, 151 128, 176 108)), POLYGON ((39 161, 73 100, 39 43, 39 161)), POLYGON ((180 113, 151 128, 186 123, 180 113)), POLYGON ((73 100, 39 161, 73 171, 73 100)), POLYGON ((186 123, 151 128, 153 141, 186 123)), POLYGON ((38 172, 73 171, 39 161, 38 172)), POLYGON ((151 152, 184 161, 152 147, 151 152)), POLYGON ((73 171, 38 172, 74 176, 73 171)), POLYGON ((184 161, 151 152, 177 169, 184 161)), POLYGON ((36 176, 74 176, 38 172, 36 176)), POLYGON ((149 157, 177 169, 151 152, 149 157)), POLYGON ((34 179, 74 176, 36 176, 34 179)), POLYGON ((146 162, 167 177, 149 157, 146 162)), POLYGON ((74 176, 34 179, 76 178, 74 176)), POLYGON ((167 177, 146 162, 154 182, 167 177)), POLYGON ((30 181, 76 178, 34 179, 30 181)), POLYGON ((154 182, 146 162, 142 166, 154 182)), POLYGON ((100 190, 76 178, 30 181, 100 190)), POLYGON ((154 182, 142 166, 137 169, 154 182)), POLYGON ((80 179, 100 190, 89 180, 80 179)), POLYGON ((139 187, 137 169, 132 172, 139 187)), POLYGON ((100 190, 99 180, 89 180, 100 190)), POLYGON ((139 187, 132 172, 126 175, 139 187)), POLYGON ((100 190, 109 179, 99 180, 100 190)), POLYGON ((121 189, 126 175, 118 177, 121 189)), POLYGON ((121 189, 118 177, 109 179, 121 189)))
SELECT ST_TriangulatePolygon('POLYGON (( 10 190,10 70,80 70,80 130,50 160,120 160,120 190,10 190 ))'::geometry
);
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((50 160,120 190,120 160,50 160)),
POLYGON((10 70,80 130,80 70,10 70)),
POLYGON((50 160,10 70,10 190,50 160)),
POLYGON((120 190,50 160,10 190,120 190)),
POLYGON((80 130,10 70,50 160,80 130)))
SELECT ST_VoronoiLines('MULTIPOINT (50 30,60 30,100 100,10 150,110 120)'::geometry,
            30) AS geom;

MULTILINESTRING((135.555555555556 270,36.8181818181818 92.2727272727273),(36.8181818181818 92.2727272727273,-110 43.3333333333333),(230 -45.7142857142858,36.8181818181818 92.2727272727273))

0105000000030000000102000000020000001CC7711CC7F160400000000000E07040E9A28B2EBA684240D145175D74115740010200000002000000E9A28B2EBA684240D145175D741157400000000000805BC0AAAAAAAAAAAA45400102000000020000000000000000C06C40B86DDBB66DDB46C0E9A28B2EBA684240D145175D74115740
SELECT ST_VoronoiPolygons('MULTIPOINT (50 30,60 30,100 100,10 150,110 120)'::geometry
            ) AS geom;

GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((-110 270,100.5 270,59.34782608695652 132.82608695652175,36.81818181818182 92.27272727272727,-110 43.33333333333332,-110 270)),
POLYGON((-110 -90,-110 43.33333333333332,36.81818181818182 92.27272727272727,55 79.28571428571429,55 -90,-110 -90)),
POLYGON((230 -20.71428571428572,55 79.28571428571429,36.81818181818182 92.27272727272727,59.34782608695652 132.82608695652175,230 47.50000000000001,230 -20.71428571428572)), POLYGON((230 -90,55 -90,55 79.28571428571429,230 -20.71428571428572,230 -90)),
POLYGON((230 270,230 47.50000000000001,59.34782608695652 132.82608695652175,100.5 270,230 270)))

SELECT ST_VoronoiPolygons('MULTIPOINT (50 30,60 30,100 100,10 150,110 120)'::geometry,
            30) AS geom;

GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((-110 270,135.55555555555557 270,36.81818181818182 92.27272727272727,-110 43.33333333333332,-110 270)),
POLYGON((230 270,230 -45.71428571428574,36.81818181818182 92.27272727272727,135.55555555555557 270,230 270)),
POLYGON((230 -90,-110 -90,-110 43.33333333333332,36.81818181818182 92.27272727272727,230 -45.71428571428574,230 -90)))

WITH coverage(id, geom) AS (VALUES
  (1, 'POLYGON ((10 190,30 160,40 110,100 70,120 10,10 10,10 190))'::geometry),
  (2, 'POLYGON ((100 190,10 190,30 160,40 110,50 80,74 110.5,100 130,140 120,140 160,100 190))'::geometry),
  (3, 'POLYGON ((140 190,190 190,190 80,140 80,140 190))'::geometry),
  (4, 'POLYGON ((180 40,120 10,100 70,140 80,190 80,180 40))'::geometry)
)
SELECT id, ST_CoverageInvalidEdges(geom) OVER ()
  FROM coverage;
id |               st_astext
----+---------------------------------------
  1 | LINESTRING (40 110, 100 70)
  2 | MULTILINESTRING ((100 130, 140 120, 140 160, 100 190), (40 110, 50 80, 74 110.5))
  3 | LINESTRING (140 80, 140 190)
  4 | null
SELECT true = ALL (
    SELECT ST_CoverageInvalidEdges(geom) OVER () IS NULL
    FROM coverage
    );

WITH coverage(id, geom) AS (VALUES
  (1, 'POLYGON ((10 190,30 160,27 134.5,40 110,122 47,120 10,10 10,10 190))'::geometry),
  (2, 'POLYGON ((150 190,10 190,30 160,50 140,40 110,50 80,130 70,135 111,140 130,140 160,150 190))'::geometry),
  (3, 'POLYGON ((140 190,190 190,190 80,140 80,140 190))'::geometry),
  (4, 'POLYGON ((190 10,120 10,97 77,160 90,170 70,190 80,190 10))'::geometry)
), processed AS (
  SELECT id,
         ST_CoverageClean(geom, 1) OVER () AS cleaned,
         ST_CoverageInvalidEdges(geom) OVER () AS invalid_edges
  FROM coverage
)
SELECT ST_Collect(cleaned ORDER BY id) AS cleaned,
       ST_Collect(invalid_edges ORDER BY id) AS invalid_edges
FROM processed;
MULTIPOLYGON(((10 10,10 190,30 160,27 134.5,40 110,84.7 75.7,102 62.3,120 10,10 10)),((140 190,140 160,140 130,135 111,131.7 84.2,97 77,98 74,84.7 75.7,40 110,50 140,30 160,10 190,140 190)),((190 190,190 80,165 80,140 80,140 85.9,140 130,140 160,140 190,150 190,190 190)),((190 10,120 10,102 62.3,98 74,97 77,131.7 84.2,140 85.9,140 80,165 80,170 70,190 80,190 10))) | MULTILINESTRING((40 110,122 47,120 10),(40 110,50 80,130 70,135 111,140 130,140 160,150 190,10 190),(190 80,140 80,140 190,190 190),(120 10,97 77,160 90,170 70))
WITH coverage(id, geom) AS (VALUES
  (1, 'POLYGON ((160 150,110 130,90 100,90 70,60 60,50 10,30 30,40 50,25 40,10 60,30 100,30 120,20 170,60 180,90 190,130 180,130 160,160 150),(40 160,50 140,66 125,60 100,80 140,90 170,60 160,40 160))'::geometry),
  (2, 'POLYGON ((40 160,60 160,90 170,80 140,60 100,66 125,50 140,40 160))'::geometry),
  (3, 'POLYGON ((110 130,160 50,140 50,120 33,90 30,50 10,60 60,90 70,90 100,110 130))'::geometry),
  (4, 'POLYGON ((160 150,150 120,160 90,160 50,110 130,160 150))'::geometry)
)
SELECT id, ST_CoverageSimplify(geom, 30) OVER ()
  FROM coverage;
id |               st_astext
----+---------------------------------------
  1 | POLYGON ((160 150, 110 130, 50 10, 10 60, 20 170, 90 190, 160 150), (40 160, 66 125, 90 170, 40 160))
  2 | POLYGON ((40 160, 66 125, 90 170, 40 160))
  3 | POLYGON ((110 130, 160 50, 50 10, 110 130))
  4 | POLYGON ((160 150, 160 50, 110 130, 160 150))
WITH coverage(geom) AS (
  VALUES (
    'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
      POLYGON((0 0,10 0,10 10,0 10,0 0)),
      POLYGON((10 0,20 0,20 10,10 10,10 0))
    )'::geometry
  )
)
SELECT geom AS input_coverage,
       ST_CoverageEdges(geom) AS all_edges
FROM coverage;
-[ RECORD 1 ]--+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
input_coverage | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((0 0,10 0,10 10,0 10,0 0)),POLYGON((10 0,20 0,20 10,10 10,10 0)))
all_edges      | MULTILINESTRING((10 0,10 10),(10 10,0 10,0 0,10 0),(10 0,20 0,20 10,10 10))
WITH coverage(geom) AS (
  VALUES (
    'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
      POLYGON((0 0,10 0,10 10,0 10,0 0)),
      POLYGON((10 0,20 0,20 10,10 10,10 0))
    )'::geometry
  )
)
SELECT geom AS input_coverage,
       ST_CoverageEdges(geom, 2) AS shared_edges
FROM coverage;
-[ RECORD 1 ]--+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
input_coverage | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((0 0,10 0,10 10,0 10,0 0)),POLYGON((10 0,20 0,20 10,10 10,10 0)))
shared_edges   | MULTILINESTRING((10 0,10 10))
WITH coverage(id, geom) AS (VALUES
  (1, 'POLYGON ((10 10,10 150,80 190,110 150,90 110,40 110,50 60,10 10))'::geometry),
  (2, 'POLYGON ((120 10,10 10,50 60,100 70,120 10))'::geometry),
  (3, 'POLYGON ((140 80,120 10,100 70,40 110,90 110,110 150,140 80))'::geometry),
  (4, 'POLYGON ((140 190,120 170,140 130,160 150,140 190))'::geometry),
  (5, 'POLYGON ((180 160,170 140,140 130,160 150,140 190,180 160))'::geometry)
)
SELECT ST_CoverageUnion(geom) AS wkt
  FROM coverage;
MULTIPOLYGON(((10 150,80 190,110 150,140 80,120 10,10 10,10 150),(50 60,100 70,40 110,50 60)),((120 170,140 190,180 160,170 140,140 130,120 170)))
0106000000020000000103000000010000000600000000000000008061400000000000C067400000000000806640000000000000644000000000004065400000000000806140000000000080614000000000004060400000000000005E40000000000040654000000000008061400000000000C067400103000000020000000700000000000000000024400000000000C0624000000000000054400000000000C067400000000000805B400000000000C06240000000000080614000000000000054400000000000005E4000000000000024400000000000002440000000000000244000000000000024400000000000C062400400000000000000000044400000000000805B4000000000000049400000000000004E400000000000005940000000000080514000000000000044400000000000805B40
ST_Affine(geom, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, xoff, yoff, zoff) 
/ a  b  c  xoff \
| d  e  f  yoff |
| g  h  i  zoff |
\ 0  0  0     1 /
x' = a*x + b*y + c*z + xoff
y' = d*x + e*y + f*z + yoff
z' = g*x + h*y + i*z + zoff
ST_Affine(geom, a, b, d, e, xoff, yoff)
/  a  b  0  xoff  \       /  a  b  xoff  \
|  d  e  0  yoff  | rsp.  |  d  e  yoff  |
|  0  0  1     0  |       \  0  0     1  /
\  0  0  0     1  /
x' = a*x + b*y + xoff
y' = d*x + e*y + yoff
z' = z 
SELECT ST_Affine(geom, cos(pi()), -sin(pi()), 0, sin(pi()), cos(pi()), 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0) As using_affine,
    ST_Rotate(geom, pi()) As using_rotate
   FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(1 2 3,1 4 3)'::geometry As geom) As foo;
using_affine         |        using_rotate
-----------------------------+-----------------------------
 LINESTRING(-1 -2 3,-1 -4 3) | LINESTRING(-1 -2 3,-1 -4 3)
(1 row)
010200008002000000010000000000F0BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFBF0000000000000840020000000000F0BF00000000000010C00000000000000840 | 010200008002000000010000000000F0BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFBF0000000000000840020000000000F0BF00000000000010C00000000000000840
SELECT ST_Affine(geom, cos(pi()), -sin(pi()), 0, sin(pi()), cos(pi()), -sin(pi()), 0, sin(pi()), cos(pi()), 0, 0, 0)
    FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(1 2 3,1 4 3)'::geometry As geom) As foo;
LINESTRING(-1 -2 -3,-1 -4 -3)
010200008002000000010000000000F0BF00000000000000C0FFFFFFFFFFFF07C0020000000000F0BF00000000000010C0FFFFFFFFFFFF07C0
SELECT ST_Rotate('LINESTRING (50 160,50 50,100 50)'::geometry, pi());
LINESTRING(-50 -160,-50 -50,-100 -50)
01020000000300000003000000000049C000000000000064C001000000000049C0FFFFFFFFFFFF48C000000000000059C0FEFFFFFFFFFF48C0
SELECT ST_Rotate('LINESTRING (50 160,50 50,100 50)'::geometry, pi()/6, 50, 160);
LINESTRING(50 160,105 64.737206,148.30127 89.737206)
01020000000300000000000000000049400000000000006440FFFFFFFFFF3F5A401D1E54602E2F5040F93E6101A48962401C1E54602E6F5640
SELECT ST_Rotate(geom, -pi()/3, ST_Centroid(geom))
FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING (50 160,50 50,100 50)'::geometry AS geom) AS foo;
LINESTRING(116.4225 130.6721,21.1597 75.6721,46.1597 32.3708)
0102000000030000003CCCC890091B5D40D73137A0815560406AA973C4DF283540AE636E4003EB5240B7D439E26F14474077CB577B762F4040
SELECT ST_RotateX('LINESTRING(1 2 3,1 1 1)', pi()/2);
LINESTRING(1 -3 2,1 -1 1)
010200008002000000000000000000F03F00000000000008C00000000000000040000000000000F03FFFFFFFFFFFFFEFBF000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_RotateY('LINESTRING(1 2 3,1 1 1)', pi()/2);
LINESTRING(3 2 -1,1 1 -1)
01020000800200000000000000000008400000000000000040FEFFFFFFFFFFEFBF000000000000F03F000000000000F03FFFFFFFFFFFFFEFBF
SELECT ST_RotateZ('LINESTRING(1 2 3,1 1 1)', pi()/2);
LINESTRING(-2 1 3,-1 1 1)
01020000800200000000000000000000C0010000000000F03F0000000000000840FFFFFFFFFFFFEFBF000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_RotateZ(geom, pi()/2)
FROM (SELECT ST_LineToCurve(ST_Buffer('POINT(234 567)'::geometry, 3)) As geom) As foo;
CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(-567 237.00000000000003,-567 231.00000000000003,-567 237.00000000000003))
010A000000010000000108000000030000000000000000B881C00100000000A06D400000000000B881C00100000000E06C400000000000B881C00100000000A06D40
SELECT ST_Scale('LINESTRING(1 2 3,1 1 1)', 0.5, 0.75, 0.8);
LINESTRING(0.5 1.5 2.4,0.5 0.75 0.8)
010200008002000000000000000000E03F000000000000F83F3433333333330340000000000000E03F000000000000E83F9A9999999999E93F
SELECT ST_Scale('LINESTRING(1 2 3,1 1 1)', 0.5, 0.75);
LINESTRING(0.5 1.5 3,0.5 0.75 1)
010200008002000000000000000000E03F000000000000F83F0000000000000840000000000000E03F000000000000E83F000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_Scale('LINESTRING(1 2 3 4,1 1 1 1)',
    ST_MakePoint(0.5, 0.75, 2, -1));
LINESTRING(0.5 1.5 6 -4,0.5 0.75 2 -1)
01020000C002000000000000000000E03F000000000000F83F000000000000184000000000000010C0000000000000E03F000000000000E83F0000000000000040000000000000F0BF
SELECT ST_Scale('LINESTRING(1 1,2 2)', 'POINT(2 2)', 'POINT(1 1)'::geometry);
LINESTRING(1 1,3 3)
010200000002000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000008400000000000000840
SELECT ST_Translate(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-71.01 42.37)', 4326), 1, 0) AS wgs_transgeomtxt;
POINT(-70.01 42.37)
SELECT ST_Translate(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-71.01 42.37,-71.11 42.38)', 4326), 1, 0.5) AS wgs_transgeomtxt;
LINESTRING(-70.01 42.87,-70.11 42.88)
0102000020E610000002000000713D0AD7A38051C08FC2F5285C6F4540D7A3703D0A8751C0713D0AD7A3704540
SELECT ST_Translate(CAST('POINT(0 0 0)' AS geometry), 5, 12, 3);
POINT(5 12 3)
SELECT ST_Translate('POINTM(0 0 11)', 5, 12);
POINTM(5 12 11)
0101000040000000000000144000000000000028400000000000002640
SELECT ST_Translate('POINT(0 0 7 11)', 5, 12, 3);
POINT(5 12 10 11)
SELECT ST_Translate(ST_Collect('CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(4 3,3.12 0.878,1 0,-1.121 5.1213,6 7,8 9,4 3))', 'POINT(1 3)'), 1, 2);
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(5 5,4.12 2.878,2 2,-0.121 7.1213,7 9,9 11,5 5)), POINT(2 5))
010700000002000000010A00000001000000010800000007000000000000000000144000000000000014407B14AE47E17A1040A01A2FDD240607400000000000000040000000000000004060E5D022DBF9BEBFEA043411367C1C400000000000001C4000000000000022400000000000002240000000000000264000000000000014400000000000001440010100000000000000000000400000000000001440
SELECT ST_TransScale('LINESTRING(1 2 3,1 1 1)', 0.5, 1, 1, 2);
LINESTRING(1.5 6 3,1.5 4 1)
010200008002000000000000000000F83F00000000000018400000000000000840000000000000F83F0000000000001040000000000000F03F
SELECT ST_TransScale(ST_LineToCurve(ST_Buffer('POINT(234 567)', 3)), 1, 2, 3, 4);
CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(714 2276,696 2276,714 2276))
010A0000000100000001080000000300000000000000005086400000000000C8A1400000000000C085400000000000C8A14000000000005086400000000000C8A140
WITH input(name, geom) AS (
  VALUES
    ('A1', ST_MakeEnvelope(0, 0, 10, 10)),
    ('A2', ST_MakeEnvelope(30, 0, 40, 10)),
    ('B1', ST_MakeEnvelope(100, 0, 110, 10)),
    ('B2', ST_MakeEnvelope(130, 0, 140, 10)),
    ('noise', ST_MakeEnvelope(250, 0, 260, 10))
), clustered AS (
  SELECT name,
         geom,
         ST_ClusterDBSCAN(geom, eps => 50, minpoints => 2)
           OVER (ORDER BY name) AS cid
  FROM input
)
SELECT COALESCE(cid::text, 'noise') AS cluster,
       string_agg(name, ',' ORDER BY name) AS members,
       ST_Collect(geom ORDER BY name) AS cluster_geom
FROM clustered
GROUP BY cid
ORDER BY cid NULLS LAST;
0 | A1,A2 | MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0,0 10,10 10,10 0,0 0)),((30 0,30 10,40 10,40 0,30 0)))
1 | B1,B2 | MULTIPOLYGON(((100 0,100 10,110 10,110 0,100 0)),((130 0,130 10,140 10,140 0,130 0)))
noise | noise | MULTIPOLYGON(((250 0,250 10,260 10,260 0,250 0)))
0 | A1,A2 | 010600000002000000010300000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002440000000000000244000000000000024400000000000002440000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010300000001000000050000000000000000003E4000000000000000000000000000003E40000000000000244000000000000044400000000000002440000000000000444000000000000000000000000000003E400000000000000000
1 | B1,B2 | 0106000000020000000103000000010000000500000000000000000059400000000000000000000000000000594000000000000024400000000000805B4000000000000024400000000000805B40000000000000000000000000000059400000000000000000010300000001000000050000000000000000406040000000000000000000000000004060400000000000002440000000000080614000000000000024400000000000806140000000000000000000000000004060400000000000000000
noise | noise | 010600000001000000010300000001000000050000000000000000406F4000000000000000000000000000406F40000000000000244000000000004070400000000000002440000000000040704000000000000000000000000000406F400000000000000000
SELECT cid, ST_Collect(geom) AS cluster_geom, array_agg(parcel_id) AS ids_in_cluster FROM (
    SELECT parcel_id, ST_ClusterDBSCAN(geom, eps => 0.5, minpoints => 5) over () AS cid, geom
    FROM parcels) sq
GROUP BY cid;

WITH testdata AS
  (SELECT unnest(
           ARRAY['LINESTRING (0 0,1 1)'::geometry,
           'LINESTRING (5 5,4 4)'::geometry,
           'LINESTRING (6 6,7 7)'::geometry,
           'LINESTRING (0 0,-1 -1)'::geometry,
           'POLYGON ((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0))'::geometry]) AS geom)

SELECT unnest(ST_ClusterIntersecting(geom)) FROM testdata;

GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(0 0,1 1),LINESTRING(5 5,4 4),LINESTRING(0 0,-1 -1),POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0)))
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(6 6,7 7))
01070000000400000001020000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F010200000002000000000000000000144000000000000014400000000000001040000000000000104001020000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F0BF000000000000F0BF010300000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010400000000000000000000000000000104000000000000010400000000000000000000000000000104000000000000000000000000000000000
010700000001000000010200000002000000000000000000184000000000000018400000000000001C400000000000001C40
WITH testdata(id, geom) AS (
  VALUES (1, 'LINESTRING (0 0,1 1)'::geometry),
         (2, 'LINESTRING (5 5,4 4)'::geometry),
         (3, 'LINESTRING (6 6,7 7)'::geometry),
         (4, 'LINESTRING (0 0,-1 -1)'::geometry),
         (5, 'POLYGON ((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0))'::geometry)
), clustered AS (
  SELECT id,
         geom,
         ST_ClusterIntersectingWin(geom) OVER () AS cid
  FROM testdata
)
SELECT id,
       geom AS geom_wkt,
       cid
FROM clustered
ORDER BY id;
id |            geom_wkt            | cid
----+--------------------------------+-----
  1 | LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)            |   0
  2 | LINESTRING(5 5,4 4)            |   0
  3 | LINESTRING(6 6,7 7)            |   1
  4 | LINESTRING(0 0,-1 -1)          |   0
  5 | POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0)) |   0
1 | 01020000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F | 0
2 | 0102000000020000000000000000001440000000000000144000000000000010400000000000001040 | 0
3 | 010200000002000000000000000000184000000000000018400000000000001C400000000000001C40 | 1
4 | 01020000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F0BF000000000000F0BF | 0
5 | 010300000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010400000000000000000000000000000104000000000000010400000000000000000000000000000104000000000000000000000000000000000 | 0
WITH data(id, geom) AS (
  VALUES (1, 'LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)'::geometry),
         (2, 'LINESTRING(2 2,1 1)'::geometry),
         (3, 'LINESTRING(0 1,1 0)'::geometry),
         (4, 'LINESTRING(0 1,0 4)'::geometry),
         (5, 'LINESTRING(2 2,2 4)'::geometry),
         (6, 'LINESTRING(1.5 2.5,2.5 3.5)'::geometry)
), clustered AS (
  SELECT id, geom,
         ST_ClusterRelateWin(geom, '****0****') OVER () AS cluster
  FROM data
)
SELECT cluster,
       string_agg(id::text, ',' ORDER BY id) AS members,
       ST_Collect(geom ORDER BY id) AS cluster_geom
FROM clustered
GROUP BY cluster
ORDER BY cluster;
0 | 1,2,5 | MULTILINESTRING((0 0,1 1),(2 2,1 1),(2 2,2 4))
1 | 3,4 | MULTILINESTRING((0 1,1 0),(0 1,0 4))
2 | 6 | MULTILINESTRING((1.5 2.5,2.5 3.5))
WITH edges(id, geom) AS (
  VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING(0 0,1 0)'::geometry),
    (2, 'LINESTRING(0 0,0 1)'::geometry),
    (3, 'LINESTRING(1 1,0 1)'::geometry),
    (4, 'LINESTRING(1 1,1 0)'::geometry),
    (5, 'LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)'::geometry),
    (6, 'LINESTRING(1 0,0 1)'::geometry)
), marked AS (
  SELECT id,
         geom,
         ST_MinimumSpanningTree(geom) OVER (ORDER BY id) AS tree_id
  FROM edges
)
SELECT string_agg(id::text, ',' ORDER BY id)
         FILTER (WHERE tree_id > 0) AS tree_edge_ids,
       ST_Collect(geom ORDER BY id)
         FILTER (WHERE tree_id > 0) AS tree_edges,
       string_agg(id::text, ',' ORDER BY id)
         FILTER (WHERE tree_id = 0) AS excluded_edge_ids,
       ST_Collect(geom ORDER BY id)
         FILTER (WHERE tree_id = 0) AS excluded_edges
FROM marked;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-----
tree_edge_ids     | 1,2,3
tree_edges        | MULTILINESTRING((0 0,1 0),(0 0,0 1),(1 1,0 1))
excluded_edge_ids | 4,5,6
excluded_edges    | MULTILINESTRING((1 1,1 0),(0 0,1 1),(1 0,0 1))
WITH parcels(parcel_id, geom) AS (
  VALUES
    ('A1', ST_MakeEnvelope(0, 0, 10, 10)),
    ('A2', ST_MakeEnvelope(10, 0, 20, 10)),
    ('B1', ST_MakeEnvelope(100, 0, 110, 10)),
    ('B2', ST_MakeEnvelope(110, 0, 120, 10)),
    ('C1', ST_MakeEnvelope(200, 0, 210, 10)),
    ('C2', ST_MakeEnvelope(210, 0, 220, 10))
), clustered AS (
  SELECT parcel_id,
         geom,
         ST_ClusterKMeans(geom, 3) OVER (ORDER BY parcel_id) AS cid
  FROM parcels
)
SELECT cid,
       string_agg(parcel_id, ',' ORDER BY parcel_id) AS parcels,
       ST_Union(geom) AS cluster_geom
FROM clustered
GROUP BY cid
ORDER BY cid;
0 | C1,C2 | POLYGON((200 10,210 10,220 10,220 0,210 0,200 0,200 10))
1 | A1,A2 | POLYGON((0 10,10 10,20 10,20 0,10 0,0 0,0 10))
2 | B1,B2 | POLYGON((100 10,110 10,120 10,120 0,110 0,100 0,100 10))
0 | C1,C2 | 01030000000100000007000000000000000000694000000000000024400000000000406A4000000000000024400000000000806B4000000000000024400000000000806B4000000000000000000000000000406A4000000000000000000000000000006940000000000000000000000000000069400000000000002440
1 | A1,A2 | 0103000000010000000700000000000000000000000000000000002440000000000000244000000000000024400000000000003440000000000000244000000000000034400000000000000000000000000000244000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002440
2 | B1,B2 | 01030000000100000007000000000000000000594000000000000024400000000000805B4000000000000024400000000000005E4000000000000024400000000000005E4000000000000000000000000000805B4000000000000000000000000000005940000000000000000000000000000059400000000000002440
WITH parcel_geoms AS (
  SELECT geom
  FROM ST_Subdivide(
    ST_Buffer('SRID=3857;LINESTRING(40 100,98 100,100 150,60 90)'::geometry,
              40, 'endcap=square'),
    12) AS geom
), parcels AS (
  SELECT lpad(row_number() OVER (ORDER BY ST_YMin(geom), ST_XMin(geom))::text, 3, '0') AS parcel_id,
         geom,
         ('{residential,commercial}'::text[])[1 + mod(row_number() OVER (ORDER BY ST_YMin(geom), ST_XMin(geom)), 2)] AS type
  FROM parcel_geoms
)
SELECT ST_ClusterKMeans(geom, 3) over (PARTITION BY type) AS cid,
       parcel_id,
       type,
       ST_SnapToGrid(geom, 1) AS parcel_geom
FROM parcels
ORDER BY type, parcel_id;
cid | parcel_id |    type     | parcel_geom
-----+-----------+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------
   0 | 001       | commercial  | POLYGON((33 60,0 60,0 98,71 98,71 35,33 60))
   2 | 003       | commercial  | POLYGON((106 98,138 98,137 91,134 84,131 77,126 71,120 66,113 63,106 61,106 98))
   2 | 005       | commercial  | POLYGON((140 148,138 98,72 98,72 148,140 148))
   1 | 007       | commercial  | POLYGON((109 189,116 187,123 183,129 178,134 171,137 164,139 156,140 148,109 148,109 189))
   0 | 002       | residential | POLYGON((71 98,106 98,106 61,98 60,88 60,71 35,71 98))
   2 | 004       | residential | POLYGON((0 98,0 140,45 140,67 172,72 178,72 98,0 98))
   1 | 006       | residential | POLYGON((72 178,78 183,85 187,93 189,101 190,109 189,109 148,72 148,72 178))

0 | 001 | commercial | 0103000020110F00000100000006000000000000000000000000000000008058400000000000C0514000000000008058400000000000C05140000000000080414000000000008040400000000000004E4000000000000000000000000000004E4000000000000000000000000000805840
2 | 003 | commercial | 0103000020110F0000010000000A00000000000000002061400000000000C056400000000000C060400000000000005540000000000060604000000000004053400000000000805F400000000000C051400000000000005E4000000000008050400000000000405C400000000000804F400000000000805A400000000000804E400000000000805A4000000000008058400000000000406140000000000080584000000000002061400000000000C05640
2 | 005 | commercial | 0103000020110F000001000000050000000000000000406140000000000080584000000000000052400000000000805840000000000000524000000000008062400000000000806140000000000080624000000000004061400000000000805840
1 | 007 | commercial | 0103000020110F0000010000000A0000000000000000005D4000000000006067400000000000C05E400000000000E06640000000000020604000000000004066400000000000C0604000000000006065400000000000206140000000000080644000000000006061400000000000806340000000000080614000000000008062400000000000405B4000000000008062400000000000405B400000000000A067400000000000005D400000000000606740
0 | 002 | residential | 0103000020110F0000010000000700000000000000008058400000000000004E4000000000000056400000000000004E400000000000C0514000000000008041400000000000C0514000000000008058400000000000805A4000000000008058400000000000805A400000000000804E4000000000008058400000000000004E40
2 | 004 | residential | 0103000020110F00000100000007000000000000000080464000000000008061400000000000C0504000000000008065400000000000005240000000000040664000000000000052400000000000805840000000000000000000000000008058400000000000000000000000000080614000000000008046400000000000806140
1 | 006 | residential | 0103000020110F0000010000000900000000000000004057400000000000A0674000000000004059400000000000C067400000000000405B400000000000A067400000000000405B400000000000806240000000000000524000000000008062400000000000005240000000000040664000000000008053400000000000E066400000000000405540000000000060674000000000004057400000000000A06740
CREATE TABLE kontur_population_3000km_clusters AS
SELECT
    geom,
    ST_ClusterKMeans(
        ST_Force4D(
            ST_Transform(ST_Force3D(geom), 4978),
            mvalue => population
        ),
        20,
        max_radius => 3000000
    ) OVER () AS cid
FROM kontur_population;
WITH population(place, population, geom) AS (
  VALUES
    ('Boston', 5.0, ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-71.06, 42.36), 4326)),
    ('New York', 20.0, ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-74.01, 40.71), 4326)),
    ('London', 15.0, ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-0.13, 51.51), 4326)),
    ('Paris', 11.0, ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(2.35, 48.86), 4326)),
    ('Osaka', 19.0, ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(135.50, 34.69), 4326)),
    ('Tokyo', 37.0, ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(139.69, 35.68), 4326)),
    ('Melbourne', 5.0, ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(144.96, -37.81), 4326)),
    ('Sydney', 5.0, ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(151.21, -33.87), 4326))
), clustered AS (
  SELECT place,
         geom,
         ST_ClusterKMeans(
           ST_Force4D(
             ST_Transform(ST_Force3D(geom), 4978),
             mvalue => population
           ),
           4,
           max_radius => 3000000
         ) OVER (ORDER BY place) AS cid
  FROM population
)
SELECT cid,
       string_agg(place, ', ' ORDER BY place) AS places,
       ST_Collect(geom ORDER BY place) AS cluster_geom
FROM clustered
GROUP BY cid
ORDER BY cid;
0 | Melbourne, Sydney | MULTIPOINT((144.96 -37.81),(151.21 -33.87))
1 | Boston, New York | MULTIPOINT((-71.06 42.36),(-74.01 40.71))
2 | Osaka, Tokyo | MULTIPOINT((135.5 34.69),(139.69 35.68))
3 | London, Paris | MULTIPOINT((-0.13 51.51),(2.35 48.86))
WITH testdata AS
  (SELECT unnest(ARRAY['LINESTRING (0 0,1 1)'::geometry,
               'LINESTRING (5 5,4 4)'::geometry,
               'LINESTRING (6 6,7 7)'::geometry,
               'LINESTRING (0 0,-1 -1)'::geometry,
               'POLYGON ((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0))'::geometry]) AS geom)

SELECT unnest(ST_ClusterWithin(geom, 1.4)) FROM testdata;

GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(0 0,1 1),LINESTRING(5 5,4 4),LINESTRING(0 0,-1 -1),POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0)))
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(6 6,7 7))
01070000000400000001020000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F010200000002000000000000000000144000000000000014400000000000001040000000000000104001020000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F0BF000000000000F0BF010300000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010400000000000000000000000000000104000000000000010400000000000000000000000000000104000000000000000000000000000000000
010700000001000000010200000002000000000000000000184000000000000018400000000000001C400000000000001C40
WITH testdata AS (
  SELECT id, geom::geometry FROM (
  VALUES  (1, 'LINESTRING (0 0,1 1)'),
          (2, 'LINESTRING (5 5,4 4)'),
          (3, 'LINESTRING (6 6,7 7)'),
          (4, 'LINESTRING (0 0,-1 -1)'),
          (5, 'POLYGON ((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0))')) AS t(id, geom)
)
SELECT id,
  geom,
  ST_ClusterWithinWin(geom, 1.4) OVER () AS cluster
FROM testdata;
id |           st_astext            | cluster
----+--------------------------------+---------
  1 | LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)            |       0
  2 | LINESTRING(5 5,4 4)            |       0
  3 | LINESTRING(6 6,7 7)            |       1
  4 | LINESTRING(0 0,-1 -1)          |       0
  5 | POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0)) |       0
1 | 01020000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F | 0
2 | 0102000000020000000000000000001440000000000000144000000000000010400000000000001040 | 0
3 | 010200000002000000000000000000184000000000000018400000000000001C400000000000001C40 | 1
4 | 01020000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F0BF000000000000F0BF | 0
5 | 010300000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010400000000000000000000000000000104000000000000010400000000000000000000000000000104000000000000000000000000000000000 | 0
SELECT Box2D('LINESTRING(1 2,3 4,5 6)'::geometry);
BOX(1 2,5 6)
SELECT Box2D('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)'::geometry);
BOX(220186.99512189245 150406,220288.24878054656 150506.12682932706)
SELECT Box3D('LINESTRING(1 2 3,3 4 5,5 6 5)'::geometry);
BOX3D(1 2 3,5 6 5)
SELECT Box3D('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 1,220227 150406 1)'::geometry);
BOX3D(220186.99512189245 150406 1,220288.24878054656 150506.12682932706 1)
SELECT ST_EstimatedExtent('ny', 'edges', 'geom');
st_estimatedextent
--------------------------------------------------
 BOX(-8877653 4912316,-8010225.5 5589284)
(1 row)
SELECT ST_EstimatedExtent('feature_poly', 'geom');
st_estimatedextent
---------------------------------------------------------------------
 BOX(-124.659652709961 24.6830825805664,-67.7798080444336 49.0012092590332)
(1 row)
SELECT CAST(ST_Expand(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(2312980 110676,2312923 110701,2312892 110714)', 2163), 10) As box2d);
BOX(2312882 110666,2312990 110724)
SELECT ST_Expand(CAST('BOX3D(778783 2951741 1,794875 2970042.61545891 10)' AS box3d), 10)
BOX3D(778773 2951731 -9,794885 2970052.61545891 20)
SELECT ST_Expand('SRID=2163;POINT(2312980 110676)'::geometry, 10);
SRID=2163;POLYGON((2312970 110666,2312970 110686,2312990 110686,2312990 110666,2312970 110666))
01030000207308000001000000050000000000000085A5414100000000A004FB400000000085A5414100000000E005FB40000000008FA5414100000000E005FB40000000008FA5414100000000A004FB400000000085A5414100000000A004FB40
SELECT ST_Extent(geom) AS bextent FROM sometable;
BOX(739651.875 2908247.25,794875.8125 2970042.75)
SELECT ST_Extent(geom) as bextent
FROM sometable
GROUP BY category ORDER BY category;
bextent                       |         name
----------------------------------------------------+----------------
 BOX(778783.5625 2951741.25,794875.8125 2970042.75) | A
 BOX(751315.8125 2919164.75,765202.6875 2935417.25) | B
 BOX(739651.875 2917394.75,756688.375 2935866)      | C
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Extent(geom), 2249) AS bextent FROM sometable;
SRID=2249;POLYGON((739651.875 2908247.25,739651.875 2970042.75,794875.8125 2970042.75,
794875.8125 2908247.25,739651.875 2908247.25))

SELECT ST_3DExtent(foo.geom) As b3extent
FROM (SELECT ST_MakePoint(x, y, z) As geom
    FROM generate_series(1, 3) As x
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 2) As y
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(0, 2) As Z) As foo;
BOX3D(1 1 0,3 2 2)
SELECT ST_3DExtent(foo.geom) As b3extent
FROM (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_Force3DZ(ST_LineToCurve(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(x, y), 1))), 0, 0, z) As geom
    FROM generate_series(1, 3) As x
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 2) As y
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(0, 2) As Z) As foo;
BOX3D(0 0 0,4 3 2)
SELECT feature_id, feature_name, geom
FROM features
WHERE geom && ST_SetSRID(
  ST_MakeBox2D(
    ST_Point(-989502.1875, 528439.5625),
    ST_Point(-987121.375, 529933.1875)
  ),
  2163
);

SELECT ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(-989502.1875, 528439.5625, 10),
    ST_MakePoint(-987121.375 , 529933.1875, 10))
BOX3D(-989502.1875 528439.5625 10,-987121.375 529933.1875 10)
SELECT ST_XMax('BOX3D(1 2 3,4 5 6)');
4
SELECT ST_XMax('LINESTRING(1 3 4,5 6 7)'::geometry);
5
SELECT ST_XMax(CAST('BOX(-3 2,3 4)' AS box2d));
3
SELECT ST_XMax('LINESTRING(1 3,5 6)');
ERROR: BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(
SELECT ST_XMax('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'::geometry);
220288.248780547
SELECT ST_XMin('BOX3D(1 2 3,4 5 6)');
1
SELECT ST_XMin('LINESTRING(1 3 4,5 6 7)'::geometry);
1
SELECT ST_XMin(CAST('BOX(-3 2,3 4)' AS box2d));
-3
SELECT ST_XMin('LINESTRING(1 3,5 6)');
ERROR: BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(
SELECT ST_XMin('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'::geometry);
220186.995121892
SELECT ST_YMax('BOX3D(1 2 3,4 5 6)');
5
SELECT ST_YMax('LINESTRING(1 3 4,5 6 7)'::geometry);
6
SELECT ST_YMax(CAST('BOX(-3 2,3 4)' AS box2d));
4
SELECT ST_YMax('LINESTRING(1 3,5 6)');
ERROR: BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(
SELECT ST_YMax('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'::geometry);
150506.126829327
SELECT ST_YMin('BOX3D(1 2 3,4 5 6)');
2
SELECT ST_YMin('LINESTRING(1 3 4,5 6 7)'::geometry);
3
SELECT ST_YMin(CAST('BOX(-3 2,3 4)' AS box2d));
2
SELECT ST_YMin('LINESTRING(1 3,5 6)');
ERROR: BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(
SELECT ST_YMin('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'::geometry);
150406
SELECT ST_ZMax('BOX3D(1 2 3,4 5 6)');
6
SELECT ST_ZMax('LINESTRING(1 3 4,5 6 7)'::geometry);
7
SELECT ST_ZMax('BOX3D(-3 2 1,3 4 1)');
1
SELECT ST_ZMax('LINESTRING(1 3 4,5 6 7)');
ERROR: BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(
SELECT ST_ZMax('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'::geometry);
3
SELECT ST_ZMin('BOX3D(1 2 3,4 5 6)');
3
SELECT ST_ZMin('LINESTRING(1 3 4,5 6 7)'::geometry);
4
SELECT ST_ZMin('BOX3D(-3 2 1,3 4 1)');
1
SELECT ST_ZMin('LINESTRING(1 3 4,5 6 7)');
ERROR: BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(
SELECT ST_ZMin('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'::geometry);
1
SELECT ST_XSize('BOX3D(1 2 3,4 5 6)');
3
SELECT ST_XSize('LINESTRING(1 3,5 6)'::geometry);
4
SELECT ST_YSize('BOX3D(1 2 3,4 5 6)');
3
SELECT ST_YSize('LINESTRING(1 3,5 6)'::geometry);
3
SELECT ST_ZSize('BOX3D(1 2 3,4 5 6)');
3
SELECT ST_ZSize('LINESTRING(1 3 4,5 6 7)'::geometry);
3
SELECT ST_MMin('POINT M (1 2 3)');
3
SELECT ST_MMax('POINT M (1 2 3)');
3
SELECT ST_MSize('LINESTRING M (1 2 3,4 6 8)');
5
SELECT ST_LineInterpolatePoint(
'LINESTRING(25 50,100 125,150 190)',
0.2);
POINT(51.5974135047432 76.5974135047432)
0101000000C887B40B78CC4940E443DA053C265340
SELECT ST_LineInterpolatePoint(
'LINESTRING(1 2 3,4 5 6,6 7 8)',
0.5);
POINT(3.5 4.5 5.5)
01010000800000000000000C4000000000000012400000000000001640
SELECT ST_LineInterpolatePoint(
    line.geom,
    ST_LineLocatePoint(line.geom, 'POINT(4 3)'))
FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(1 2,4 5,6 7)'::geometry As geom) AS line;
POINT(3 4)
010100000000000000000008400000000000001040
WITH street AS (
    SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0, 10 0)'::geometry AS geom,
           100 AS from_num,
           200 AS to_num
)
SELECT
    ST_LineInterpolatePoint(
        ST_OffsetCurve(geom, -2),
        (160 - from_num)::float8 / (to_num - from_num)
    ) AS interpolated_offset_point
FROM street;

interpolated_offset_point
---------------------------
 POINT(6 -2)
SELECT ST_3DLineInterpolatePoint(
'LINESTRING(25 50 70,100 125 90,150 190 200)',
0.20);
POINT Z (59.06758929108215 84.06758929108216 79.0846904776219)
0101000080FB6011C4A6884D407EB0086253045540CCEA9B916BC55340
SELECT ST_LineInterpolatePoints(
'LINESTRING(25 50,100 125,150 190)',
0.20);
MULTIPOINT((51.5974135047432 76.5974135047432),(78.1948270094864 103.194827009486),(104.132163186446 130.37181214238),(127.066081593223 160.18590607119),(150 190))
0104000000050000000101000000C887B40B78CC4940E443DA053C2653400101000000C887B40B788C5340C887B40B78CC594001010000006FE1945C75085A40EFF893E2E54B60400101000000B8704AAE3AC45F4077FC49F1F205644001010000000000000000C062400000000000C06740
SELECT house_loc As as_text_house_loc,
    startstreet_num +
        CAST( (endstreet_num - startstreet_num)
            * ST_LineLocatePoint(street_line, house_loc) As integer) As street_num
FROM
(SELECT 'LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)'::geometry As street_line,
    ST_Point(x*1.01, y*1.03) As house_loc, 10 As startstreet_num,
        20 As endstreet_num
FROM generate_series(1, 3) x CROSS JOIN generate_series(2, 4) As y)
As foo
WHERE ST_DWithin(street_line, house_loc, 0.2);
as_text_house_loc | street_num
-------------------+------------
 POINT(1.01 2.06)  |         10
 POINT(2.02 3.09)  |         15
 POINT(3.03 4.12)  |         20
0101000000295C8FC2F528F03F7B14AE47E17A0040 | 10
0101000000295C8FC2F5280040B81E85EB51B80840 | 15
01010000003D0AD7A3703D08407B14AE47E17A1040 | 20
SELECT ST_LineInterpolatePoint(
    foo.the_line,
    ST_LineLocatePoint(foo.the_line, 'POINT(4 3)'::geometry))
FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(1 2,4 5,6 7)'::geometry As the_line) As foo;
POINT(3 4)
010100000000000000000008400000000000001040
WITH data AS (
  SELECT
    'LINESTRING (0 0, 10 10, 20 20, 30 30)'::geometry AS line,
    'POINT(15 15.1)'::geometry AS pt
),
segments AS (
  SELECT
    s.i,
    d.pt,
    ST_MakeLine(ST_PointN(d.line, s.i), ST_PointN(d.line, s.i + 1)) AS segment
  FROM data AS d
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL generate_series(1, ST_NumPoints(d.line) - 1) AS s(i)
)
SELECT
  i AS segment_number,
  round(ST_Distance(segment, pt)::numeric, 3) AS distance,
  ST_ClosestPoint(segment, pt) AS closest_point
FROM segments
ORDER BY ST_Distance(segment, pt)
LIMIT 1;
segment_number | distance |   closest_point
----------------+----------+--------------------
              2 |    0.071 | POINT(15.05 15.05)
2 | 0.071 | 01010000009A99999999192E409A99999999192E40
SELECT ST_LineSubstring(
'LINESTRING (20 180,50 20,90 80,120 40,180 150)',
0.333,
0.666);
LINESTRING (45.17311810399485 45.74337011202746, 50 20, 90 80, 112.97593050157862 49.36542599789519)
0102000000040000007080E9BB28964640ACFD77C026DF46400000000000004940000000000000344000000000008056400000000000005440BDDC34A5753E5C40B4087347C6AE4840
SELECT ST_LineSubstring(
'LINESTRING(25 50,100 125,150 190)',
0.333,
0.333);
POINT(69.28469348539744 94.28469348539744)
0101000000A44A066B38525140A44A066B38925740
WITH data(id, geom) AS (VALUES
        ( 'A', 'LINESTRING( 0 0, 200 0)'::geometry ),
        ( 'B', 'LINESTRING( 0 100, 350 100)'::geometry ),
        ( 'C', 'LINESTRING( 0 200, 50 200)'::geometry )
    )
SELECT id, i,
       ST_LineSubstring(geom, startfrac, LEAST( endfrac, 1 )) AS geom
FROM (
    SELECT id, geom, ST_Length(geom) len, 100 sublen FROM data
    ) AS d
CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
    SELECT i, (sublen * i) / len AS startfrac,
              (sublen * (i+1)) / len AS endfrac
    FROM generate_series(0, floor( len / sublen )::integer ) AS t(i)
    WHERE (sublen * i) / len <
> 1.0
    ) AS d2;
id | i |            geom
----+---+-----------------------------
 A  | 0 | LINESTRING(0 0,100 0)
 A  | 1 | LINESTRING(100 0,200 0)
 B  | 0 | LINESTRING(0 100,100 100)
 B  | 1 | LINESTRING(100 100,200 100)
 B  | 2 | LINESTRING(200 100,300 100)
 B  | 3 | LINESTRING(300 100,350 100)
 C  | 0 | LINESTRING(0 200,50 200)

A | 0 | 0102000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000059400000000000000000
A | 1 | 0102000000020000000000000000005940000000000000000000000000000069400000000000000000
B | 0 | 0102000000020000000000000000000000000000000000594000000000000059400000000000005940
B | 1 | 0102000000020000000000000000005940000000000000594000000000000069400000000000005940
B | 2 | 010200000002000000000000000000694000000000000059400000000000C072400000000000005940
B | 3 | 0102000000020000000000000000C0724000000000000059400000000000E075400000000000005940
C | 0 | 0102000000020000000000000000000000000000000000694000000000000049400000000000006940
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0, 10 0)'::geometry AS line,
         'MULTIPOINT((2 0),(5 0),(8 0))'::geometry AS points
),
fractions AS (
  SELECT 0.0 AS fraction
  UNION ALL
  SELECT 1.0
  UNION ALL
  SELECT ST_LineLocatePoint(line, (dp).geom)
  FROM data
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(points) AS dp
),
ordered AS (
  SELECT DISTINCT fraction
  FROM fractions
),
segments AS (
  SELECT fraction AS start_fraction,
         lead(fraction) OVER (ORDER BY fraction) AS end_fraction
  FROM ordered
)
SELECT row_number() OVER (ORDER BY start_fraction) AS segment_id,
       ST_LineSubstring(line, start_fraction, end_fraction) AS geom
FROM data
CROSS JOIN segments
WHERE end_fraction IS NOT NULL
  AND start_fraction <
> end_fraction
ORDER BY start_fraction;

segment_id |         geom
------------+----------------------
          1 | LINESTRING(0 0,2 0)
          2 | LINESTRING(2 0,5 0)
          3 | LINESTRING(5 0,8 0)
          4 | LINESTRING(8 0,10 0)
1 | 0102000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000
2 | 0102000000020000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000014400000000000000000
3 | 0102000000020000000000000000001440000000000000000000000000000020400000000000000000
4 | 0102000000020000000000000000002040000000000000000000000000000024400000000000000000
SELECT ST_LineSubstring(
'LINESTRING(-118.2436 34.0522,-71.0570 42.3611)'::geography,
0.333,
0.666) AS geog_sub,
ST_LineSubstring(
    'LINESTRING(-118.2436 34.0522,-71.0570 42.3611)'::geometry,
    0.333,
    0.666) AS geom_sub;
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------
geog_sub | LINESTRING(-103.911641 38.931128,-87.941787 41.831072)
geom_sub | LINESTRING(-102.530462 36.819064,-86.817324 39.585927)
0102000020E6100000020000001CC2055258FA59C0468334332F77434000EADE3D46FC55C01FC9269060EA4440 | 010200000002000000E930BA17F3A159C09E6B4E14D7684240430E000B4FB455C0486A46ABFFCA4340
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'LINESTRING Z (0 0 0,0 2 5,0 10 10)'::geometry AS geom
)
SELECT ST_Length(geom) AS length_2d,
       ST_3DLength(geom) AS length_3d,
       ST_LineSubstring(geom, 0, 0.5) AS substring
FROM data;
length_2d |    length_3d     |              substring
-----------+------------------+-------------------------------------
        10 | 14.819145939191106 | LINESTRING Z (0 0 0,0 2 5,0 5 6.875)
10 | 14.819145939191106 | 010200008003000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000001440000000000000000000000000000014400000000000801B40
SELECT ST_LocateAlong(
'MULTILINESTRINGM((1 2 3, 3 4 2, 9 4 3),(1 2 3, 5 4 5))'::geometry,
3);
MULTIPOINT M ((1 2 3),(9 4 3),(1 2 3))
0104000040030000000101000040000000000000F03F0000000000000040000000000000084001010000400000000000002240000000000000104000000000000008400101000040000000000000F03F00000000000000400000000000000840
SELECT ST_LocateBetween(
'MULTILINESTRING M ((1 2 3,3 4 2,9 4 3),(1 2 3,5 4 5))'::geometry,
1.5,
3);
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION M (LINESTRING M (1 2 3,3 4 2,9 4 3),POINT M (1 2 3))
010700004002000000010200004003000000000000000000F03F000000000000004000000000000008400000000000000840000000000000104000000000000000400000000000002240000000000000104000000000000008400101000040000000000000F03F00000000000000400000000000000840
SELECT ST_LocateBetween(
ST_AddMeasure(
    'LINESTRING (20 180,50 20,100 120,180 20)',
    0,
    10),
2,
8,
20);
MULTILINESTRING((54.49835 104.53427,58.700561 82.122481,82.111456 128.944272,84.248937 132.324934,87.01637 135.21267,90.303073 137.491987,93.977598 139.071724,97.892984 139.888702,101.892639 139.910247,105.816599 139.135495,109.507928 137.595434,112.818995 135.351657,115.617376 132.493901,145.310173 95.377905))
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
SELECT ST_LocateBetweenElevations(
'LINESTRING(1 2 3,4 5 6)'::geometry,
2,
4);
MULTILINESTRING Z ((1 2 3,2 3 4))
010500008001000000010200008002000000000000000000F03F00000000000000400000000000000840000000000000004000000000000008400000000000001040
SELECT ST_LocateBetweenElevations(
'LINESTRING(1 2 6,4 5 -1,7 8 9)',
6,
9) As ewelev;
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION Z (POINT Z (1 2 6),LINESTRING Z (6.1 7.1 6,7 8 9))
0107000080020000000101000080000000000000F03F0000000000000040000000000000184001020000800200000066666666666618406666666666661C4000000000000018400000000000001C4000000000000020400000000000002240
SELECT ST_InterpolatePoint(
'LINESTRING M (0 0 0,10 0 20)',
'POINT(5 5)');
10
SELECT ST_3DInterpolatePoint(
'LINESTRING ZM (0 0 0 0,10 0 10 20)',
'POINT Z (5 0 5)');
10
SELECT ST_3DInterpolatePoint(
'LINESTRING ZM (0 0 0 0,0 0 10 100)',
'POINT Z (5 5 5)');
50
SELECT ST_AddMeasure(
'LINESTRING(1 0,2 0,4 0)',
1,
4) As ewelev;
LINESTRING M (1 0 1,2 0 2,4 0 4)
010200004003000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000104000000000000000000000000000001040
SELECT ST_AddMeasure(
'LINESTRING(1 0 4,2 0 4,4 0 4)',
10,
40) As ewelev;
LINESTRING ZM (1 0 4 10,2 0 4 20,4 0 4 40)
01020000C003000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000001040000000000000244000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000104000000000000034400000000000001040000000000000000000000000000010400000000000004440
SELECT ST_AddMeasure(
'LINESTRINGM(1 0 4, 2 0 4, 4 0 4)',
10,
40) As ewelev;
LINESTRING M (1 0 10,2 0 20,4 0 40)
010200004003000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000002440000000000000004000000000000000000000000000003440000000000000104000000000000000000000000000004440
SELECT ST_AddMeasure(
'MULTILINESTRINGM((1 0 4, 2 0 4, 4 0 4),(1 0 4, 2 0 4, 4 0 4))',
10,
70) As ewelev;
MULTILINESTRING M ((1 0 10,2 0 20,4 0 40),(1 0 40,2 0 50,4 0 70))
010500004002000000010200004003000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000002440000000000000004000000000000000000000000000003440000000000000104000000000000000000000000000004440010200004003000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000004440000000000000004000000000000000000000000000004940000000000000104000000000000000000000000000805140
SELECT ST_IsValidTrajectory(ST_MakeLine(ST_MakePointM(0, 0, 1),
ST_MakePointM(0, 1, 2)));
t
SELECT ST_IsValidTrajectory(ST_MakeLine(ST_MakePointM(0, 0, 1), ST_MakePointM(0, 1, 0)));
NOTICE:  Measure of vertex 1 (0) not bigger than measure of vertex 0 (1)
f
WITH inp AS ( SELECT
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 0 0,10 0 5)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 10:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'),
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 11:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')
  ) a,
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 2 10,12 1 2)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 10:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'),
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 11:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')
  ) b
), cpa AS (
  SELECT ST_ClosestPointOfApproach(a, b) m FROM inp
), points AS (
  SELECT ST_GeometryN(ST_LocateAlong(a, m), 1) pa,
         ST_GeometryN(ST_LocateAlong(b, m), 1) pb
  FROM inp, cpa
)
SELECT to_timestamp(m) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC' t,
       ST_3DDistance(pa, pb) distance,
       pa AS pa, pb AS pb
FROM points, cpa;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-----------------------------
t        | 2015-05-26 10:45:31.034483
distance | 1.9652147377620688
pa       | POINT ZM (7.59 0 3.79 1432637131.03)
pb       | POINT ZM (9.1 1.24 3.93 1432637131.03)
2015-05-26 10:45:31.034483 | 1.9652147377620688 | 01010000C03A8EE39E46581E4000000000000000003A8EE39E46580E40F734C2B21359D541 | 01010000C02222222CF7342240E9933E8DB0DCF33FA44FFA34C2720F40F734C2B21359D541
WITH inp AS ( SELECT
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 0 0,10 0 5)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 10:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'),
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 11:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')
  ) a,
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 2 10,12 1 2)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 10:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'),
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 11:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')
  ) b
)
SELECT ST_DistanceCPA(a, b) distance FROM inp;
1.9652147377620688
WITH inp AS ( SELECT
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 0 0,10 0 5)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 10:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'),
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 11:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')
  ) a,
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 2 10,12 1 2)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 10:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'),
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 11:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')
  ) b
)
SELECT ST_CPAWithin(a, b, 2), ST_DistanceCPA(a, b) distance FROM inp;
st_cpawithin |     distance
--------------+------------------
 t            | 1.9652147377620688
SELECT PostGIS_Extensions_Upgrade();
NOTICE:  Packaging extension postgis
NOTICE:  Packaging extension postgis_raster
NOTICE:  Packaging extension postgis_sfcgal
NOTICE:  Extension postgis_topology is not available or not packagable for some reason
SELECT PostGIS_Full_Version();
POSTGIS="3.7.0dev 3.7.0alpha1-477-ga9004e778" [EXTENSION] PGSQL="180" GEOS="3.15.0beta1" SFCGAL="2.3.0" PROJ="9.8.1 NETWORK_ENABLED=OFF URL_ENDPOINT=https://cdn.proj.org DATABASE_PATH=/usr/share/proj/proj.db" GDAL="GDAL 3.13.1, released 2026/06/01" LIBXML="2.15.3"
SELECT PostGIS_GEOS_Version();
3.12.0dev-CAPI-1.18.0
SELECT PostGIS_GEOS_Compiled_Version();
3.12.0
SELECT PostGIS_Liblwgeom_Version();
3.4.0dev 3.3.0rc2-993-g61bdf43a7
SELECT PostGIS_LibXML_Version();
2.9.10
SELECT PostGIS_LibJSON_Version();
0.17
SELECT PostGIS_Lib_Build_Date();
2023-06-22 03:56:11
SELECT PostGIS_Lib_Version();
3.4.0dev
SELECT PostGIS_PROJ_Version();
7.2.1 NETWORK_ENABLED=OFF URL_ENDPOINT=https://cdn.proj.org USER_WRITABLE_DIRECTORY=/tmp/proj DATABASE_PATH=/usr/share/proj/proj.db
SELECT PostGIS_PROJ_Compiled_Version();
9.1.1
SELECT PostGIS_Wagyu_Version();
0.5.0 (Internal)
SELECT PostGIS_Scripts_Build_Date();
2023-06-22 03:56:11
SELECT PostGIS_Scripts_Installed();
3.4.0dev 3.3.0rc2-993-g61bdf43a7
SELECT PostGIS_Scripts_Released();
3.4.0dev 3.3.0rc2-993-g61bdf43a7
SELECT PostGIS_Version();
3.4 USE_GEOS=1 USE_PROJ=1 USE_STATS=1
SET postgis.gdal_datapath TO '/usr/local/share/gdal.hidden';
SET postgis.gdal_datapath TO default;

ALTER DATABASE gisdb
SET postgis.gdal_datapath = 'C:/Program Files/PostgreSQL/9.3/gdal-data';
SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers = 'ENABLE_ALL';
SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers = default;

ALTER DATABASE mygisdb SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers TO 'GTiff PNG JPEG';
ALTER SYSTEM SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers TO 'ENABLE_ALL';
SELECT pg_reload_conf();
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters TO True;
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = default;
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = True;
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = False;

ALTER DATABASE gisdb SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = true;
ALTER SYSTEM SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = true;
SELECT pg_reload_conf();
SET postgis.gdal_vsi_options = 'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy';
SET LOCAL postgis.gdal_vsi_options = 'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy';
UPDATE sometable
SET geom =  PostGIS_AddBBox(geom)
WHERE PostGIS_HasBBox(geom) = false;
UPDATE sometable
SET geom =  PostGIS_DropBBox(geom)
WHERE Not (Box2D(ST_AsBinary(geom)) = Box2D(geom));

UPDATE ...
UPDATE sometable
SET geom =  PostGIS_AddBBox(geom)
WHERE Not PostGIS_HasBBOX(geom);

UPDATE ...
SELECT geom
FROM sometable WHERE PostGIS_HasBBox(geom) = false;
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0,0 4,4 4,4 0,0 0),
                  (1 1,3 1,3 3,1 3,1 1))'::geometry AS geom
)
SELECT geom AS input_polygon,
       CG_ForceLHR(geom) AS lhr_polygon,
       ST_IsPolygonCCW(geom) AS input_is_lhr,
       ST_IsPolygonCCW(CG_ForceLHR(geom)) AS output_is_lhr
FROM data;
POLYGON((0 0,0 4,4 4,4 0,0 0),(1 1,3 1,3 3,1 3,1 1)) | POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0),(1 1,1 3,3 3,3 1,1 1)) | f | t
01030000000200000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000104000000000000010400000000000001040000000000000104000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000840000000000000F03F00000000000008400000000000000840000000000000F03F0000000000000840000000000000F03F000000000000F03F | 01030000000200000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001040000000000000000000000000000010400000000000001040000000000000000000000000000010400000000000000000000000000000000005000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000840000000000000084000000000000008400000000000000840000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F | f | t
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (
    ((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
    ((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
    ((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
    ((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1))
  )'::geometry AS geom
)
SELECT CG_IsSolid(geom) AS shell_is_solid,
       CG_IsSolid(CG_MakeSolid(geom)) AS solid_is_solid
FROM data;
f | t
SELECT CG_Area('Polygon ((0 0,0 5,5 5,5 0,0 0),(1 1,2 1,2 2,1 2,1 1),(3 3,4 3,4 4,3 4,3 3))');
23
SELECT CG_3DArea(geom) As cube_surface_area,
CG_3DArea(CG_MakeSolid(geom)) As solid_surface_area
FROM (SELECT 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)) )'::geometry) As f(geom);
cube_surface_area │ solid_surface_area
──────────────────┼────────────────────
6                 │ 0
SELECT CG_Volume(geom) As cube_surface_vol,
CG_Volume(CG_MakeSolid(geom)) As solid_surface_vol
FROM (SELECT 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)) )'::geometry) As f(geom);
cube_surface_vol │ solid_surface_vol
─────────────────┼──────────────────
1                │ 1
SELECT CG_Intersection('LINESTRING(0 0,5 5)', 'LINESTRING(5 0,0 5)');
POINT(2.5 2.5)
010100000000000000000004400000000000000440
SELECT CG_Intersects('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0,0 2 )'::geometry);
f
SELECT CG_Intersects('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 0 0,0 2 )'::geometry);
t
SELECT CG_3DIntersects('POINT(1.2 0.1 0)', 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((0 0 0,0.5 0.5 0,1 0 0,1 1 0,0 1 0,0 0 0)),((1 0 0,2 0 0,2 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0),(1.2 0.2 0,1.2 0.8 0,1.8 0.8 0,1.8 0.2 0,1.2 0.2 0)))');
t
SELECT CG_Difference('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))'::geometry, 'LINESTRING(0 0,2 2)'::geometry);
POLYGON((0 0,1 0,1 1,0 1,0 0))
0103000000010000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000
WITH data AS (
  SELECT CG_MakeSolid('POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (
    ((0 0 0,0 4 0,4 0 0,0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0,4 0 0,0 0 4,0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0,0 0 4,0 4 0,0 0 0)),
    ((4 0 0,0 4 0,0 0 4,4 0 0))
  )'::geometry) AS outer_solid
), solids AS (
  SELECT outer_solid,
         ST_Scale(outer_solid, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5) AS inner_solid
  FROM data
)
SELECT outer_solid AS input_outer,
       inner_solid AS input_inner,
       CG_3DDifference(outer_solid, inner_solid) AS difference
FROM solids;
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 0,0 4 0,4 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,4 0 0,0 0 4,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,0 0 4,0 4 0,0 0 0)),((4 0 0,0 4 0,0 0 4,4 0 0))) | POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 0,0 2 0,2 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,2 0 0,0 0 2,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,0 0 2,0 2 0,0 0 0)),((2 0 0,0 2 0,0 0 2,2 0 0))) | POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 2 0,4 0 0,2 0 0,0 2 0)),((0 0 2,2 0 0,0 0 4,0 0 2)),((0 0 2,0 4 0,0 2 0,0 0 2)),((4 0 0,0 4 0,0 0 4,4 0 0)),((4 0 0,0 2 0,0 4 0,4 0 0)),((2 0 0,4 0 0,0 0 4,2 0 0)),((0 4 0,0 0 2,0 0 4,0 4 0)),((0 0 2,0 2 0,2 0 0,0 0 2)))
SELECT CG_Distance('LINESTRING(0.0 0.0,-1.0 -1.0)', 'LINESTRING(3.0 4.0,4.0 5.0)');
5
SELECT CG_3DDistance('LINESTRING(-1.0 0.0 2.0,1.0 0.0 3.0)', 'TRIANGLE((-4.0 0.0 1.0,4.0 0.0 1.0,0.0 4.0 1.0,-4.0 0.0 1.0))');
1
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'LINESTRING Z(0 0 5,1 5 3,5 7 6,9 5 3,5 7 5,6 3 5)'::geometry AS source_line
)
SELECT CG_3DConvexHull(source_line) AS convex_hull
FROM data;
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((1 5 3,9 5 3,0 0 5,1 5 3)),((1 5 3,0 0 5,5 7 6,1 5 3)),((5 7 6,5 7 5,1 5 3,5 7 6)),((0 0 5,6 3 5,5 7 6,0 0 5)),((6 3 5,9 5 3,5 7 6,6 3 5)),((0 0 5,9 5 3,6 3 5,0 0 5)),((9 5 3,5 7 5,5 7 6,9 5 3)),((1 5 3,5 7 5,9 5 3,1 5 3)))
010F0000800800000001030000800100000004000000000000000000F03F00000000000014400000000000000840000000000000224000000000000014400000000000000840000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001440000000000000F03F0000000000001440000000000000084001030000800100000004000000000000000000F03F0000000000001440000000000000084000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000144000000000000014400000000000001C400000000000001840000000000000F03F000000000000144000000000000008400103000080010000000400000000000000000014400000000000001C40000000000000184000000000000014400000000000001C400000000000001440000000000000F03F0000000000001440000000000000084000000000000014400000000000001C4000000000000018400103000080010000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000144000000000000018400000000000000840000000000000144000000000000014400000000000001C4000000000000018400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014400103000080010000000400000000000000000018400000000000000840000000000000144000000000000022400000000000001440000000000000084000000000000014400000000000001C400000000000001840000000000000184000000000000008400000000000001440010300008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014400000000000002240000000000000144000000000000008400000000000001840000000000000084000000000000014400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014400103000080010000000400000000000000000022400000000000001440000000000000084000000000000014400000000000001C40000000000000144000000000000014400000000000001C40000000000000184000000000000022400000000000001440000000000000084001030000800100000004000000000000000000F03F0000000000001440000000000000084000000000000014400000000000001C400000000000001440000000000000224000000000000014400000000000000840000000000000F03F00000000000014400000000000000840
WITH footprints(label, geom, height) AS (VALUES
  ('C', 'POLYGON((0 0,0 8,5 8,5 6,2 6,2 2,5 2,5 0,0 0))'::geometry, 3),
  ('H', 'POLYGON((7 0,9 0,9 3,12 3,12 0,14 0,14 8,12 8,12 5,9 5,9 8,7 8,7 0))'::geometry, 7)
), parts AS (
  SELECT label, CG_Extrude(geom, 0, 0, height) AS geom
  FROM footprints
), shapes AS (
  SELECT ST_Collect(geom ORDER BY label) AS source_geometry
  FROM parts
)
SELECT
  source_geometry AS input_source_geometry,
  CG_3DConvexHull(source_geometry) AS convex_hull
FROM shapes;
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------
input_source_geometry | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((0 0 0,0 8 0,5 8 0,5 6 0,2 6 0,2 2 0,5 2 0,5 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 3,5 0 3,5 2 3,2 2 3,2 6 3,5 6 3,5 8 3,0 8 3,0 0 3)),((0 0 0,0 0 3,0 8 3,0 8 0,0 0 0)),((0 8 0,0 8 3,5 8 3,5 8 0,0 8 0)),((5 8 0,5 8 3,5 6 3,5 6 0,5 8 0)),((5 6 0,5 6 3,2 6 3,2 6 0,5 6 0)),((2 6 0,2 6 3,2 2 3,2 2 0,2 6 0)),((2 2 0,2 2 3,5 2 3,5 2 0,2 2 0)),((5 2 0,5 2 3,5 0 3,5 0 0,5 2 0)),((5 0 0,5 0 3,0 0 3,0 0 0,5 0 0))), POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((7 0 0,7 8 0,9 8 0,9 5 0,12 5 0,12 8 0,14 8 0,14 0 0,12 0 0,12 3 0,9 3 0,9 0 0,7 0 0)),((7 0 7,9 0 7,9 3 7,12 3 7,12 0 7,14 0 7,14 8 7,12 8 7,12 5 7,9 5 7,9 8 7,7 8 7,7 0 7)),((7 0 0,7 0 7,7 8 7,7 8 0,7 0 0)),((7 8 0,7 8 7,9 8 7,9 8 0,7 8 0)),((9 8 0,9 8 7,9 5 7,9 5 0,9 8 0)),((9 5 0,9 5 7,12 5 7,12 5 0,9 5 0)),((12 5 0,12 5 7,12 8 7,12 8 0,12 5 0)),((12 8 0,12 8 7,14 8 7,14 8 0,12 8 0)),((14 8 0,14 8 7,14 0 7,14 0 0,14 8 0)),((14 0 0,14 0 7,12 0 7,12 0 0,14 0 0)),((12 0 0,12 0 7,12 3 7,12 3 0,12 0 0)),((12 3 0,12 3 7,9 3 7,9 3 0,12 3 0)),((9 3 0,9 3 7,9 0 7,9 0 0,9 3 0)),((9 0 0,9 0 7,7 0 7,7 0 0,9 0 0))))
convex_hull           | POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((14 8 7,14 0 0,14 8 0,14 8 7)),((14 0 7,7 8 7,7 0 7,14 0 7)),((0 8 3,7 8 7,0 8 0,0 8 3)),((0 0 3,7 8 7,0 8 3,0 0 3)),((0 0 3,0 8 3,0 0 0,0 0 3)),((7 0 7,7 8 7,0 0 3,7 0 7)),((14 0 7,14 0 0,14 8 7,14 0 7)),((7 0 7,14 0 0,14 0 7,7 0 7)),((14 8 7,7 8 7,14 0 7,14 8 7)),((0 0 0,0 8 3,0 8 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,14 0 0,0 0 3,0 0 0)),((0 0 3,14 0 0,7 0 7,0 0 3)),((0 8 0,14 0 0,0 0 0,0 8 0)),((14 8 0,14 0 0,0 8 0,14 8 0)),((14 8 0,7 8 7,14 8 7,14 8 0)),((0 8 0,7 8 7,14 8 0,0 8 0)))
010700008002000000010F0000800A00000001030000800100000009000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020400000000000000000000000000000144000000000000020400000000000000000000000000000144000000000000018400000000000000000000000000000004000000000000018400000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000144000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000144000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010300008001000000090000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008400000000000001440000000000000000000000000000008400000000000001440000000000000004000000000000008400000000000000040000000000000004000000000000008400000000000000040000000000000184000000000000008400000000000001440000000000000184000000000000008400000000000001440000000000000204000000000000008400000000000000000000000000000204000000000000008400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008400103000080010000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000084000000000000000000000000000002040000000000000084000000000000000000000000000002040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001030000800100000005000000000000000000000000000000000020400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020400000000000000840000000000000144000000000000020400000000000000840000000000000144000000000000020400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020400000000000000000010300008001000000050000000000000000001440000000000000204000000000000000000000000000001440000000000000204000000000000008400000000000001440000000000000184000000000000008400000000000001440000000000000184000000000000000000000000000001440000000000000204000000000000000000103000080010000000500000000000000000014400000000000001840000000000000000000000000000014400000000000001840000000000000084000000000000000400000000000001840000000000000084000000000000000400000000000001840000000000000000000000000000014400000000000001840000000000000000001030000800100000005000000000000000000004000000000000018400000000000000000000000000000004000000000000018400000000000000840000000000000004000000000000000400000000000000840000000000000004000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000004000000000000018400000000000000000010300008001000000050000000000000000000040000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000004000000000000008400000000000001440000000000000004000000000000008400000000000001440000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000004000000000000000000103000080010000000500000000000000000014400000000000000040000000000000000000000000000014400000000000000040000000000000084000000000000014400000000000000000000000000000084000000000000014400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014400000000000000040000000000000000001030000800100000005000000000000000000144000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000144000000000000000000000000000000840000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000840000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000144000000000000000000000000000000000010F0000800E0000000103000080010000000D0000000000000000001C40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001C40000000000000204000000000000000000000000000002240000000000000204000000000000000000000000000002240000000000000144000000000000000000000000000002840000000000000144000000000000000000000000000002840000000000000204000000000000000000000000000002C40000000000000204000000000000000000000000000002C40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002840000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002840000000000000084000000000000000000000000000002240000000000000084000000000000000000000000000002240000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001C40000000000000000000000000000000000103000080010000000D0000000000000000001C4000000000000000000000000000001C40000000000000224000000000000000000000000000001C40000000000000224000000000000008400000000000001C40000000000000284000000000000008400000000000001C40000000000000284000000000000000000000000000001C400000000000002C4000000000000000000000000000001C400000000000002C4000000000000020400000000000001C40000000000000284000000000000020400000000000001C40000000000000284000000000000014400000000000001C40000000000000224000000000000014400000000000001C40000000000000224000000000000020400000000000001C400000000000001C4000000000000020400000000000001C400000000000001C4000000000000000000000000000001C40010300008001000000050000000000000000001C40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001C4000000000000000000000000000001C400000000000001C4000000000000020400000000000001C400000000000001C40000000000000204000000000000000000000000000001C4000000000000000000000000000000000010300008001000000050000000000000000001C40000000000000204000000000000000000000000000001C4000000000000020400000000000001C40000000000000224000000000000020400000000000001C400000000000002240000000000000204000000000000000000000000000001C40000000000000204000000000000000000103000080010000000500000000000000000022400000000000002040000000000000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| 010F00008010000000010300008001000000040000000000000000002C4000000000000020400000000000001C400000000000002C40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002C40000000000000204000000000000000000000000000002C4000000000000020400000000000001C40010300008001000000040000000000000000002C4000000000000000000000000000001C400000000000001C4000000000000020400000000000001C400000000000001C4000000000000000000000000000001C400000000000002C4000000000000000000000000000001C40010300008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000204000000000000008400000000000001C4000000000000020400000000000001C40000000000000000000000000000020400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020400000000000000840010300008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008400000000000001C4000000000000020400000000000001C4000000000000000000000000000002040000000000000084000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000084001030000800100000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000840000000000000000000000000000020400000000000000840000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000840010300008001000000040000000000000000001C4000000000000000000000000000001C400000000000001C4000000000000020400000000000001C400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008400000000000001C4000000000000000000000000000001C40010300008001000000040000000000000000002C4000000000000000000000000000001C400000000000002C40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002C4000000000000020400000000000001C400000000000002C4000000000000000000000000000001C40010300008001000000040000000000000000001C4000000000000000000000000000001C400000000000002C40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002C4000000000000000000000000000001C400000000000001C4000000000000000000000000000001C40010300008001000000040000000000000000002C4000000000000020400000000000001C400000000000001C4000000000000020400000000000001C400000000000002C4000000000000000000000000000001C400000000000002C4000000000000020400000000000001C4001030000800100000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020400000000000000840000000000000000000000000000020400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010300008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002C4000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000840000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010300008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008400000000000002C40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001C4000000000000000000000000000001C40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000840010300008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000204000000000000000000000000000002C4000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020400000000000000000010300008001000000040000000000000000002C40000000000000204000000000000000000000000000002C40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000204000000000000000000000000000002C4000000000000020400000000000000000010300008001000000040000000000000000002C40000000000000204000000000000000000000000000001C4000000000000020400000000000001C400000000000002C4000000000000020400000000000001C400000000000002C4000000000000020400000000000000000010300008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000204000000000000000000000000000001C4000000000000020400000000000001C400000000000002C4000000000000020400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020400000000000000000
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'LINESTRING Z (2 2 6,1.5 1.5 7,1 1 8,0.5 0.5 8,0 0 10)'::geometry AS input_linestring,
         'POLYGON Z ((0 0 8,0 1 8,1 1 8,1 0 8,0 0 8))'::geometry AS input_polygon
)
SELECT input_linestring AS input_linestring,
       input_polygon AS input_polygon,
       CG_3DIntersection(input_linestring, input_polygon) AS intersection
FROM data;
LINESTRING Z (2 2 6,1.5 1.5 7,1 1 8,0.5 0.5 8,0 0 10) | POLYGON Z ((0 0 8,0 1 8,1 1 8,1 0 8,0 0 8)) | LINESTRING Z (1 1 8,0.5 0.5 8)
010200008005000000000000000000004000000000000000400000000000001840000000000000F83F000000000000F83F0000000000001C40000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000002040000000000000E03F000000000000E03F0000000000002040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002440 | 010300008001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020400000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000002040000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000002040000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000002040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002040 | 010200008002000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000002040000000000000E03F000000000000E03F0000000000002040
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z(
    ((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
    ((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
    ((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
    ((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1))
  )'::geometry AS input_cube,
  'POLYGON Z ((0 0 0,0 0 0.5,0 0.5 0.5,0 0.5 0,0 0 0))'::geometry AS input_polygon
)
SELECT input_cube AS input_cube,
       input_polygon AS input_polygon,
       CG_3DIntersection(input_cube, input_polygon) AS intersection
FROM data;
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1))) | POLYGON Z ((0 0 0,0 0 0.5,0 0.5 0.5,0 0.5 0,0 0 0)) | TIN Z (((0 0 0,0 0 0.5,0 0.5 0.5,0 0 0)),((0 0.5 0,0 0 0,0 0.5 0.5,0 0.5 0)))
010F000080060000000103000080010000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010300008001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001030000800100000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001030000800100000005000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000010300008001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000103000080010000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F | 0103000080010000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000E03F0000000000000000000000000000E03F000000000000E03F0000000000000000000000000000E03F0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 | 0110000080020000000111000080010000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000E03F0000000000000000000000000000E03F000000000000E03F000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011100008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000E03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000E03F000000000000E03F0000000000000000000000000000E03F0000000000000000
WITH data AS (
  SELECT CG_MakeSolid('POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (
    ((0 0 0,0 4 0,4 0 0,0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0,4 0 0,0 0 4,0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0,0 0 4,0 4 0,0 0 0)),
    ((4 0 0,0 4 0,0 0 4,4 0 0))
  )'::geometry) AS outer_solid
), solids AS (
  SELECT outer_solid,
         ST_Scale(outer_solid, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5) AS inner_solid
  FROM data
)
SELECT outer_solid AS input_outer,
       inner_solid AS input_inner,
       CG_3DIntersection(outer_solid, inner_solid) AS intersection
FROM solids;
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 0,0 4 0,4 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,4 0 0,0 0 4,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,0 0 4,0 4 0,0 0 0)),((4 0 0,0 4 0,0 0 4,4 0 0))) | POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 0,0 2 0,2 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,2 0 0,0 0 2,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,0 0 2,0 2 0,0 0 0)),((2 0 0,0 2 0,0 0 2,2 0 0))) | POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 0,0 2 0,2 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,0 0 2,0 2 0,0 0 0)),((2 0 0,0 0 2,0 0 0,2 0 0)),((2 0 0,0 2 0,0 0 2,2 0 0)))
010F0000800400000001030000800100000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010400000000000000000000000000000104000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010300008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000103000080010000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000104000000000000000000000000000001040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001030000800100000004000000000000000000104000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001040000000000000104000000000000000000000000000000000 | 010F0000800400000001030000800100000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010300008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000103000080010000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001030000800100000004000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000 | 010F0000800400000001030000800100000004000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000010300008001000000040000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000103000080010000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001030000800100000004000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT CG_Union('POINT(.5 0)', 'LINESTRING(-1 0,1 0)');
LINESTRING(-1 0,0.5 0,1 0)
010200000003000000000000000000F0BF0000000000000000000000000000E03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000
WITH solids AS (
  SELECT CG_MakeSolid('POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (
           ((0 0 0,4 0 0,0 4 0,0 0 0)),
           ((0 0 0,0 0 4,4 0 0,0 0 0)),
           ((0 0 0,0 4 0,0 0 4,0 0 0)),
           ((4 0 0,0 0 4,0 4 0,4 0 0)))'::geometry) AS geom1,
         CG_MakeSolid('POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (
           ((2 0 0,6 0 0,2 4 0,2 0 0)),
           ((2 0 0,2 0 4,6 0 0,2 0 0)),
           ((2 0 0,2 4 0,2 0 4,2 0 0)),
           ((6 0 0,2 0 4,2 4 0,6 0 0)))'::geometry) AS geom2
)
SELECT CG_3DUnion(geom1, geom2) AS union_result
FROM solids;
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((2 0 0,0 0 0,2 2 0,2 0 0)),((2 0 2,0 0 0,2 0 0,2 0 2)),((0 0 4,0 4 0,0 0 0,0 0 4)),((2 0 2,0 4 0,0 0 4,2 0 2)),((0 4 0,2 2 0,0 0 0,0 4 0)),((2 2 0,0 4 0,2 0 2,2 2 0)),((0 0 0,2 0 2,0 0 4,0 0 0)),((4 0 0,2 0 0,2 2 0,4 0 0)),((4 0 0,2 0 2,2 0 0,4 0 0)),((4 0 0,2 2 0,6 0 0,4 0 0)),((2 0 2,4 0 0,2 0 4,2 0 2)),((2 0 2,2 4 0,2 2 0,2 0 2)),((2 4 0,2 0 4,6 0 0,2 4 0)),((2 2 0,2 4 0,6 0 0,2 2 0)),((2 4 0,2 0 2,2 0 4,2 4 0)),((4 0 0,6 0 0,2 0 4,4 0 0)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),
(88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),
(81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),
(78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),
(75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),
(80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),
(36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97))'::geometry AS input_points
)
SELECT input_points AS input_points,

         CG_AlphaShape(input_points, 80.2) AS alpha_shape
FROM data;
MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),(88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),(81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),(78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),(75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),(80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),(36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97)) | MULTIPOLYGON(((89 53,88 58,85 71,83 72,75 84,76 88,72 95,64 97,57 97,52 98,49 95,45 90,39 88,34 86,26 85,24 82,27 77,24 67,23 60,27 54,26 44,23 36,28 33,30 22,37 23,43 19,53 18,65 16,73 16,78 16,84 19,88 29,90 30,87 42,91 50,89 53)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),(88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),(81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),
(78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),
(75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),
(80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),
(36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97))'::geometry AS input_points
)
SELECT input_points AS input_points,

         CG_AlphaShape(input_points, 100.1, true) AS alpha_shape
FROM data;
MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),(88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),(81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),(78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),(75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),(80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),(36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97)) | MULTIPOLYGON(((89 53,88 58,85 71,83 72,75 84,76 88,72 95,64 97,57 97,52 98,49 95,45 90,39 88,34 86,26 85,24 82,27 77,24 67,23 60,27 54,26 44,23 36,28 33,30 22,43 19,53 18,65 16,73 16,78 16,84 19,90 30,87 42,91 50,89 53),(36 68,40 75,43 80,60 81,68 73,77 67,81 60,82 54,81 47,78 43,76 27,62 22,54 32,44 42,38 46,36 61,36 68)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'MULTIPOINT ((132 64),(114 64),(99 64),(81 64),(63 64),(57 49),(52 36),(46 20),(37 20),(26 20),(32 36),(39 55),(43 69),(50 84),(57 100),(63 118),(68 133),(74 149),(81 164),(88 180),(101 180),(112 180),(119 164),(126 149),(132 131),(139 113),(143 100),(150 84),(157 69),(163 51),(168 36),(174 20),(163 20),(150 20),(143 36),(139 49),(132 64),(99 151),(92 138),(88 124),(81 109),(74 93),(70 82),(83 82),(99 82),(112 82),(126 82),(121 96),(114 109),(110 122),(103 138),(99 151),(34 27),(43 31),(48 44),(46 58),(52 73),(63 73),(61 84),(72 71),(90 69),(101 76),(123 71),(141 62),(166 27),(150 33),(159 36),(146 44),(154 53),(152 62),(146 73),(134 76),(143 82),(141 91),(130 98),(126 104),(132 113),(128 127),(117 122),(112 133),(119 144),(108 147),(119 153),(110 171),(103 164),(92 171),(86 160),(88 142),(79 140),(72 124),(83 131),(79 118),(68 113),(63 102),(68 93),(35 45))'::geometry AS input_points
)
SELECT input_points AS input_points,

         CG_AlphaShape(input_points, 102.2, true) AS alpha_shape
FROM data;
MULTIPOINT((132 64),(114 64),(99 64),(81 64),(63 64),(57 49),(52 36),(46 20),(37 20),(26 20),(32 36),(39 55),(43 69),(50 84),(57 100),(63 118),(68 133),(74 149),(81 164),(88 180),(101 180),(112 180),(119 164),(126 149),(132 131),(139 113),(143 100),(150 84),(157 69),(163 51),(168 36),(174 20),(163 20),(150 20),(143 36),(139 49),(132 64),(99 151),(92 138),(88 124),(81 109),(74 93),(70 82),(83 82),(99 82),(112 82),(126 82),(121 96),(114 109),(110 122),(103 138),(99 151),(34 27),(43 31),(48 44),(46 58),(52 73),(63 73),(61 84),(72 71),(90 69),(101 76),(123 71),(141 62),(166 27),(150 33),(159 36),(146 44),(154 53),(152 62),(146 73),(134 76),(143 82),(141 91),(130 98),(126 104),(132 113),(128 127),(117 122),(112 133),(119 144),(108 147),(119 153),(110 171),(103 164),(92 171),(86 160),(88 142),(79 140),(72 124),(83 131),(79 118),(68 113),(63 102),(68 93),(35 45)) | MULTIPOLYGON(((168 36,163 51,157 69,150 84,143 100,139 113,132 131,126 149,119 164,112 180,101 180,88 180,81 164,74 149,68 133,63 118,57 100,50 84,43 69,39 55,35 45,32 36,26 20,37 20,46 20,52 36,57 49,63 64,81 64,90 69,99 64,114 64,132 64,139 49,143 36,150 20,163 20,174 20,168 36),(81 109,88 124,92 138,103 138,110 122,114 109,121 96,112 82,99 82,83 82,74 93,81 109)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150))'::geometry AS input_polygon
)
SELECT input_polygon AS input_polygon,
       CG_ApproxConvexPartition(input_polygon) AS partition
FROM data;
POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150)) | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,156 150)), POLYGON((32 159,0 45,41 86,32 159)), POLYGON((107 61,32 159,41 86,107 61)), POLYGON((45 1,177 2,67 24,45 1)), POLYGON((41 86,45 1,67 24,41 86)), POLYGON((107 61,41 86,67 24,109 31,107 61)), POLYGON((148 120,107 61,109 31,170 60,148 120)), POLYGON((156 150,148 120,170 60,180 110,156 150)))
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|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
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((190 190,10 190,10 10,190 10,190 20,160 30,60 30,60 130,190 140,190 190))'::geometry AS polygon
)
SELECT polygon AS input_polygon,
       CG_ApproximateMedialAxis(polygon) AS medial_axis
FROM data;
POLYGON((190 190,10 190,10 10,190 10,190 20,160 30,60 30,60 130,190 140,190 190)) | MULTILINESTRING((184.189 15.811,158.377 20),(50 20,158.377 20),(50 20,35 35),(35 153.151,35 35),(35 153.151,40.697 159.303),(164.04 164.04,40.697 159.303))
SELECT CG_ApproximateMedialAxis('POLYGON((0 0,2 0,2 1,0 1,0 0))', true);
MULTILINESTRING((0 0.5,0.5 0.5,1.5 0.5,2 0.5))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 4,0 4,0 0))'::geometry AS footprint
)
SELECT CG_GenerateFlatRoof(footprint, 2.0) AS roof
FROM data;
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 0,0 4 0,5 4 0,5 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 2,5 0 2,5 4 2,0 4 2,0 0 2)),((0 0 0,0 0 2,0 4 2,0 4 0,0 0 0)),((0 4 0,0 4 2,5 4 2,5 4 0,0 4 0)),((5 4 0,5 4 2,5 0 2,5 0 0,5 4 0)),((5 0 0,5 0 2,0 0 2,0 0 0,5 0 0)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 4,0 4,0 0))'::geometry AS input_footprint
)
SELECT input_footprint AS input_footprint,
       CG_GenerateHippedRoof(input_footprint, 2.0) AS hipped_roof
FROM data;
POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 4,0 4,0 0)) | POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 4 0,5 4 0,5 0 0,0 0 0,0 4 0)),((0 4 0,0 0 0,2 2 2,0 4 0)),((0 0 0,5 0 0,3 2 2,2 2 2,0 0 0)),((5 0 0,5 4 0,3 2 2,5 0 0)),((5 4 0,0 4 0,2 2 2,3 2 2,5 4 0)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 4,0 4,0 0))'::geometry AS footprint
)
SELECT CG_GenerateGableRoof(footprint, 2.0, 30.0) AS roof
FROM data;
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((5 4 0,5 0 0,0 0 0,0 4 0,5 4 0)),((0 4 0,0 0 0,0 2 1.155,0 4 0)),((0 0 0,5 0 0,5 2 1.155,0 2 1.155,0 0 0)),((5 0 0,5 4 0,5 2 1.155,5 0 0)),((5 4 0,0 4 0,0 2 1.155,5 2 1.155,5 4 0)))
SELECT
  ST_NumPatches(CG_GenerateSkillionRoof(
    'POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 4,0 4,0 0))', 2.0)) AS "height 2",
  ST_NumPatches(CG_GenerateSkillionRoof(
    'POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 4,0 4,0 0))', 4.0)) AS "height 4";
6 | 5
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 4,0 4,0 0))'::geometry AS footprint
)
SELECT CG_GenerateSkillionRoof(footprint, 2.0) AS roof
FROM data;
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 4 0,5 4 0,5 0 0,0 0 0,0 4 0)),((5 0 2,5 4 2,3.464 4 2,3.464 0 2,5 0 2)),((0 4 0,0 0 0,3.464 0 2,3.464 4 2,0 4 0)),((0 0 0,5 0 0,5 0 2,3.464 0 2,0 0 0)),((5 0 0,5 4 0,5 4 2,5 0 2,5 0 0)),((5 4 0,0 4 0,3.464 4 2,5 4 2,5 4 0)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0))'::geometry AS input_footprint
)
SELECT input_footprint AS input_footprint,
       CG_GenerateRoof(input_footprint, 'HIPPED', 2.0, 30.0, 0) AS hipped_roof,
       CG_GenerateRoof(input_footprint, 'FLAT', 2.0, 30.0, 0) AS flat_roof
FROM data;
POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0)) | POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 4 0,4 4 0,4 0 0,0 0 0,0 4 0)),((0 4 0,0 0 0,2 2 2,0 4 0)),((0 0 0,4 0 0,2 2 2,0 0 0)),((4 0 0,4 4 0,2 2 2,4 0 0)),((4 4 0,0 4 0,2 2 2,4 4 0))) | POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 0,0 4 0,4 4 0,4 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 2,4 0 2,4 4 2,0 4 2,0 0 2)),((0 0 0,0 0 2,0 4 2,0 4 0,0 0 0)),((0 4 0,0 4 2,4 4 2,4 4 0,0 4 0)),((4 4 0,4 4 2,4 0 2,4 0 0,4 4 0)),((4 0 0,4 0 2,0 0 2,0 0 0,4 0 0)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0,2 2,2 0,0 2,0 0))'::geometry AS input_polygon
)
SELECT input_polygon AS input_polygon,
       CG_PolygonRepair(input_polygon) AS repaired_polygon
FROM data;
POLYGON((0 0,2 2,2 0,0 2,0 0)) | MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0,1 1,0 2,0 0)),((1 1,2 0,2 2,1 1)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0,2 2,2 0,0 2,0 0))'::geometry AS input_polygon
)
SELECT input_polygon AS input_polygon,
       CG_PolygonRepair(input_polygon, 'UNION') AS repaired_polygon
FROM data;
POLYGON((0 0,2 2,2 0,0 2,0 0)) | MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0,1 1,0 2,0 0)))
SELECT
  CG_ConstrainedDelaunayTriangles(
    ST_Union(
      'POLYGON((175 150,20 40,50 60,125 100,175 150))'::geometry,
      ST_Buffer('POINT(110 170)'::geometry, 20)
    )
  );
TIN(((50 60,175 150,20 40,50 60)),((125 100,50 60,20 40,125 100)),((50 60,125 100,175 150,50 60)),((130 170,129.6 166.1,175 150,130 170)),((128.5 162.3,175 150,129.6 166.1,128.5 162.3)),((130 170,124.1 155.9,129.6 166.1,130 170)),((126.6 158.9,175 150,128.5 162.3,126.6 158.9)),((129.6 166.1,126.6 158.9,128.5 162.3,129.6 166.1)),((124.1 155.9,175 150,126.6 158.9,124.1 155.9)),((129.6 166.1,124.1 155.9,126.6 158.9,129.6 166.1)),((121.1 153.4,175 150,124.1 155.9,121.1 153.4)),((110 150,121.1 153.4,124.1 155.9,110 150)),((117.7 151.5,175 150,121.1 153.4,117.7 151.5)),((113.9 150.4,117.7 151.5,121.1 153.4,113.9 150.4)),((113.9 150.4,175 150,117.7 151.5,113.9 150.4)),((20 40,113.9 150.4,110 150,20 40)),((20 40,175 150,113.9 150.4,20 40)),((20 40,110 150,106.1 150.4,20 40)),((113.9 150.4,121.1 153.4,110 150,113.9 150.4)),((20 40,106.1 150.4,102.3 151.5,20 40)),((110 150,124.1 155.9,128.5 177.7,110 150)),((20 40,102.3 151.5,98.9 153.4,20 40)),((106.1 150.4,110 150,98.9 153.4,106.1 150.4)),((20 40,98.9 153.4,95.9 155.9,20 40)),((102.3 151.5,106.1 150.4,98.9 153.4,102.3 151.5)),((20 40,95.9 155.9,93.4 158.9,20 40)),((98.9 153.4,110 150,95.9 155.9,98.9 153.4)),((20 40,93.4 158.9,91.5 162.3,20 40)),((95.9 155.9,110 150,102.3 188.5,95.9 155.9)),((20 40,91.5 162.3,90.4 166.1,20 40)),((93.4 158.9,95.9 155.9,91.5 162.3,93.4 158.9)),((20 40,90.4 166.1,90 170,20 40)),((91.5 162.3,95.9 155.9,90 170,91.5 162.3)),((20 40,90 170,90.4 173.9,20 40)),((90.4 166.1,91.5 162.3,90 170,90.4 166.1)),((20 40,90.4 173.9,91.5 177.7,20 40)),((90 170,95.9 155.9,102.3 188.5,90 170)),((90.4 173.9,90 170,91.5 177.7,90.4 173.9)),((91.5 177.7,90 170,102.3 188.5,91.5 177.7)),((93.4 181.1,91.5 177.7,95.9 184.1,93.4 181.1)),((95.9 184.1,91.5 177.7,102.3 188.5,95.9 184.1)),((98.9 186.6,95.9 184.1,102.3 188.5,98.9 186.6)),((102.3 188.5,110 150,128.5 177.7,102.3 188.5)),((106.1 189.6,102.3 188.5,110 190,106.1 189.6)),((110 190,102.3 188.5,117.7 188.5,110 190)),((113.9 189.6,110 190,117.7 188.5,113.9 189.6)),((117.7 188.5,102.3 188.5,128.5 177.7,117.7 188.5)),((121.1 186.6,124.1 184.1,175 150,121.1 186.6)),((121.1 186.6,117.7 188.5,124.1 184.1,121.1 186.6)),((124.1 184.1,126.6 181.1,175 150,124.1 184.1)),((124.1 184.1,117.7 188.5,128.5 177.7,124.1 184.1)),((126.6 181.1,128.5 177.7,175 150,126.6 181.1)),((126.6 181.1,124.1 184.1,128.5 177.7,126.6 181.1)),((128.5 177.7,129.6 173.9,175 150,128.5 177.7)),((128.5 177.7,124.1 155.9,130 170,128.5 177.7)),((129.6 173.9,130 170,175 150,129.6 173.9)),((129.6 173.9,128.5 177.7,130 170,129.6 173.9)))
SELECT
  ST_DelaunayTriangles(
    ST_Union(
      'POLYGON((175 150,20 40,50 60,125 100,175 150))'::geometry,
      ST_Buffer('POINT(110 170)'::geometry, 20)
    )
  );
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((95.9 184.1,93.4 181.1,95.9 155.9,95.9 184.1)), POLYGON((95.9 184.1,95.9 155.9,102.3 188.5,95.9 184.1)), POLYGON((95.9 184.1,102.3 188.5,98.9 186.6,95.9 184.1)), POLYGON((102.3 188.5,95.9 155.9,98.9 153.4,102.3 188.5)), POLYGON((102.3 188.5,98.9 153.4,102.3 151.5,102.3 188.5)), POLYGON((102.3 188.5,102.3 151.5,106.1 189.6,102.3 188.5)), POLYGON((106.1 189.6,102.3 151.5,106.1 150.4,106.1 189.6)), POLYGON((106.1 189.6,106.1 150.4,110 190,106.1 189.6)), POLYGON((110 190,106.1 150.4,110 150,110 190)), POLYGON((110 190,110 150,117.7 188.5,110 190)), POLYGON((110 190,117.7 188.5,113.9 189.6,110 190)), POLYGON((117.7 188.5,110 150,121.1 153.4,117.7 188.5)), POLYGON((117.7 188.5,121.1 153.4,121.1 186.6,117.7 188.5)), POLYGON((121.1 186.6,121.1 153.4,124.1 155.9,121.1 186.6)), POLYGON((121.1 186.6,124.1 155.9,124.1 184.1,121.1 186.6)), POLYGON((121.1 186.6,124.1 184.1,175 150,121.1 186.6)), POLYGON((175 150,124.1 184.1,126.6 181.1,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,126.6 181.1,128.5 177.7,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,128.5 177.7,129.6 173.9,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,129.6 173.9,130 170,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,130 170,129.6 166.1,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,129.6 166.1,128.5 162.3,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,128.5 162.3,126.6 158.9,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,126.6 158.9,124.1 155.9,175 150)), POLYGON((175 150,124.1 155.9,125 100,175 150)), POLYGON((125 100,124.1 155.9,121.1 153.4,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,121.1 153.4,117.7 151.5,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,117.7 151.5,113.9 150.4,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,113.9 150.4,110 150,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,110 150,106.1 150.4,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,106.1 150.4,102.3 151.5,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,102.3 151.5,98.9 153.4,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,98.9 153.4,50 60,125 100)), POLYGON((125 100,50 60,20 40,125 100)), POLYGON((20 40,50 60,90.4 166.1,20 40)), POLYGON((20 40,90.4 166.1,90 170,20 40)), POLYGON((20 40,90 170,90.4 173.9,20 40)), POLYGON((20 40,90.4 173.9,91.5 177.7,20 40)), POLYGON((91.5 177.7,90.4 173.9,90 170,91.5 177.7)), POLYGON((91.5 177.7,90 170,91.5 162.3,91.5 177.7)), POLYGON((91.5 177.7,91.5 162.3,93.4 158.9,91.5 177.7)), POLYGON((91.5 177.7,93.4 158.9,93.4 181.1,91.5 177.7)), POLYGON((93.4 181.1,93.4 158.9,95.9 155.9,93.4 181.1)), POLYGON((95.9 155.9,93.4 158.9,50 60,95.9 155.9)), POLYGON((95.9 155.9,50 60,98.9 153.4,95.9 155.9)), POLYGON((50 60,93.4 158.9,91.5 162.3,50 60)), POLYGON((50 60,91.5 162.3,90.4 166.1,50 60)), POLYGON((90.4 166.1,91.5 162.3,90 170,90.4 166.1)), POLYGON((110 150,113.9 150.4,121.1 153.4,110 150)), POLYGON((121.1 153.4,113.9 150.4,117.7 151.5,121.1 153.4)), POLYGON((124.1 155.9,126.6 158.9,129.6 166.1,124.1 155.9)), POLYGON((124.1 155.9,129.6 166.1,128.5 177.7,124.1 155.9)), POLYGON((124.1 155.9,128.5 177.7,124.1 184.1,124.1 155.9)), POLYGON((124.1 184.1,128.5 177.7,126.6 181.1,124.1 184.1)), POLYGON((128.5 177.7,129.6 166.1,130 170,128.5 177.7)), POLYGON((128.5 177.7,130 170,129.6 173.9,128.5 177.7)), POLYGON((129.6 166.1,126.6 158.9,128.5 162.3,129.6 166.1)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT ST_Buffer('POINT(100 90)'::geometry, 50, 'quad_segs=2') AS geom
), projected AS (
  SELECT ST_Force2D(ST_Affine(geom,
           1, 0, 0.5, 0, 1, 0.5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)) AS input_geom,
         ST_Force2D(ST_Affine(CG_Extrude(geom, 0, 0, 30),
           1, 0, 0.5, 0, 1, 0.5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)) AS output_geom
  FROM data
)
SELECT input_geom AS input_geometry,
       output_geom AS extruded_projection
FROM projected;
POLYGON((150 90,135.355 54.645,100 40,64.645 54.645,50 90,64.645 125.355,100 140,135.355 125.355,150 90)) | POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((150 90,135.355 54.645,100 40,64.645 54.645,50 90,64.645 125.355,100 140,135.355 125.355,150 90)),((165 105,150.355 140.355,115 155,79.645 140.355,65 105,79.645 69.645,115 55,150.355 69.645,165 105)),((150 90,165 105,150.355 69.645,135.355 54.645,150 90)),((135.355 54.645,150.355 69.645,115 55,100 40,135.355 54.645)),((100 40,115 55,79.645 69.645,64.645 54.645,100 40)),((64.645 54.645,79.645 69.645,65 105,50 90,64.645 54.645)),((50 90,65 105,79.645 140.355,64.645 125.355,50 90)),((64.645 125.355,79.645 140.355,115 155,100 140,64.645 125.355)),((100 140,115 155,150.355 140.355,135.355 125.355,100 140)),((135.355 125.355,150.355 140.355,165 105,150 90,135.355 125.355)))
010300000001000000090000000000000000C062400000000000805640AED904F05EEB60404999EC3F84524B4000000000000059400000000000004440A44CF61F422950404899EC3F84524B4000000000000049400000000000805640A44CF61F422950405CB309E0BD565F40FFFFFFFFFFFF58400000000000806140AED904F05EEB60405CB309E0BD565F400000000000C062400000000000805640 |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
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'LINESTRING(50 50,100 90,95 150)'::geometry AS geom
), projected AS (
  SELECT ST_Force2D(ST_Affine(geom,
           1, 0, 0.5, 0, 1, 0.5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)) AS input_geom,
         ST_Force2D(ST_Affine(CG_Extrude(geom, 0, 0, 10),
           1, 0, 0.5, 0, 1, 0.5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)) AS output_geom
  FROM data
)
SELECT input_geom AS input_geometry,
       output_geom AS extruded_projection
FROM projected;
LINESTRING(50 50,100 90,95 150) | POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((50 50,100 90,105 95,55 55,50 50)),((100 90,95 150,100 155,105 95,100 90)))
01020000000300000000000000000049400000000000004940000000000000594000000000008056400000000000C057400000000000C06240 | 010F000000020000000103000000010000000500000000000000000049400000000000004940000000000000594000000000008056400000000000405A400000000000C057400000000000804B400000000000804B400000000000004940000000000000494001030000000100000005000000000000000000594000000000008056400000000000C057400000000000C06240000000000000594000000000006063400000000000405A400000000000C0574000000000000059400000000000805640
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON ((0 0,5 0,5 5,4 5,4 4,0 4,0 0),(1 1,1 2,2 2,2 1,1 1))'::geometry AS input_polygon
)
SELECT input_polygon AS input_polygon,
       CG_ExtrudeStraightSkeleton(input_polygon, 3.0, 2.0) AS straight_skeleton_extrusion
FROM data;
POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 5,4 5,4 4,0 4,0 0),(1 1,1 2,2 2,2 1,1 1)) | POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 0,0 4 0,4 4 0,4 5 0,5 5 0,5 0 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,2 1 0,2 2 0,1 2 0,1 1 0)),((0 0 0,0 0 2,0 4 2,0 4 0,0 0 0)),((0 4 0,0 4 2,4 4 2,4 4 0,0 4 0)),((4 4 0,4 4 2,4 5 2,4 5 0,4 4 0)),((4 5 0,4 5 2,5 5 2,5 5 0,4 5 0)),((5 5 0,5 5 2,5 0 2,5 0 0,5 5 0)),((5 0 0,5 0 2,0 0 2,0 0 0,5 0 0)),((1 1 0,1 1 2,2 1 2,2 1 0,1 1 0)),((2 1 0,2 1 2,2 2 2,2 2 0,2 1 0)),((2 2 0,2 2 2,1 2 2,1 2 0,2 2 0)),((1 2 0,1 2 2,1 1 2,1 1 0,1 2 0)),((0 4 2,0 0 2,0.5 0.5 2.5,0.5 2.5 2.5,1 3 3,0 4 2)),((0 0 2,5 0 2,3.5 1.5 3.5,2.5 0.5 2.5,0.5 0.5 2.5,0 0 2)),((5 0 2,5 5 2,4.5 4.5 2.5,4.5 3.5 2.5,3.5 2.5 3.5,3.5 1.5 3.5,5 0 2)),((5 5 2,4 5 2,4.5 4.5 2.5,5 5 2)),((4 5 2,4 4 2,4.5 3.5 2.5,4.5 4.5 2.5,4 5 2)),((4 4 2,0 4 2,1 3 3,3 3 3,3.5 2.5 3.5,4.5 3.5 2.5,4 4 2)),((2 1 2,1 1 2,0.5 0.5 2.5,2.5 0.5 2.5,2 1 2)),((1 1 2,1 2 2,0.5 2.5 2.5,0.5 0.5 2.5,1 1 2)),((1 2 2,2 2 2,3 3 3,1 3 3,0.5 2.5 2.5,1 2 2)),((2 2 2,2 1 2,2.5 0.5 2.5,3.5 1.5 3.5,3.5 2.5 3.5,3 3 3,2 2 2)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150))'::geometry AS input_polygon
)
SELECT input_polygon AS input_polygon,
       CG_GreeneApproxConvexPartition(input_polygon) AS partition
FROM data;
POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150)) | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((32 159,0 45,41 86,32 159)), POLYGON((45 1,177 2,67 24,45 1)), POLYGON((67 24,109 31,170 60,107 61,67 24)), POLYGON((41 86,45 1,67 24,41 86)), POLYGON((107 61,32 159,41 86,67 24,107 61)), POLYGON((148 120,107 61,170 60,148 120)), POLYGON((148 120,170 60,180 110,156 150,148 120)), POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,156 150)))
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|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
WITH data AS (
  SELECT ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(10, 10), ST_Point(100, 100)) AS line,
         ST_Buffer('POINT(50 50)'::geometry, 30) AS circle
)
SELECT line AS input_line,
       circle AS input_circle,
       CG_MinkowskiSum(line, circle) AS minkowski_sum
FROM data;
LINESTRING(10 10,100 100) | POLYGON((80 50,79.424 44.147,77.716 38.519,74.944 33.333,71.213 28.787,66.667 25.056,61.481 22.284,55.853 20.576,50 20,44.147 20.576,38.519 22.284,33.333 25.056,28.787 28.787,25.056 33.333,22.284 38.519,20.576 44.147,20 50,20.576 55.853,22.284 61.481,25.056 66.667,28.787 71.213,33.333 74.944,38.519 77.716,44.147 79.424,50 80,55.853 79.424,61.481 77.716,66.667 74.944,71.213 71.213,74.944 66.667,77.716 61.481,79.424 55.853,80 50)) | MULTIPOLYGON(((179.424 155.853,177.716 161.481,174.944 166.667,171.213 171.213,166.667 174.944,161.481 177.716,155.853 179.424,150 180,144.147 179.424,138.519 177.716,133.333 174.944,128.787 171.213,38.787 81.213,35.056 76.667,32.284 71.481,30.576 65.853,30 60,30.576 54.147,32.284 48.519,35.056 43.333,38.787 38.787,43.333 35.056,48.519 32.284,54.147 30.576,60 30,65.853 30.576,71.481 32.284,76.667 35.056,81.213 38.787,171.213 128.787,174.944 133.333,177.716 138.519,179.424 144.147,180 150,179.424 155.853)))
0102000000020000000000000000002440000000000000244000000000000059400000000000005940 |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|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
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'MULTIPOINT(25 50,70 25)'::geometry AS points,
         'POLYGON((130 150,20 40,50 60,125 100,130 150))'::geometry AS polygon
)
SELECT points AS input_points,
       polygon AS input_polygon,
       CG_MinkowskiSum(points, polygon) AS minkowski_sum
FROM data;
MULTIPOINT((25 50),(70 25)) | POLYGON((130 150,20 40,50 60,125 100,130 150)) | MULTIPOLYGON(((45 90,75 110,150 150,155 200,45 90)),((90 65,120 85,195 125,200 175,90 65)))
010400000002000000010100000000000000000039400000000000004940010100000000000000008051400000000000003940 | 0103000000010000000500000000000000004060400000000000C062400000000000003440000000000000444000000000000049400000000000004E400000000000405F40000000000000594000000000004060400000000000C06240 | 01060000000200000001030000000100000005000000000000000080464000000000008056400000000000C052400000000000805B400000000000C062400000000000C06240000000000060634000000000000069400000000000804640000000000080564001030000000100000005000000000000000080564000000000004050400000000000005E40000000000040554000000000006068400000000000405F4000000000000069400000000000E0654000000000008056400000000000405040
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),
(88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),
(81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),
(78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),
(75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),
(80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),
(36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97))'::geometry AS input_points
)
SELECT input_points AS input_points,

         CG_OptimalAlphaShape(input_points) AS optimal_alpha_shape
FROM data;
MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),(88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),(81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),(78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),(75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),(80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),(36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97)) | MULTIPOLYGON(((89 53,88 58,83 64,85 71,83 72,75 77,75 84,76 88,72 95,64 97,57 97,52 98,49 95,45 90,39 88,34 86,26 85,24 82,27 77,24 67,23 60,27 54,26 44,23 36,28 33,30 22,37 23,43 19,53 18,65 16,73 16,78 16,84 19,88 29,90 30,87 42,91 50,89 53)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),(88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),(81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),
(78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),
(75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),
(80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),
(36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97))'::geometry AS input_points
)
SELECT input_points AS input_points,

         CG_OptimalAlphaShape(input_points, allow_holes => true) AS optimal_alpha_shape
FROM data;
MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),(88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),(81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),(78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),(75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),(80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),(36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97)) | MULTIPOLYGON(((89 53,88 58,83 64,85 71,83 72,75 77,75 84,76 88,72 95,64 97,57 97,52 98,49 95,45 90,39 88,34 86,26 85,24 82,27 77,24 67,23 60,27 54,26 44,23 36,28 33,30 22,37 23,43 19,53 18,65 16,73 16,78 16,84 19,88 29,90 30,87 42,91 50,89 53),(36 68,40 75,43 80,50 86,60 81,68 73,77 67,81 60,82 54,81 47,78 43,81 29,76 27,70 20,62 22,55 26,54 32,48 34,44 42,38 46,36 61,36 68)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150))'::geometry AS input_polygon
)
SELECT input_polygon AS input_polygon,
       CG_OptimalConvexPartition(input_polygon) AS partition
FROM data;
POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150)) | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,156 150)), POLYGON((32 159,0 45,41 86,32 159)), POLYGON((45 1,177 2,67 24,45 1)), POLYGON((41 86,45 1,67 24,41 86)), POLYGON((107 61,32 159,41 86,67 24,109 31,107 61)), POLYGON((148 120,107 61,109 31,170 60,180 110,148 120)), POLYGON((156 150,148 120,180 110,156 150)))
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|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
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((190 190,10 190,10 10,190 10,190 20,160 30,60 30,60 130,190 140,190 190))'::geometry AS polygon
)
SELECT CG_StraightSkeleton(polygon) AS straight_skeleton
FROM data;
MULTILINESTRING((190 190,164.03987973986756 164.03987973986756),(10 190,40.697077206292434 159.30292279370755),(10 10,35 35),(190 10,184.18861169915812 15.811388300841896),(190 20,184.18861169915812 15.811388300841896),(160 30,158.3772233983162 20),(60 30,50 20),(60 130,35 153.15077848154866),(190 140,164.03987973986756 164.03987973986756),(184.18861169915812 15.811388300841896,158.3772233983162 20),(50 20,158.3772233983162 20),(50 20,35 35),(35 153.15077848154866,35 35),(35 153.15077848154866,40.697077206292434 159.30292279370755),(164.03987973986756 164.03987973986756,40.697077206292434 159.30292279370755))
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
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0,1 0,1 1,0 1,0 0))'::geometry AS polygon
)
SELECT CG_StraightSkeleton(polygon, true) AS straight_skeleton_with_m
FROM data;
MULTILINESTRING M ((0 0 0,0.5 0.5 0.5),(1 0 0,0.5 0.5 0.5),(1 1 0,0.5 0.5 0.5),(0 1 0,0.5 0.5 0.5))
010500004004000000010200004002000000000000000000008000000000000000800000000000000000000000000000E03F000000000000E03F000000000000E03F010200004002000000000000000000F03F00000000000000800000000000000000000000000000E03F000000000000E03F000000000000E03F010200004002000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000E03F000000000000E03F000000000000E03F0102000040020000000000000000000080000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000E03F000000000000E03F000000000000E03F
SELECT CG_StraightSkeleton('POLYGON((0 0,3 0,3 3,0 3,0 0),(0 0,1 2,2 1,0 0))'));
NOTICE:  During straight_skeleton(A) :
NOTICE:    with A: POLYGON((0/1 0/1,3/1 0/1,3/1 3/1,0/1 3/1,0/1 0/1),(0/1 0/1,1/1 2/1,2/1 1/1,0/1 0/1))
ERROR:  straight skeleton of Polygon with point touching rings is not implemented.
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z( ((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)) )'::geometry AS cube
)
SELECT CG_Tesselate(cube) AS tessellation
FROM data;
TIN Z (((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 0 0)),((0 1 0,0 0 0,0 1 1,0 1 0)),((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,0 0 0)),((1 0 0,0 0 0,1 1 0,1 0 0)),((0 0 1,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1)),((0 0 1,0 0 0,1 0 0,0 0 1)),((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 1 0)),((1 0 0,1 1 0,1 0 1,1 0 0)),((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,0 1 0)),((1 1 0,0 1 0,1 1 1,1 1 0)),((0 1 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1)),((0 1 1,0 0 1,1 0 1,0 1 1)))
01100000800C0000000111000080010000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011100008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000011100008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001110000800100000004000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000000000000000000000000111000080010000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0111000080010000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F01110000800100000004000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000000001110000800100000004000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000011100008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000000001110000800100000004000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000011100008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F011100008001000000040000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((10 190,10 70,80 70,80 130,50 160,120 160,120 190,10 190))'::geometry AS polygon
)
SELECT polygon AS input_polygon,
       CG_Tesselate(polygon) AS tessellation
FROM data;
POLYGON((10 190,10 70,80 70,80 130,50 160,120 160,120 190,10 190)) | TIN(((80 130,10 70,80 70,80 130)),((50 160,10 190,10 70,50 160)),((80 130,50 160,10 70,80 130)),((120 160,120 190,50 160,120 160)),((120 190,10 190,50 160,120 190)))
0103000000010000000800000000000000000024400000000000C06740000000000000244000000000008051400000000000005440000000000080514000000000000054400000000000406040000000000000494000000000000064400000000000005E4000000000000064400000000000005E400000000000C0674000000000000024400000000000C06740 | 0110000000050000000111000000010000000400000000000000000054400000000000406040000000000000244000000000008051400000000000005440000000000080514000000000000054400000000000406040011100000001000000040000000000000000004940000000000000644000000000000024400000000000C0674000000000000024400000000000805140000000000000494000000000000064400111000000010000000400000000000000000054400000000000406040000000000000494000000000000064400000000000002440000000000080514000000000000054400000000000406040011100000001000000040000000000000000005E4000000000000064400000000000005E400000000000C06740000000000000494000000000000064400000000000005E400000000000006440011100000001000000040000000000000000005E400000000000C0674000000000000024400000000000C06740000000000000494000000000000064400000000000005E400000000000C06740
SELECT CG_Triangulate(
  'POLYGON((0 0,1 0,1 1,0 1,0 0),
            (0.2 0.2,0.2 0.8,0.8 0.8,0.8 0.2,0.2 0.2))'
);
TIN(((0.8 0.2,0.2 0.2,1 0,0.8 0.2)),((0.2 0.2,0 0,1 0,0.2 0.2)),((1 1,0.8 0.8,0.8 0.2,1 1)),((0 1,0 0,0.2 0.2,0 1)),((0 1,0.2 0.8,1 1,0 1)),((0 1,0.2 0.2,0.2 0.8,0 1)),((0.2 0.8,0.8 0.8,1 1,0.2 0.8)),((0.2 0.8,0.2 0.2,0.8 0.2,0.2 0.8)),((1 1,0.8 0.2,1 0,1 1)),((0.8 0.8,0.2 0.8,0.8 0.2,0.8 0.8)))
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
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((23.5 23.5,23.5 173.5,173.5 173.5,173.5 23.5,23.5 23.5),(108 98,108 36,156 37,155 99,108 98),(107 157.5,107 106.5,135 107.5,133 127.5,143.5 127.5,143.5 108.5,153.5 109.5,151.5 166,107 157.5),(41 95.5,41 35,100.5 36,98.5 68,78.5 68,77.5 96.5,41 95.5),(39 150,40 104,97.5 106.5,95.5 152,39 150))'::geometry AS polygon,
         'POINT(91 87)'::geometry AS observer
)
SELECT ST_Collect(polygon, observer) AS input_scene,
       CG_Visibility(polygon, observer) AS visibility
FROM data;
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((23.5 23.5,23.5 173.5,173.5 173.5,173.5 23.5,23.5 23.5),(108 98,108 36,156 37,155 99,108 98),(107 157.5,107 106.5,135 107.5,133 127.5,143.5 127.5,143.5 108.5,153.5 109.5,151.5 166,107 157.5),(41 95.5,41 35,100.5 36,98.5 68,78.5 68,77.5 96.5,41 95.5),(39 150,40 104,97.5 106.5,95.5 152,39 150)), POINT(91 87)) | POLYGON((78.5 68,98.5 68,108 43.93333333333334,108 98,121.96219931271477 107.03436426116838,107 106.5,107 135,97.5 106.5,65.28017241379311 105.09913793103448,77.5 96.5,78.5 68))
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| 0103000000010000000B0000000000000000A0534000000000000051400000000000A0584000000000000051400000000000005B407877777777F745400000000000005B400000000000805840FE156DAC947D5E40A477280633C25A400000000000C05A400000000000A05A400000000000C05A400000000000E0604000000000006058400000000000A05A40E69E4658EE51504084E59E4658465A40000000000060534000000000002058400000000000A053400000000000005140
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((23.5 23.5,23.5 173.5,173.5 173.5,173.5 23.5,23.5 23.5),(108 98,108 36,156 37,155 99,108 98),(107 157.5,107 106.5,135 107.5,133 127.5,143.5 127.5,143.5 108.5,153.5 109.5,151.5 166,107 157.5),(41 95.5,41 35,100.5 36,98.5 68,78.5 68,77.5 96.5,41 95.5),(39 150,40 104,97.5 106.5,95.5 152,39 150))'::geometry AS polygon,
         'LINESTRING(78.5 68,98.5 68)'::geometry AS observer
)
SELECT ST_Collect(polygon, observer) AS input_scene,
       CG_Visibility(polygon,
                     ST_StartPoint(observer),
                     ST_EndPoint(observer)) AS visibility
FROM data;
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((23.5 23.5,23.5 173.5,173.5 173.5,173.5 23.5,23.5 23.5),(108 98,108 36,156 37,155 99,108 98),(107 157.5,107 106.5,135 107.5,133 127.5,143.5 127.5,143.5 108.5,153.5 109.5,151.5 166,107 157.5),(41 95.5,41 35,100.5 36,98.5 68,78.5 68,77.5 96.5,41 95.5),(39 150,40 104,97.5 106.5,95.5 152,39 150)), LINESTRING(78.5 68,98.5 68)) | POLYGON((78.5 68,98.5 68,100.5 36,101.28125 23.5,111.7109375 23.5,108 36,108 98,110.73389524382901 106.63335340156533,107 106.5,107 157.5,108.51955307262571 173.5,95.75974025974025 173.5,97.5 106.5,70.9811529933481 105.3470066518847,77.5 96.5,78.5 68))
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|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
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150))'::geometry AS input_polygon
)
SELECT input_polygon AS input_polygon,
       CG_YMonotonePartition(input_polygon) AS partition
FROM data;
POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150)) | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((32 159,0 45,41 86,32 159)), POLYGON((107 61,32 159,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,107 61)), POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,170 60,180 110,156 150)))
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|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
SELECT CG_StraightSkeletonPartition('POLYGON((0 0,4 0,2 2,0 0))', true);
POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((0 0,2 0.82842712474619,2 2,0 0)),((4 0,2 0.82842712474619,0 0,4 0)),((2 2,2 0.82842712474619,4 0,2 2)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYGON((190 190,10 190,10 10,190 10,190 20,160 30,60 30,60 130,190 140,190 190))'::geometry AS polygon
)
SELECT polygon AS input_polygon,
       CG_StraightSkeletonPartition(polygon, true) AS skeleton_partition
FROM data;
POLYGON((190 190,10 190,10 10,190 10,190 20,160 30,60 30,60 130,190 140,190 190)) | POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((190 190,164.04 164.04,190 140,190 190)),((10 190,40.697 159.303,164.04 164.04,190 190,10 190)),((10 10,35 35,35 153.151,40.697 159.303,10 190,10 10)),((190 10,184.189 15.811,158.377 20,50 20,35 35,10 10,190 10)),((190 20,184.189 15.811,190 10,190 20)),((160 30,158.377 20,184.189 15.811,190 20,160 30)),((60 30,50 20,158.377 20,160 30,60 30)),((60 130,35 153.151,35 35,50 20,60 30,60 130)),((190 140,164.04 164.04,40.697 159.303,35 153.151,60 130,190 140)))
SELECT CG_3DBuffer('POINT(0 0 0)', 1, 8, 0);
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 1, 0.5 -0.5 0.71, 0 -0.71 0.71, 0 0 1)), ... )
SELECT
  'POINT(100 90)'::geometry AS input_geometry,
  CG_3DBuffer('POINT(100 90)'::geometry, 50, 32, 0) AS buffer;
POINT(100 90) | POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((74 133 0,66 126 7,78 133 12,74 133 0)),((60 115 15,71 124 21,66 126 7,60 115 15)),((85 130 25,78 133 12,71 124 21,85 130 25)),((66 126 7,71 124 21,78 133 12,66 126 7)),((57 90 26,64 97 34,57 102 22,57 90 26)),((75 105 40,66 111 29,64 97 34,75 105 40)),((60 115 15,57 102 22,66 111 29,60 115 15)),((64 97 34,66 111 29,57 102 22,64 97 34)),((100 116 43,93 124 36,88 112 43,100 116 43)),((85 130 25,79 119 34,93 124 36,85 130 25)),((75 105 40,88 112 43,79 119 34,75 105 40)),((93 124 36,79 119 34,88 112 43,93 124 36)),((60 115 15,66 111 29,71 124 21,60 115 15)),((75 105 40,79 119 34,66 111 29,75 105 40)),((85 130 25,71 124 21,79 119 34,85 130 25)),((66 111 29,79 119 34,71 124 21,66 111 29)),((74 133 0,78 133 12,85 138 0,74 133 0)),((85 130 25,92 138 13,78 133 12,85 130 25)),((100 140 0,85 138 0,92 138 13,100 140 0)),((78 133 12,92 138 13,85 138 0,78 133 12)),((100 116 43,107 124 36,93 124 36,100 116 43)),((115 130 25,100 133 26,107 124 36,115 130 25)),((85 130 25,93 124 36,100 133 26,85 130 25)),((107 124 36,100 133 26,93 124 36,107 124 36)),((126 133 0,115 138 0,122 133 12,126 133 0)),((100 140 0,108 138 13,115 138 0,100 140 0)),((115 130 25,122 133 12,108 138 13,115 130 25)),((115 138 0,108 138 13,122 133 12,115 138 0)),((85 130 25,100 133 26,92 138 13,85 130 25)),((115 130 25,108 138 13,100 133 26,115 130 25)),((100 140 0,92 138 13,108 138 13,100 140 0)),((100 133 26,108 138 13,92 138 13,100 133 26)),((74 133 0,85 138 0,78 133 -12,74 133 0)),((100 140 0,92 138 -13,85 138 0,100 140 0)),((85 130 -25,78 133 -12,92 138 -13,85 130 -25)),((85 138 0,92 138 -13,78 133 -12,85 138 0)),((126 133 0,122 133 -12,115 138 0,126 133 0)),((115 130 -25,108 138 -13,122 133 -12,115 130 -25)),((100 140 0,115 138 0,108 138 -13,100 140 0)),((122 133 -12,108 138 -13,115 138 0,122 133 -12)),((100 116 -43,93 124 -36,107 124 -36,100 116 -43)),((85 130 -25,100 133 -26,93 124 -36,85 130 -25)),((115 130 -25,107 124 -36,100 133 -26,115 130 -25)),((93 124 -36,100 133 -26,107 124 -36,93 124 -36)),((100 140 0,108 138 -13,92 138 -13,100 140 0)),((115 130 -25,100 133 -26,108 138 -13,115 130 -25)),((85 130 -25,92 138 -13,100 133 -26,85 130 -25)),((108 138 -13,100 133 -26,92 138 -13,108 138 -13)),((74 133 0,78 133 -12,66 126 -7,74 133 0)),((85 130 -25,71 124 -21,78 133 -12,85 130 -25)),((60 115 -15,66 126 -7,71 124 -21,60 115 -15)),((78 133 -12,71 124 -21,66 126 -7,78 133 -12)),((100 116 -43,88 112 -43,93 124 -36,100 116 -43)),((75 105 -40,79 119 -34,88 112 -43,75 105 -40)),((85 130 -25,93 124 -36,79 119 -34,85 130 -25)),((88 112 -43,79 119 -34,93 124 -36,88 112 -43)),((57 90 -26,57 102 -22,64 97 -34,57 90 -26)),((60 115 -15,66 111 -29,57 102 -22,60 115 -15)),((75 105 -40,64 97 -34,66 111 -29,75 105 -40)),((57 102 -22,66 111 -29,64 97 -34,57 102 -22)),((85 130 -25,79 119 -34,71 124 -21,85 130 -25)),((75 105 -40,66 111 -29,79 119 -34,75 105 -40)),((60 115 -15,71 124 -21,66 111 -29,60 115 -15)),((79 119 -34,66 111 -29,71 124 -21,79 119 -34)),((74 133 0,66 126 -7,66 126 7,74 133 0)),((60 115 -15,57 116 0,66 126 -7,60 115 -15)),((60 115 15,66 126 7,57 116 0,60 115 15)),((66 126 -7,57 116 0,66 126 7,66 126 -7)),((57 90 -26,52 90 -15,57 102 -22,57 90 -26)),((50 90 0,52 103 -8,52 90 -15,50 90 0)),((60 115 -15,57 102 -22,52 103 -8,60 115 -15)),((52 90 -15,52 103 -8,57 102 -22,52 90 -15)),((57 90 26,57 102 22,52 90 15,57 90 26)),((60 115 15,52 103 8,57 102 22,60 115 15)),((50 90 0,52 90 15,52 103 8,50 90 0)),((57 102 22,52 103 8,52 90 15,57 102 22)),((60 115 -15,52 103 -8,57 116 0,60 115 -15)),((50 90 0,52 103 8,52 103 -8,50 90 0)),((60 115 15,57 116 0,52 103 8,60 115 15)),((52 103 -8,52 103 8,57 116 0,52 103 -8)),((126 133 0,122 133 12,134 126 7,126 133 0)),((115 130 25,129 124 21,122 133 12,115 130 25)),((140 115 15,134 126 7,129 124 21,140 115 15)),((122 133 12,129 124 21,134 126 7,122 133 12)),((100 116 43,112 112 43,107 124 36,100 116 43)),((125 105 40,121 119 34,112 112 43,125 105 40)),((115 130 25,107 124 36,121 119 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SELECT
  'POINT(100 90)'::geometry AS input_geometry,
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SELECT
  'LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'::geometry AS input_geometry,
  CG_3DBuffer('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'::geometry, 10, 32, 0) AS buffer;
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7,153 42 5,154 44 7)),((151 43 7,149 43 7,150 41 5,151 43 7)),((151 43 7,150 41 5,153 42 5,151 43 7)),((141 50 5,141 48 4,143 49 7,141 50 5)),((143 49 7,141 48 4,143 46 6,143 49 7)),((143 46 6,141 48 4,142 45 3,143 46 6)),((146 44 7,143 46 6,144 43 4,146 44 7)),((143 46 6,142 45 3,144 43 4,143 46 6)),((149 43 7,146 44 7,147 42 5,149 43 7)),((146 44 7,144 43 4,147 42 5,146 44 7)),((149 43 7,147 42 5,150 41 5,149 43 7)),((141 50 5,140 50 3,141 48 4,141 50 5)),((140 50 3,140 50 0,140 47 2,140 50 3)),((141 48 4,140 50 3,140 47 2,141 48 4)),((140 47 2,140 50 0,140 47 -2,140 47 2)),((140 47 -2,140 50 0,140 50 -3,140 47 -2)),((141 48 -4,140 50 -3,141 50 -5,141 48 -4)),((140 47 -2,140 50 -3,141 48 -4,140 47 -2)),((143 49 -7,141 48 -4,141 50 -5,143 49 -7)),((143 46 -6,141 48 -4,143 49 -7,143 46 -6)),((151 43 -7,149 43 -7,150 45 -9,151 43 -7)),((142 45 -3,141 48 -4,143 46 -6,142 45 -3)),((144 43 -4,142 45 -3,143 46 -6,144 43 -4)),((144 43 -4,143 46 -6,146 44 -7,144 43 -4)),((147 42 -5,144 43 -4,146 44 -7,147 42 -5)),((147 42 -5,146 44 -7,149 43 -7,147 42 -5)),((150 41 -5,149 43 -7,151 43 -7,150 41 -5)),((150 41 -5,147 42 -5,149 43 -7,150 41 -5)),((158 45 -3,157 46 -6,159 48 -4,158 45 -3)),((159 48 -4,157 46 -6,157 49 -7,159 48 -4)),((156 43 -4,154 44 -7,157 46 -6,156 43 -4)),((158 45 -3,156 43 -4,157 46 -6,158 45 -3)),((159 48 -4,157 49 -7,159 50 -5,159 48 -4)),((159 50 -5,157 49 -7,157 151 -7,159 50 -5)),((159 150 -5,159 50 -5,157 151 -7,159 150 -5)),((153 42 -5,151 43 -7,154 44 -7,153 42 -5)),((156 43 -4,153 42 -5,154 44 -7,156 43 -4)),((159 150 -5,157 151 -7,159 152 -4,159 150 -5)),((153 42 -5,150 41 -5,151 43 -7,153 42 -5)),((160 150 -3,159 150 -5,159 152 -4,160 150 -3)),((160 150 -3,159 152 -4,160 153 -2,160 150 -3)),((159 152 -4,158 155 -3,160 153 -2,159 152 -4)),((160 153 -2,158 155 -3,159 155 0,160 153 -2)),((158 155 -3,157 157 -1,159 155 0,158 155 -3)),((160 153 -2,159 155 0,160 153 2,160 153 -2)),((160 150 0,160 153 -2,160 153 2,160 150 0)),((160 150 0,160 153 2,160 150 3,160 150 0)),((159 150 5,159 50 5,160 50 3,159 150 5)),((160 150 3,159 150 5,160 50 3,160 150 3)),((160 150 3,160 50 3,160 50 0,160 150 3)),((160 150 0,160 150 3,160 50 0,160 150 0)),((160 50 3,159 50 5,159 48 4,160 50 3)),((160 50 3,159 48 4,160 47 2,160 50 3)),((159 48 4,158 45 3,160 47 2,159 48 4)),((160 47 2,158 45 3,159 45 0,160 47 2)),((158 45 3,157 43 1,159 45 0,158 45 3)),((158 45 3,156 43 4,157 43 1,158 45 3)),((156 43 4,154 41 2,157 43 1,156 43 4)),((156 43 4,153 42 5,154 41 2,156 43 4)),((153 42 5,152 40 3,154 41 2,153 42 5)),((153 42 5,150 41 5,152 40 3,153 42 5)),((150 41 5,147 42 5,148 40 3,150 41 5)),((150 41 5,148 40 3,152 40 3,150 41 5)),((141 48 4,140 47 2,142 45 3,141 48 4)),((142 45 3,140 47 2,141 45 0,142 45 3)),((144 43 4,142 45 3,143 43 1,144 43 4)),((142 45 3,141 45 0,143 43 1,142 45 3)),((147 42 5,144 43 4,146 41 2,147 42 5)),((144 43 4,143 43 1,146 41 2,144 43 4)),((147 42 5,146 41 2,148 40 3,147 42 5)),((140 47 2,140 47 -2,141 45 0,140 47 2)),((141 45 0,140 47 -2,142 45 -3,141 45 0)),((142 45 -3,140 47 -2,141 48 -4,142 45 -3)),((143 43 -1,141 45 0,142 45 -3,143 43 -1)),((143 43 -1,142 45 -3,144 43 -4,143 43 -1)),((146 41 -2,143 43 -1,144 43 -4,146 41 -2)),((146 41 -2,144 43 -4,147 42 -5,146 41 -2)),((148 40 -3,146 41 -2,147 42 -5,148 40 -3)),((148 40 -3,147 42 -5,150 41 -5,148 40 -3)),((152 40 -3,150 41 -5,153 42 -5,152 40 -3)),((152 40 -3,148 40 -3,150 41 -5,152 40 -3)),((159 45 0,158 45 -3,160 47 -2,159 45 0)),((160 47 -2,158 45 -3,159 48 -4,160 47 -2)),((157 43 -1,156 43 -4,158 45 -3,157 43 -1)),((159 45 0,157 43 -1,158 45 -3,159 45 0)),((160 47 -2,159 48 -4,160 50 -3,160 47 -2)),((159 48 -4,159 50 -5,160 50 -3,159 48 -4)),((154 41 -2,153 42 -5,156 43 -4,154 41 -2)),((157 43 -1,154 41 -2,156 43 -4,157 43 -1)),((160 50 -3,159 50 -5,159 150 -5,160 50 -3)),((160 150 -3,160 50 -3,159 150 -5,160 150 -3)),((154 41 -2,152 40 -3,153 42 -5,154 41 -2)),((160 50 0,160 50 -3,160 150 -3,160 50 0)),((160 150 0,160 50 0,160 150 -3,160 150 0)),((160 150 -3,160 153 -2,160 150 0,160 150 -3)),((160 50 3,160 47 2,160 50 0,160 50 3)),((160 50 0,160 47 -2,160 50 -3,160 50 0)),((160 47 2,160 47 -2,160 50 0,160 47 2)),((160 47 2,159 45 0,160 47 -2,160 47 2)),((157 43 1,157 43 -1,159 45 0,157 43 1)),((157 43 1,155 41 0,157 43 -1,157 43 1)),((157 43 1,154 41 2,155 41 0,157 43 1)),((154 41 2,153 40 0,155 41 0,154 41 2)),((154 41 2,152 40 3,153 40 0,154 41 2)),((152 40 3,148 40 3,150 40 0,152 40 3)),((152 40 3,150 40 0,153 40 0,152 40 3)),((148 40 3,146 41 2,147 40 0,148 40 3)),((148 40 3,147 40 0,150 40 0,148 40 3)),((143 43 1,141 45 0,143 43 -1,143 43 1)),((143 43 1,143 43 -1,145 41 0,143 43 1)),((146 41 2,143 43 1,145 41 0,146 41 2)),((146 41 2,145 41 0,147 40 0,146 41 2)),((145 41 0,143 43 -1,146 41 -2,145 41 0)),((147 40 0,145 41 0,146 41 -2,147 40 0)),((147 40 0,146 41 -2,148 40 -3,147 40 0)),((150 40 0,148 40 -3,152 40 -3,150 40 0)),((150 40 0,147 40 0,148 40 -3,150 40 0)),((153 40 0,152 40 -3,154 41 -2,153 40 0)),((153 40 0,150 40 0,152 40 -3,153 40 0)),((155 41 0,154 41 -2,157 43 -1,155 41 0)),((155 41 0,153 40 0,154 41 -2,155 41 0)))
SELECT
  'LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'::geometry AS input_geometry,
  CG_3DBuffer('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'::geometry, 10, 32, 2) AS buffer;
LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50) | POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((50 36 0,50 36 -2,140 126 -2,140 126 0,50 36 0)),((140 126 -2,50 36 -2,49 36 -4,141 128 -4,140 126 -2)),((141 128 -4,49 36 -4,49 37 -6,142 130 -6,141 128 -4)),((142 130 -6,49 37 -6,48 38 -7,143 133 -7,142 130 -6)),((143 133 -7,48 38 -7,47 39 -8,144 137 -8,143 133 -7)),((144 137 -8,47 39 -8,46 40 -9,146 141 -9,144 137 -8)),((146 141 -9,46 40 -9,44 42 -10,148 145 -10,146 141 -9)),((148 145 -10,44 42 -10,43 43 -10,150 150 -10,148 145 -10)),((150 150 -10,43 43 -10,42 44 -10,152 155 -10,150 150 -10)),((152 155 -10,42 44 -10,40 46 -9,154 159 -9,152 155 -10)),((154 159 -9,40 46 -9,39 47 -8,156 163 -8,154 159 -9)),((156 163 -8,39 47 -8,38 48 -7,157 167 -7,156 163 -8)),((157 167 -7,38 48 -7,37 49 -6,158 170 -6,157 167 -7)),((158 170 -6,37 49 -6,36 49 -4,159 172 -4,158 170 -6)),((159 172 -4,36 49 -4,36 50 -2,160 174 -2,159 172 -4)),((160 174 -2,36 50 -2,36 50 -1e-15,160 174 -1e-15,160 174 -2)),((160 174 -1e-15,36 50 -1e-15,36 50 2,160 174 2,160 174 -1e-15)),((160 174 2,36 50 2,36 49 4,159 172 4,160 174 2)),((159 172 4,36 49 4,37 49 6,158 170 6,159 172 4)),((158 170 6,37 49 6,38 48 7,157 167 7,158 170 6)),((157 167 7,38 48 7,39 47 8,156 163 8,157 167 7)),((156 163 8,39 47 8,40 46 9,154 159 9,156 163 8)),((154 159 9,40 46 9,42 44 10,152 155 10,154 159 9)),((152 155 10,42 44 10,43 43 10,150 150 10,152 155 10)),((150 150 10,43 43 10,44 42 10,148 145 10,150 150 10)),((148 145 10,44 42 10,46 40 9,146 141 9,148 145 10)),((146 141 9,46 40 9,47 39 8,144 137 8,146 141 9)),((144 137 8,47 39 8,48 38 7,143 133 7,144 137 8)),((143 133 7,48 38 7,49 37 6,142 130 6,143 133 7)),((142 130 6,49 37 6,49 36 4,141 128 4,142 130 6)),((141 128 4,49 36 4,50 36 2,140 126 2,141 128 4)),((50 36 0,140 126 0,140 126 2,50 36 2,50 36 0)),((140 126 0,140 126 -2,140 40 -2,140 40 0,140 126 0)),((140 40 -2,140 126 -2,141 128 -4,141 40 -4,140 40 -2)),((141 40 -4,141 128 -4,142 130 -6,142 40 -6,141 40 -4)),((142 40 -6,142 130 -6,143 133 -7,143 40 -7,142 40 -6)),((143 40 -7,143 133 -7,144 137 -8,144 40 -8,143 40 -7)),((144 40 -8,144 137 -8,146 141 -9,146 40 -9,144 40 -8)),((146 40 -9,146 141 -9,148 145 -10,148 40 -10,146 40 -9)),((148 40 -10,148 145 -10,150 150 -10,150 40 -10,148 40 -10)),((150 40 -10,150 150 -10,152 155 -10,152 40 -10,150 40 -10)),((152 40 -10,152 155 -10,154 159 -9,154 40 -9,152 40 -10)),((154 40 -9,154 159 -9,156 163 -8,156 40 -8,154 40 -9)),((156 40 -8,156 163 -8,157 167 -7,157 40 -7,156 40 -8)),((157 40 -7,157 167 -7,158 170 -6,158 40 -6,157 40 -7)),((158 40 -6,158 170 -6,159 172 -4,159 40 -4,158 40 -6)),((159 40 -4,159 172 -4,160 174 -2,160 40 -2,159 40 -4)),((160 40 -2,160 174 -2,160 174 -1e-15,160 40 -1e-15,160 40 -2)),((160 40 -1e-15,160 174 -1e-15,160 174 2,160 40 2,160 40 -1e-15)),((160 40 2,160 174 2,159 172 4,159 40 4,160 40 2)),((159 40 4,159 172 4,158 170 6,158 40 6,159 40 4)),((158 40 6,158 170 6,157 167 7,157 40 7,158 40 6)),((157 40 7,157 167 7,156 163 8,156 40 8,157 40 7)),((156 40 8,156 163 8,154 159 9,154 40 9,156 40 8)),((154 40 9,154 159 9,152 155 10,152 40 10,154 40 9)),((152 40 10,152 155 10,150 150 10,150 40 10,152 40 10)),((150 40 10,150 150 10,148 145 10,148 40 10,150 40 10)),((148 40 10,148 145 10,146 141 9,146 40 9,148 40 10)),((146 40 9,146 141 9,144 137 8,144 40 8,146 40 9)),((144 40 8,144 137 8,143 133 7,143 40 7,144 40 8)),((143 40 7,143 133 7,142 130 6,142 40 6,143 40 7)),((142 40 6,142 130 6,141 128 4,141 40 4,142 40 6)),((141 40 4,141 128 4,140 126 2,140 40 2,141 40 4)),((140 126 0,140 40 0,140 40 2,140 126 2,140 126 0)),((50 36 -2,50 36 0,50 36 2,49 36 4,49 37 6,48 38 7,47 39 8,46 40 9,44 42 10,43 43 10,42 44 10,40 46 9,39 47 8,38 48 7,37 49 6,36 49 4,36 50 2,36 50 -1e-15,36 50 -2,36 49 -4,37 49 -6,38 48 -7,39 47 -8,40 46 -9,42 44 -10,43 43 -10,44 42 -10,46 40 -9,47 39 -8,48 38 -7,49 37 -6,49 36 -4,50 36 -2)),((140 40 0,140 40 -2,141 40 -4,142 40 -6,143 40 -7,144 40 -8,146 40 -9,148 40 -10,150 40 -10,152 40 -10,154 40 -9,156 40 -8,157 40 -7,158 40 -6,159 40 -4,160 40 -2,160 40 -1e-15,160 40 2,159 40 4,158 40 6,157 40 7,156 40 8,154 40 9,152 40 10,150 40 10,148 40 10,146 40 9,144 40 8,143 40 7,142 40 6,141 40 4,140 40 2,140 40 0)))
SELECT CG_Rotate('LINESTRING(1 0,0 1)', pi()/2);
LINESTRING(6.123233995736766e-17 1,-1 6.123233995736766e-17)
010200000002000000075C143326A6913C000000000000F03F000000000000F0BF075C143326A6913C
SELECT CG_2DRotate('POINT(1 0)', pi()/2, 1, 1);
POINT(2 1)
01010000000000000000000040FFFFFFFFFFFFEF3F
SELECT CG_3DRotate('POINT(1 0 0)', pi()/2, 0, 0, 1);
POINT Z (6.123233995736766e-17 1 0)
0101000080075C143326A6913C000000000000F03F0000000000000080
SELECT CG_RotateX('POINT(0 1 0)', pi()/2);
POINT Z (0 6.123233995736766e-17 1)
01010000800000000000000000075C143326A6913C000000000000F03F
SELECT CG_RotateY('POINT(1 0 0)', pi()/2);
POINT Z (6.123233995736766e-17 0 -1)
0101000080075C143326A6913C0000000000000000000000000000F0BF
SELECT CG_RotateZ('POINT(1 0 0)', pi()/2);
POINT Z (6.123233995736766e-17 1 0)
0101000080075C143326A6913C000000000000F03F0000000000000000
SELECT CG_Scale('LINESTRING(1 1,2 2)', 2);
LINESTRING(2 2,4 4)
0102000000020000000000000000000040000000000000004000000000000010400000000000001040
SELECT CG_3DScale('POINT(1 1 1)', 2, 3, 4);
POINT Z (2 3 4)
0101000080000000000000004000000000000008400000000000001040
SELECT CG_3DScaleAroundCenter('POINT(2 2 2)', 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1, 1, 1);
POINT Z (1.5 1.5 1.5)
0101000080000000000000F83F000000000000F83F000000000000F83F
SELECT CG_Translate('LINESTRING(1 1,2 2)', 1, -1);
LINESTRING(2 0,3 1)
010200000002000000000000000000004000000000000000800000000000000840000000000000F03F
SELECT CG_3DTranslate('POINT(1 1 1)', 1, -1, 2);
POINT Z (2 0 3)
0101000080000000000000004000000000000000800000000000000840
SELECT CG_Simplify(
    'POLYGON((0 0,0 1,0.1 1,0.2 1,0.3 1,0.4 1,0.5 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',
    0.5
  );
POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))
SELECT CG_Simplify(
    'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION ZM(
      LINESTRING ZM(-1 -1 3 4,0 0 10 100,1 1 20 200,0 2 15 150,0 5 30 300,2 19 25 250,-4 20 15 150),
      POLYGON ZM((0 0 10 100,1 1 20 200,0 2 15 150,0 5 30 300,2 19 25 250,-4 20 15 150,0 0 10 100))
    )',
    2,
    false
  );
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION ZM (LINESTRING ZM (-1 -1 3 4,2 19 25 250,-4 20 15 150),POLYGON ZM ((0 0 10 100,2 19 25 250,-4 20 15 150,0 0 10 100)))
SELECT CG_Simplify(
    'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION ZM(
      LINESTRING ZM(-1 -1 3 4,0 0 10 100,1 1 20 200,0 2 15 150,0 5 30 300,2 19 25 250,-4 20 15 150),
      POLYGON ZM((0 0 10 100,1 1 20 200,0 2 15 150,0 5 30 300,2 19 25 250,-4 20 15 150,0 0 10 100))
    )',
    2,
    true
  );
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION ZM (LINESTRING ZM (-1 -1 3 4,0 0 10 100,2 19 25 250,-4 20 15 150),POLYGON ZM ((0 0 10 100,2 19 25 250,-4 20 15 150,0 0 10 100)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
    POLYGON((88.46 158.85,90.77 171.54,147.31 173.85,146.15 145,173.85 119.62,146.15 103.46,112.69 118.46,91.92 93.08,65.38 101.15,34.23 121.92,41.15 142.69,49.23 143.85,88.46 158.85)),
    POLYGON((112.69 118.46,146.15 103.46,190 60.77,185.38 43.46,126.54 26.15,83.85 28.46,67.69 64.23,43.46 58.46,10 83.85,34.23 121.92,65.38 101.15,91.92 93.08,112.69 118.46)))
  ') AS geom
)
SELECT geom AS input_geometry,
       CG_Simplify(geom, 50, true) AS topology_preserved,
       CG_Simplify(geom, 50, false) AS topology_not_preserved
FROM data;
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((88.46 158.85,90.77 171.54,147.31 173.85,146.15 145,173.85 119.62,146.15 103.46,112.69 118.46,91.92 93.08,65.38 101.15,34.23 121.92,41.15 142.69,49.23 143.85,88.46 158.85)), POLYGON((112.69 118.46,146.15 103.46,190 60.77,185.38 43.46,126.54 26.15,83.85 28.46,67.69 64.23,43.46 58.46,10 83.85,34.23 121.92,65.38 101.15,91.92 93.08,112.69 118.46))) | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((88.46 158.85,147.31 173.85,146.15 103.46,112.69 118.46,34.23 121.92,88.46 158.85)), POLYGON((112.69 118.46,146.15 103.46,185.38 43.46,10 83.85,34.23 121.92,112.69 118.46))) | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((88.46 158.85,173.85 119.62,34.23 121.92,88.46 158.85)), POLYGON((112.69 118.46,190 60.77,10 83.85,112.69 118.46)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (
    ((0 0 0,4 0 0,0 4 0,0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0,0 0 4,4 0 0,0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0,0 4 0,0 0 4,0 0 0)),
    ((4 0 0,0 0 4,0 4 0,4 0 0))
  )'::geometry AS input_geometry
)
SELECT input_geometry AS input_geometry,
       CG_3DAlphaWrapping(input_geometry, 1)
         AS wrapped_geometry
FROM data;
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 0,4 0 0,0 4 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,0 0 4,4 0 0,0 0 0)),((0 0 0,0 4 0,0 0 4,0 0 0)),((4 0 0,0 0 4,0 4 0,4 0 0))) | POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((-0.193 0.127 4,-0.035 -0.228 4.004,0.087 0.087 4.195,-0.193 0.127 4)),((0.083 0.082 3.801,0.087 0.087 4.195,-0.035 -0.228 4.004,0.083 0.082 3.801)),((0.087 0.087 4.195,0.083 0.082 3.801,-0.193 0.127 4,0.087 0.087 4.195)),((0.048 3.84 0.16,3.867 0.133 0.133,0.091 3.926 -0.199,0.048 3.84 0.16)),((3.92 0.08 -0.201,0.037 -0.007 -0.228,0.091 3.926 -0.199,3.92 0.08 -0.201)),((3.867 0.133 0.133,3.92 0.08 -0.201,0.091 3.926 -0.199,3.867 0.133 0.133)),((3.867 0.133 0.133,3.877 -0.195 0.012,4.228 -0.006 0.037,3.867 0.133 0.133)),((3.867 0.133 0.133,4.228 -0.006 0.037,3.92 0.08 -0.201,3.867 0.133 0.133)),((3.877 -0.195 0.012,3.92 0.08 -0.201,4.228 -0.006 0.037,3.877 -0.195 0.012)),((0.012 -0.196 0.121,-0.035 -0.228 4.004,-0.202 0.079 0.078,0.012 -0.196 0.121)),((-0.202 0.079 0.078,0.037 -0.007 -0.228,0.012 -0.196 0.121,-0.202 0.079 0.078)),((3.867 0.133 0.133,0.083 0.082 3.801,3.877 -0.195 0.012,3.867 0.133 0.133)),((0.091 3.926 -0.199,0.101 4.199 0.06,0.048 3.84 0.16,0.091 3.926 -0.199)),((0.101 4.199 0.06,-0.228 4.028 -0.021,0.048 3.84 0.16,0.101 4.199 0.06)),((0.091 3.926 -0.199,-0.228 4.028 -0.021,0.101 4.199 0.06,0.091 3.926 -0.199)),((3.867 0.133 0.133,0.048 3.84 0.16,0.083 0.082 3.801,3.867 0.133 0.133)),((3.877 -0.195 0.012,0.037 -0.007 -0.228,3.92 0.08 -0.201,3.877 -0.195 0.012)),((0.012 -0.196 0.121,0.037 -0.007 -0.228,3.877 -0.195 0.012,0.012 -0.196 0.121)),((0.083 0.082 3.801,0.048 3.84 0.16,-0.193 0.127 4,0.083 0.082 3.801)),((-0.228 4.028 -0.021,-0.193 0.127 4,0.048 3.84 0.16,-0.228 4.028 -0.021)),((-0.228 4.028 -0.021,-0.202 0.079 0.078,-0.193 0.127 4,-0.228 4.028 -0.021)),((-0.202 0.079 0.078,-0.035 -0.228 4.004,-0.193 0.127 4,-0.202 0.079 0.078)),((3.877 -0.195 0.012,0.083 0.082 3.801,-0.035 -0.228 4.004,3.877 -0.195 0.012)),((0.012 -0.196 0.121,3.877 -0.195 0.012,-0.035 -0.228 4.004,0.012 -0.196 0.121)),((0.091 3.926 -0.199,0.037 -0.007 -0.228,-0.228 4.028 -0.021,0.091 3.926 -0.199)),((-0.228 4.028 -0.021,0.037 -0.007 -0.228,-0.202 0.079 0.078,-0.228 4.028 -0.021)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0,2 5,5 3,8 1)'::geometry AS input_points
)
SELECT input_points AS input_points,
       CG_NurbsCurveInterpolate(input_points, 3) AS interpolated_curve
FROM data;
LINESTRING(0 0,2 5,5 3,8 1) | NURBSCURVE(DEGREE 3, CONTROLPOINTS(NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(0 0),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(-0.43 10.29),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(4.95 1.9),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(8 1),WEIGHT 1)),KNOTS (KNOT(0,4), KNOT(1,4)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'LINESTRING Z (0 0 0,2 5 2,5 3 1,8 1 0)'::geometry AS input_points
)
SELECT input_points AS input_points,
       CG_NurbsCurveInterpolate(input_points, 3) AS interpolated_curve
FROM data;
LINESTRING Z (0 0 0,2 5 2,5 3 1,8 1 0) | NURBSCURVE Z (DEGREE 3,CONTROLPOINTS Z (NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT Z (0 0 0),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT Z (-0.43 10.29 4.36),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT Z (4.95 1.9 0.54),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT Z (8 1 0),WEIGHT 1)),KNOTS (KNOT(0,4), KNOT(1,4)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0,1 2.1,2 1.9,3 3.2,4 2.8,5 1)'::geometry AS input_points
)
SELECT input_points AS input_points,
       CG_NurbsCurveApproximate(input_points, 2, 0.5) AS approximated_curve
FROM data;
LINESTRING(0 0,1 2.1,2 1.9,3 3.2,4 2.8,5 1) | NURBSCURVE(DEGREE 2, CONTROLPOINTS(NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(0 0),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(-0.05 2.64),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(2.24 1.65),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(2.79 3.48),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(4.84 2.43),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(5 1),WEIGHT 1)),KNOTS (KNOT(0,3), KNOT(0.35,1), KNOT(0.51,1), KNOT(0.68,1), KNOT(1,3)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'LINESTRING Z (0 0 0,1 2 1,2 3 2,3 2 1,4 1 0,5 0 0)'::geometry AS input_points
)
SELECT input_points AS input_points,
       CG_NurbsCurveApproximate(input_points, 3, 0.1) AS approximated_curve
FROM data;
LINESTRING Z (0 0 0,1 2 1,2 3 2,3 2 1,4 1 0,5 0 0) | NURBSCURVE Z (DEGREE 3,CONTROLPOINTS Z (NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT Z (0 0 0),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT Z (0.18 -0.15 -1.29),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT Z (1.49 4.36 3.35),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT Z (3.33 1.33 0.38),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT Z (4.34 0.83 -0.44),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT Z (5 0 0),WEIGHT 1)),KNOTS (KNOT(0,4), KNOT(0.46,1), KNOT(0.64,1), KNOT(1,4)))
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'NURBSCURVE (2, (0.00 0.00, 5.00 10.00, 10.00 0.00))'::geometry AS input_curve
)
SELECT input_curve AS input_curve,
       CG_NurbsCurveDerivative(input_curve, 0.5, 1) AS tangent
FROM data;
NURBSCURVE(DEGREE 2, CONTROLPOINTS(NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(0 0),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(5 10),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(10 0),WEIGHT 1)),KNOTS (KNOT(0,3), KNOT(1,3))) | POINT Z (10 0 0)
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'NURBSCURVE (3, (0.00 0.00, 2.00 8.00, 5.00 5.00, 8.00 2.00, 10.00 0.00))'::geometry AS input_curve
)
SELECT input_curve AS input_curve,
       CG_NurbsCurveDerivative(input_curve, 0.5, 2) AS curvature
FROM data;
NURBSCURVE(DEGREE 3, CONTROLPOINTS(NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(0 0),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(2 8),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(5 5),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(8 2),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT(10 0),WEIGHT 1)),KNOTS (KNOT(0,4), KNOT(0.5,1), KNOT(1,4))) | POINT Z (9 -9 0)
WITH data AS (
  SELECT 'NURBSCURVE Z (2, (0.00 0.00 0.00, 5.00 10.00 5.00, 10.00 0.00 0.00))'::geometry AS input_curve
)
SELECT input_curve AS input_curve,
       CG_NurbsCurveDerivative(input_curve, 0.5, 1) AS tangent
FROM data;
NURBSCURVE Z (DEGREE 2,CONTROLPOINTS Z (NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT Z (0 0 0),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT Z (5 10 5),WEIGHT 1), NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT Z (10 0 0),WEIGHT 1)),KNOTS (KNOT(0,3), KNOT(1,3))) | POINT Z (10 0 0)
SELECT te[1] AS id, te[2] AS type FROM
( SELECT ARRAY[1, 2]::topology.topoelement AS te ) f;
id | type
----+------
  1 |    2

SELECT ARRAY[1, 2]::topology.topoelement;
te
-------
 {1,2}

SELECT ARRAY[1, 2, 3]::topology.topoelement;
ERROR:  value for domain topology.topoelement violates check constraint "dimensions"
SELECT '{{1,2},{4,3}}'::topology.topoelementarray AS tea;
{{1,2},{4,3}}
SELECT ARRAY[ARRAY[1, 2], ARRAY[4, 3]]::topology.topoelementarray AS tea;
{{1,2},{4,3}}
SELECT topology.TopoElementArray_Agg(ARRAY[e, t] ORDER BY e, t) As tea
FROM generate_series(1, 4) As e CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) As t;

{{1,1},{1,2},{1,3},{2,1},{2,2},{2,3},{3,1},{3,2},{3,3},{4,1},{4,2},{4,3}}
SELECT '{{1,2,4},{3,4,5}}'::topology.topoelementarray AS tea;
ERROR:  value for domain topology.topoelementarray violates check constraint "dimensions"
CREATE SCHEMA ma;
CREATE TABLE ma.parcels(gid serial, parcel_id varchar(20) PRIMARY KEY, address text);
SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn('ma_topo', 'ma', 'parcels', 'topo', 'POLYGON');
CREATE SCHEMA ri;
CREATE TABLE ri.roads(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, road_name text);
SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn('ri_topo', 'ri', 'roads', 'topo', 'LINE');

SELECT topology.RenameTopoGeometryColumn('public.parcels', 'topogeom', 'tgeom');
SELECT topology.DropTopology('ma_topo');
SELECT topology.RenameTopology('topo_stage', 'topo_prod');
SELECT topology.DropTopoGeometryColumn('ma_topo', 'parcel_topo', 'topo');
SELECT topology.FixCorruptTopoGeometryColumn(schema_name, table_name, feature_column)
    FROM topology.layer;

SELECT CreateTopology('strk_topo');
CREATE SCHEMA strk;
CREATE TABLE strk.parcels(gid serial, parcel_id varchar(20) PRIMARY KEY, address text);
SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn('strk_topo', 'strk', 'parcels', 'topo', 'POLYGON');
createtopology
----------------
              1
(1 row)

CREATE SCHEMA
CREATE TABLE
 addtopogeometrycolumn
-----------------------
                     1
(1 row)
SELECT *
FROM topology.Populate_Topology_Layer();
(0 rows)
TRUNCATE TABLE topology.layer;
TRUNCATE TABLE
SELECT *
FROM topology.Populate_Topology_Layer();
schema_name | table_name | feature_column
-------------+------------+----------------
 strk        | parcels    | topo
(1 row)
SELECT topology_id, layer_id,
       schema_name AS sn, table_name AS tn, feature_column AS fc
FROM topology.layer;
topology_id | layer_id |  sn  |   tn    |  fc
-------------+----------+------+---------+------
           1 |        1 | strk | parcels | topo
(1 row)
SELECT topology.TopologySummary('city_data');
Topology city_data (329), SRID 4326, precision: 0
22 nodes, 24 edges, 10 faces, 29 topogeoms in 5 layers
Layer 1, type Polygonal (3), 9 topogeoms
 Deploy: features.land_parcels.feature
Layer 2, type Puntal (1), 8 topogeoms
 Deploy: features.traffic_signs.feature
Layer 3, type Lineal (2), 8 topogeoms
 Deploy: features.city_streets.feature
Layer 4, type Polygonal (3), 3 topogeoms
 Hierarchy level 1, child layer 1
 Deploy: features.big_parcels.feature
Layer 5, type Puntal (1), 1 topogeoms
 Hierarchy level 1, child layer 2
 Deploy: features.big_signs.feature
SELECT * FROM topology.ValidateTopology('ma_topo');
error        | id1 | id2
-------------------+-----+-----
face without edges |   1 |

SELECT g
FROM topology.ValidateTopologyPrecision(
    'city_data',
    gridSize =
> 2,
    bbox =
> ST_MakeEnvelope(0, 0, 20, 20)
) g;
MULTIPOINT(9 6,9 14)
SELECT topology.MakeTopologyPrecise(
    'city_data',
    gridSize =
> 2
);
SELECT name(FindTopology('features.land_parcels', 'feature'));
city_data
SELECT layer_id(FindLayer('features.land_parcels', 'feature'));
1
SELECT topology.TopologySummary('city_data');
Topology city_data (329), SRID 4326, precision: 0
22 nodes, 24 edges, 10 faces, 29 topogeoms in 5 layers
Layer 1, type Polygonal (3), 9 topogeoms
 Deploy: features.land_parcels.feature
Layer 2, type Puntal (1), 8 topogeoms
 Deploy: features.traffic_signs.feature
Layer 3, type Lineal (2), 8 topogeoms
 Deploy: features.city_streets.feature
Layer 4, type Polygonal (3), 3 topogeoms
 Hierarchy level 1, child layer 1
 Deploy: features.big_parcels.feature
Layer 5, type Puntal (1), 1 topogeoms
 Hierarchy level 1, child layer 2
 Deploy: features.big_signs.feature
SELECT topology.UpgradeTopology('city_data');
SELECT topology.CreateTopology('ma_topo', 26986, 0.5);
SELECT topology.CreateTopology('ri_topo', 3438) AS topoid;
2
SELECT topology.CopyTopology('ma_topo', 'ma_topo_backup');
SELECT topology.ST_InitTopoGeo('topo_schema_to_create') AS topocreation;
Topology-Geometry 'topo_schema_to_create' (id:7) created.
SELECT topology.ST_CreateTopoGeo(
'ri_topo',
ST_GeomFromText(
 'MULTILINESTRING((384744 236928,384750 236923,384769 236911,384799 236895,384811 236890,384833 236884,
 384844 236882,384866 236881,384879 236883,384954 236898,385087 236932,385117 236938,
 385167 236938,385203 236941,385224 236946,385233 236950,385241 236956,385254 236971,
 385260 236979,385268 236999,385273 237018,385273 237037,385271 237047,385267 237057,
 385225 237125,385210 237144,385192 237161,385167 237192,385162 237202,385159 237214,
 385159 237227,385162 237241,385166 237256,385196 237324,385209 237345,385234 237375,
 385237 237383,385238 237399,385236 237407,385227 237419,385213 237430,385193 237439,
 385174 237451,385170 237455,385169 237460,385171 237475,385181 237503,385190 237521,
 385200 237533,385206 237538,385213 237541,385221 237542,385235 237540,385242 237541,
 385249 237544,385260 237555,385270 237570,385289 237584,385292 237589,385291 237596,385284 237630))',
 3438)
 );
Topology ri_topo populated
CREATE TABLE ri.roads(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, road_name text);

SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn('ri_topo', 'ri', 'roads', 'topo', 'LINE');
SELECT topology.ST_ChangeEdgeGeom(
    'ma_topo',
    1,
        ST_GeomFromText(
            'LINESTRING(227591.9 893900.4,227622.6 893844.3,227641.6 893816.6,227704.5 893778.5)',
            26986)
);
Edge 1 changed
SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227592 893910,227600 893910)', 26986)) AS edgeid;
3
SELECT topology.ST_ModEdgeSplit('ma_topo', 3, ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(227594, 893910), 26986)) AS node_id;
7
SELECT topology.ST_AddIsoNode('ma_topo', NULL, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(227579 893916)', 26986)) AS nodeid;
7
SELECT topology.ST_MoveIsoNode('ma_topo', 7, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(227579.5 893916.5)', 26986)) AS descrip;
Isolated Node 7 moved to location 227579.5,893916.5
SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227575 893917,227592 893900)', 26986)) AS edgeid;
2
SELECT topology.ST_NewEdgesSplit('ma_topo', 2, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(227578.5 893913.5)', 26986)) AS newnodeid;
6
SELECT topology.ST_RemoveIsoNode('ma_topo', 7) AS result;
Isolated node 7 removed
SELECT topology.ST_RemoveIsoEdge('ma_topo', 7) AS result;
Isolated edge 7 removed
SELECT topology.GetEdgeByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 1) As with1mtol, topology.GetEdgeByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 0) As withnotol
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=26986;POINT(227622.6 893843)') As geom;
with1mtol | withnotol
-----------+-----------
         2 |         0
SELECT topology.GetEdgeByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 1) As nearnode
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=26986;POINT(227591.9 893900.4)') As geom;
ERROR:  Two or more edges found
SELECT topology.GetFaceByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 10) As with1mtol, topology.GetFaceByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 0) As withnotol
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(234604.6 899382.0)') As geom;
with1mtol | withnotol
-----------+-----------
         1 |         0
SELECT topology.GetFaceByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 1) As nearnode
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(227591.9 893900.4)') As geom;
ERROR:  Two or more faces found
SELECT topology.GetNodeByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 1) As nearnode
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=26986;POINT(227591.9 893900.4)') As geom;
2
SELECT topology.GetNodeByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 1000) As too_much_tolerance
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=26986;POINT(227591.9 893900.4)') As geom;
ERROR:  Two or more nodes found
SELECT topology.GetTopologyID('ma_topo') AS topo_id;
1
SELECT topology.GetTopologySRID('ma_topo') AS srid;
4326
SELECT topology.GetTopologyName(1) AS topo_name;
ma_topo
SELECT (topology.ST_GetFaceEdges('tt', 1)).*;
sequence | edge
----------+------
        1 |   -4
        2 |    5
        3 |    7
        4 |   -6
        5 |    1
        6 |    2
        7 |    3
SELECT t.seq, t.edge, geom
FROM topology.ST_GetFaceEdges('tt', 1) As t(seq, edge)
    INNER JOIN tt.edge AS e ON abs(t.edge) = e.edge_id;

SELECT topology.ST_GetFaceGeometry('ma_topo', 1) AS facegeomwkt;
POLYGON((234776.9 899563.7,234896.5 899456.7,234914 899436.4,234946.6 899356.9,
234872.5 899328.7,234891 899285.4,234992.5 899145,234890.6 899069,
234755.2 899255.4,234612.7 899379.4,234776.9 899563.7))
SELECT topology.AddNode('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('POINT(227641.6 893816.5)', 26986)) AS nodeid;
4
SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227575.8 893917.2,227591.9 893900.4)', 26986)) AS edgeid;
1
SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227591.9 893900.4,227622.6 893844.2,227641.6 893816.5,227704.5 893778.5)', 26986)) AS edgeid;
2
SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227591.2 893900,227591.9 893900.4,227704.5 893778.5)', 26986)) AS edgeid;
ERROR:  Edge intersects (not on endpoints) with existing edge 1
SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_MakeLine(ST_PointN(geom,i), ST_PointN(geom, i + 1) )) As edgeid
FROM (
  SELECT ST_NPoints(geom) AS npt, geom
  FROM (
    SELECT ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((234896.5 899456.7,234914 899436.4,234946.6 899356.9,234872.5 899328.7,
                234891 899285.4,234992.5 899145, 234890.6 899069,234755.2 899255.4,
                234612.7 899379.4,234776.9 899563.7,234896.5 899456.7))', 26986) )  As geom
  ) AS geoms
) AS facen
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,10000) AS i
WHERE i < npt;
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
SELECT topology.AddFace(
    'ma_topo',
    ST_GeomFromText(
    'POLYGON((234896.5 899456.7,234914 899436.4,234946.6 899356.9,234872.5 899328.7,
    234891 899285.4,234992.5 899145, 234890.6 899069,234755.2 899255.4,
    234612.7 899379.4,234776.9 899563.7,234896.5 899456.7))',
    26986) ) As faceid;

1
INSERT INTO ri.ri_roads(road_name, topo)
VALUES (
    'Unknown',
    topology.CreateTopoGeom(
        'ri_topo',
        2,
        2,
        '{{1,2}}'::topology.topoelementarray
    )
);
SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn(
'topo_boston',
'boston', 'blockgroups', 'topo', 'POLYGON');

1
UPDATE boston.blockgroups AS bg
SET topo = topology.CreateTopoGeom(
    'topo_boston',
    3,
    1,
    foo.bfaces
)
FROM (
    SELECT
        b.gid,
        topology.TopoElementArray_Agg(ARRAY[f.face_id, 3]) AS bfaces
    FROM boston.blockgroups AS b
    INNER JOIN topo_boston.face AS f
        ON b.geom && f.mbr
    WHERE ST_Covers(
        b.geom,
        topology.ST_GetFaceGeometry('topo_boston', f.face_id)
    )
    GROUP BY b.gid
) AS foo
WHERE foo.gid = bg.gid;
WITH candidate_faces AS (
    SELECT
        b.gid,
        b.geom AS block_geom,
        f.face_id,
        topology.ST_GetFaceGeometry('topo_boston', f.face_id) AS face_geom
    FROM boston.blockgroups AS b
    INNER JOIN topo_boston.face AS f
        ON b.geom && f.mbr
),
block_faces AS (
    SELECT
        gid,
        topology.TopoElementArray_Agg(ARRAY[face_id, 3]) AS bfaces
    FROM candidate_faces
    WHERE ST_Covers(block_geom, face_geom)
        OR (
            ST_Intersects(block_geom, face_geom)
            AND ST_Area(ST_Intersection(block_geom, face_geom))

> ST_Area(face_geom) * 0.5
        )
    GROUP BY gid
)
UPDATE boston.blockgroups AS bg
SET topo = topology.CreateTopoGeom(
    'topo_boston',
    3,
    1,
    block_faces.bfaces
)
FROM block_faces
WHERE block_faces.gid = bg.gid;
UPDATE boston.blockgroups SET new_geom = topo::geometry;
SELECT topology.CreateTopology('topo_boston_test', 2249);
CREATE TABLE nei_topo(gid serial primary key, nei varchar(30));
SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn('topo_boston_test', 'public', 'nei_topo', 'topo', 'MULTIPOLYGON') AS new_layer_id;
1
INSERT INTO nei_topo(nei, topo)
SELECT nei, topology.toTopoGeom(geom, 'topo_boston_test', 1)
FROM neighborhoods
WHERE gid BETWEEN 1 and 15;
SELECT * FROM
    topology.TopologySummary('topo_boston_test');
Topology topo_boston_test (5), SRID 2249, precision 0
61 nodes, 87 edges, 35 faces, 15 topogeoms in 1 layers
Layer 1, type Polygonal (3), 15 topogeoms
 Deploy: public.nei_topo.topo
UPDATE nei_topo SET topo = toTopoGeom(ST_Buffer(topo, -10), clearTopoGeom(topo), 0);

SELECT ST_GetFaceGeometry('topo_boston_test', f.face_id)
  FROM topo_boston_test.face f
  WHERE f.face_id 
> 0
  AND NOT EXISTS (
    SELECT * FROM topo_boston_test.relation
    WHERE layer_id = 1 AND element_id = f.face_id
  );

SELECT topology.TopoElementArray_Agg(ARRAY[e, t] ORDER BY e, t) As tea
FROM generate_series(1, 3) As e CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 4) As t;
{{1,1},{1,2},{1,3},{1,4},{2,1},{2,2},{2,3},{2,4},{3,1},{3,2},{3,3},{3,4}}
SELECT TopoElement(topo)
FROM neighborhoods;
SELECT topology.TopoElementArray_Agg(topo::topoelement)
FROM neighborhoods
GROUP BY city;
UPDATE nei_topo SET topo = toTopoGeom(ST_Buffer(topo, -10), clearTopoGeom(topo), 0);
UPDATE mylayer SET tg = TopoGeom_addElement(tg, '{5,2}');
UPDATE mylayer SET tg = TopoGeom_remElement(tg, '{43,3}');
UPDATE mylayer SET tg_overall = TopoGeom_addTopoGeom(
    TopoGeom_addTopoGeom(
        clearTopoGeom(tg_overall),
        tg_specific1
    ),
    tg_specific2
);

SELECT topology.ST_SRID(topo) AS srid
FROM ri.roads
WHERE road_name = 'Unknown';
srid
------
 3438
CREATE TABLE visited (
  element_type integer, element_id integer,
  unique(element_type, element_id)
);

SELECT topology.AsGML(topo) As rdgml
  FROM ri.roads
  WHERE road_name = 'Unknown';

<gml:TopoCurve>
    <gml:directedEdge>
        <gml:Edge gml:id="E1">
            <gml:directedNode orientation="-">
                <gml:Node gml:id="N1"/>
            </gml:directedNode>
            <gml:directedNode
></gml:directedNode>
            <gml:curveProperty>
                <gml:Curve srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::3438">
                    <gml:segments>
                        <gml:LineStringSegment>
                            <gml:posList srsDimension="2"
>384744 236928 384750 236923 384769 236911 384799 236895 384811 236890
                            384833 236884 384844 236882 384866 236881 384879 236883 384954 236898 385087 236932 385117 236938
                            385167 236938 385203 236941 385224 236946 385233 236950 385241 236956 385254 236971
                            385260 236979 385268 236999 385273 237018 385273 237037 385271 237047 385267 237057 385225 237125
                            385210 237144 385192 237161 385167 237192 385162 237202 385159 237214 385159 237227 385162 237241
                            385166 237256 385196 237324 385209 237345 385234 237375 385237 237383 385238 237399 385236 237407
                            385227 237419 385213 237430 385193 237439 385174 237451 385170 237455 385169 237460 385171 237475
                            385181 237503 385190 237521 385200 237533 385206 237538 385213 237541 385221 237542 385235 237540 385242 237541
                            385249 237544 385260 237555 385270 237570 385289 237584 385292 237589 385291 237596 385284 237630</gml:posList>
                        </gml:LineStringSegment>
                    </gml:segments>
                </gml:Curve>
            </gml:curveProperty>
        </gml:Edge>
    </gml:directedEdge>
</gml:TopoCurve>

SELECT topology.AsGML(topo,'') As rdgml
  FROM ri.roads
  WHERE road_name = 'Unknown';

<TopoCurve>
    <directedEdge>
        <Edge id="E1">
            <directedNode orientation="-">
                <Node id="N1"/>
            </directedNode>
            <directedNode
></directedNode>
            <curveProperty>
                <Curve srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::3438">
                    <segments>
                        <LineStringSegment>
                            <posList srsDimension="2"
>384744 236928 384750 236923 384769 236911 384799 236895 384811 236890
                            384833 236884 384844 236882 384866 236881 384879 236883 384954 236898 385087 236932 385117 236938
                            385167 236938 385203 236941 385224 236946 385233 236950 385241 236956 385254 236971
                            385260 236979 385268 236999 385273 237018 385273 237037 385271 237047 385267 237057 385225 237125
                            385210 237144 385192 237161 385167 237192 385162 237202 385159 237214 385159 237227 385162 237241
                            385166 237256 385196 237324 385209 237345 385234 237375 385237 237383 385238 237399 385236 237407
                            385227 237419 385213 237430 385193 237439 385174 237451 385170 237455 385169 237460 385171 237475
                            385181 237503 385190 237521 385200 237533 385206 237538 385213 237541 385221 237542 385235 237540 385242 237541
                            385249 237544 385260 237555 385270 237570 385289 237584 385292 237589 385291 237596 385284 237630</posList>
                         </LineStringSegment>
                    </segments>
                </Curve>
            </curveProperty>
        </Edge>
    </directedEdge>
</TopoCurve>

CREATE TEMP TABLE edgemap(arc_id serial, edge_id int unique);
SELECT '{ "type": "Topology", "transform": { "scale": [1,1], "translate": [0,0] }, "objects": {'

UNION ALL SELECT '"' || feature_name || '": ' || AsTopoJSON(feature, 'edgemap')
FROM features.big_parcels WHERE feature_name = 'P3P4';

WITH edges AS (
  SELECT m.arc_id, e.geom FROM edgemap m, city_data.edge e
  WHERE e.edge_id = m.edge_id
), points AS (
  SELECT arc_id, (ST_DumpPoints(geom)).* FROM edges
), compare AS (
  SELECT p2.arc_id,
         CASE WHEN p1.path IS NULL THEN p2.geom
              ELSE ST_Translate(p2.geom, -ST_X(p1.geom), -ST_Y(p1.geom))
         END AS geom
  FROM points p2 LEFT OUTER JOIN points p1
  ON ( p1.arc_id = p2.arc_id AND p2.path[1] = p1.path[1]+1 )
  ORDER BY arc_id, p2.path
), arcsdump AS (
  SELECT arc_id, (regexp_matches(ST_AsGeoJSON(geom), '\[.*\]'))[1] as t
  FROM compare
), arcs AS (
  SELECT arc_id, '[' || array_to_string(array_agg(t), ',') || ']' as a FROM arcsdump
  GROUP BY arc_id
  ORDER BY arc_id
)
SELECT '}, "arcs": [' UNION ALL
SELECT array_to_string(array_agg(a), E',\n') from arcs

UNION ALL SELECT ']}'::text as t;

{ "type": "Topology", "transform": { "scale": [1,1], "translate": [0,0] }, "objects": {
"P3P4": { "type": "MultiPolygon", "arcs": [[[-1]],[[6,5,-5,-4,-3,1]]]}
}, "arcs": [
 [[25,30],[6,0],[0,10],[-14,0],[0,-10],[8,0]],
 [[35,6],[0,8]],
 [[35,6],[12,0]],
 [[47,6],[0,8]],
 [[47,14],[0,8]],
 [[35,22],[12,0]],
 [[35,14],[0,8]]
 ]}

SELECT topology.Equals(a.topo, b.topo)
FROM nei_topo AS a
JOIN nei_topo AS b ON b.gid = a.gid
WHERE a.gid = 1;
t
SELECT topology.Intersects(a.topo, b.topo)
FROM nei_topo AS a
JOIN nei_topo AS b ON b.gid = a.gid
WHERE a.gid = 1;
t
pgtopo_export dev_db topo1 | pgtopo_import topo1 | psql staging_db
raster2pgsql -s 4326 -I -C -M -F -t 100x100 *.tif public.demelevation 
> elev.sql
psql -d gisdb -f elev.sql

raster2pgsql -s 4326 -I -C -M -F -t 100x100 \
  *.tif public.demelevation |
  psql -d gisdb
raster2pgsql -I -C -e -Y -F -s 26986 -t 128x128 -l 2,4 \
  bostonaerials2008/*.jpg aerials.boston |
  psql -U postgres -d gisdb -h localhost -p 5432
raster2pgsql -G
Available GDAL raster formats:
  Virtual Raster
  GeoTIFF
  National Imagery Transmission Format
  Raster Product Format TOC format
  ECRG TOC format
  Erdas Imagine Images (.img)
  CEOS SAR Image
  CEOS Image
  ...
  Arc/Info Export E00 GRID
  ZMap Plus Grid
  NOAA NGS Geoid Height Grids
CREATE TABLE myrasters(rid serial primary key, rast raster);
CREATE INDEX myrasters_rast_st_convexhull_idx ON myrasters USING gist(ST_ConvexHull(rast));
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \
raster2pgsql \
  -s 990000 \
  -t 256x256 \
  -I \
  -R \
  /vsis3/your.bucket.com/your_file.tif \
  your_table \
  | psql your_db
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = true;
SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers TO 'ENABLE_ALL';

ALTER DATABASE your_db SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = true;
ALTER DATABASE your_db SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers TO 'ENABLE_ALL';

SET postgis.gdal_vsi_options = 'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx';
<?php
$conn_str = 'dbname=mydb host=localhost port=5432 user=myuser password=mypwd';
$dbconn = pg_connect($conn_str);
header('Content-Type: image/png');

if (!empty($_REQUEST['srid']) &amp;&amp; is_numeric($_REQUEST['srid'])) {
    $input_srid = intval($_REQUEST['srid']);
} else {
    $input_srid = 26986;
}

$sql = "SET bytea_output = 'escape';
SELECT ST_AsPNG(
    ST_Transform(
        ST_AddBand(
            ST_Union(rast, 1),
            ARRAY[ST_Union(rast, 2), ST_Union(rast, 3)]
        ),
        $input_srid
    )
) AS new_rast
FROM aerials.boston
WHERE ST_Intersects(
    rast,
    ST_Transform(
        ST_MakeEnvelope(-71.1217, 42.227, -71.1210, 42.218, 4326),
        26986
    )
)";

$result = pg_query($sql);
$row = pg_fetch_row($result);
pg_free_result($result);
if ($row === false) return;
echo pg_unescape_bytea($row[0]);
?>

<connectionStrings>
    <add name="DSN"
        connectionString="server=localhost;database=mydb;Port=5432;User Id=myuser;password=mypwd"/>
</connectionStrings>

<%@ WebHandler Language="C#" Class="TestRaster" %>
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Web;
using Npgsql;

public class TestRaster : IHttpHandler
{
    public void ProcessRequest(HttpContext context)
    {
        context.Response.ContentType = "image/png";
        context.Response.BinaryWrite(GetResults(context));
    }

    public bool IsReusable {
        get { return false; }
    }

    public byte[] GetResults(HttpContext context)
    {
        byte[] result = null;
        NpgsqlCommand command;
        string sql = null;
        int input_srid = 26986;
        try {
            string connectionString = System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager
                .ConnectionStrings["DSN"].ConnectionString;
            using (NpgsqlConnection conn = new NpgsqlConnection(connectionString)) {
                conn.Open();

                if (context.Request["srid"] != null)
                {
                    input_srid = Convert.ToInt32(context.Request["srid"]);
                }
                sql = @"SELECT ST_AsPNG(
                            ST_Transform(
                                ST_AddBand(
                                    ST_Union(rast, 1),
                                    ARRAY[ST_Union(rast, 2), ST_Union(rast, 3)]
                                ),
                                :input_srid
                            )
                        ) As new_rast
                        FROM aerials.boston
                        WHERE ST_Intersects(
                            rast,
                            ST_Transform(
                                ST_MakeEnvelope(
                                    -71.1217, 42.227,
                                    -71.1210, 42.218,
                                    4326
                                ),
                                26986
                            )
                        )";
                command = new NpgsqlCommand(sql, conn);
                command.Parameters.Add(new NpgsqlParameter("input_srid", input_srid));

                result = (byte[]) command.ExecuteScalar();
                conn.Close();
            }

        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            result = null;
            context.Response.Write(ex.Message.Trim());
        }
        return result;
    }
}

CLASSPATH=".:../postgresql.jar" javac SaveQueryImage.java
jar cfm SaveQueryImage.jar Manifest.txt *.class
java -jar SaveQueryImage.jar \
  "SELECT ST_AsPNG(ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1, 5), 10, 'quad_segs=2'), 150, 150, '8BUI', 100));" \
  "test.png"
Class-Path: postgresql-9.0-801.jdbc4.jar
Main-Class: SaveQueryImage
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.io.*;

public class SaveQueryImage {
  public static void main(String[] argv) {
      System.out.println("Checking if Driver is registered with DriverManager.");

      try {
        //java.sql.DriverManager.registerDriver (new org.postgresql.Driver());
        Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
      }
      catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
        System.out.println("Couldn't find the driver!");
        cnfe.printStackTrace();
        System.exit(1);
      }

      Connection conn = null;

      try {
        conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mydb", "myuser", "mypwd");
        conn.setAutoCommit(false);

        PreparedStatement sGetImg = conn.prepareStatement(argv[0]);

        ResultSet rs = sGetImg.executeQuery();

        FileOutputStream fout;
        try
        {
            rs.next();
            /** Output to file name requested by user **/
            fout = new FileOutputStream(new File(argv[1]) );
            fout.write(rs.getBytes(1));
            fout.close();
        }
        catch(Exception e)
        {
            System.out.println("Can't create file");
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        rs.close();
        sGetImg.close();
        conn.close();
      }
      catch (SQLException se) {
        System.out.println("Couldn't connect: print out a stack trace and exit.");
        se.printStackTrace();
        System.exit(1);
      }
  }
}
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION write_file (param_bytes bytea, param_filepath text)
RETURNS text
AS $$
f = open(param_filepath, 'wb+')
f.write(param_bytes)
return param_filepath
$$ LANGUAGE plpythonu;
SELECT write_file(
    ST_AsPNG(
        ST_AsRaster(
            ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1, 5), j * 5, 'quad_segs=2'),
            150 * j,
            150 * j,
            '8BUI',
            100
        )
    ),
    'C:/temp/slices' || j || '.png'
)
FROM generate_series(1, 5) AS j;
write_file
---------------------
 C:/temp/slices1.png
 C:/temp/slices2.png
 C:/temp/slices3.png
 C:/temp/slices4.png
 C:/temp/slices5.png

SELECT
    oid,
    lowrite(lo_open(oid, 131072), png) AS num_bytes
FROM (VALUES (
    lo_create(0),
    ST_AsPNG((SELECT rast FROM aerials.boston WHERE rid = 1))
)) AS v(oid, png);
oid   | num_bytes
---------+-----------
 2630819 |     74860
\lo_export 2630819 'C:/temp/aerial_samp.png'
SELECT lo_unlink(2630819);
CREATE TABLE dummy_rast(rid integer, rast raster);
INSERT INTO dummy_rast(rid, rast)
VALUES (1,
('01' -- little endian (uint8 ndr)
||
'0000' -- version (uint16 0)
||
'0000' -- nBands (uint16 0)
||
'0000000000000040' -- scaleX (float64 2)
||
'0000000000000840' -- scaleY (float64 3)
||
'000000000000E03F' -- ipX (float64 0.5)
||
'000000000000E03F' -- ipY (float64 0.5)
||
'0000000000000000' -- skewX (float64 0)
||
'0000000000000000' -- skewY (float64 0)
||
'00000000' -- SRID (int32 0)
||
'0A00' -- width (uint16 10)
||
'1400' -- height (uint16 20)
)::raster
),
-- Raster: 5 x 5 pixels, 3 bands, PT_8BUI pixel type, NODATA = 0
(2, ('01000003009A9999999999A93F9A9999999999A9BF000000E02B274A' ||
'41000000007719564100000000000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFF050005000400FDFEFDFEFEFDFEFEFDF9FAFEF' ||
'EFCF9FBFDFEFEFDFCFAFEFEFE04004E627AADD16076B4F9FE6370A9F5FE59637AB0E54F58617087040046566487A1506CA2E3FA5A6CAFFBFE4D566DA4CB3E454C5665')::raster);
SELECT ROW(2, '0-100:1-10, 101-500:11-150,501 - 10000: 151-254', '8BUI', 255)::reclassarg;
SELECT ROW(1, '0-100]:0, (100-255:1', '1BB', NULL)::reclassarg;
CREATE TABLE myrasters(rid SERIAL primary key, rast raster);
INSERT INTO myrasters(rast)
SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1000, 1000, 0.3, -0.3, 2, 2, 0, 0, 4326), 1, '8BSI'::text, -129, NULL);

SELECT AddRasterConstraints('myrasters'::name, 'rast'::name);
SELECT srid, scale_x, scale_y, blocksize_x, blocksize_y, num_bands, pixel_types, nodata_values
    FROM raster_columns
    WHERE r_table_name = 'myrasters';
srid | scale_x | scale_y | blocksize_x | blocksize_y | num_bands | pixel_types| nodata_values
------+---------+---------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------
 4326 |       2 |       2 |        1000 |        1000 |         1 | {8BSI}      | {0}
CREATE TABLE public.myrasters2(rid SERIAL primary key, rast raster);
INSERT INTO myrasters2(rast)
SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1000, 1000, 0.3, -0.3, 2, 2, 0, 0, 4326), 1, '8BSI'::text, -129, NULL);

SELECT AddRasterConstraints('public'::name, 'myrasters2'::name, 'rast'::name, 'regular_blocking', 'blocksize');
NOTICE:  Adding regular blocking constraint
NOTICE:  Adding blocksize-X constraint
NOTICE:  Adding blocksize-Y constraint
SELECT DropRasterConstraints ('myrasters', 'rast');
droprasterconstraints
-----------------------
 t
(1 row)
SELECT srid, scale_x, scale_y, blocksize_x, blocksize_y, num_bands, pixel_types, nodata_values
    FROM raster_columns
    WHERE r_table_name = 'myrasters';
srid | scale_x | scale_y | blocksize_x | blocksize_y | num_bands | pixel_types| nodata_values
------+---------+---------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------
    0 |         |         |             |             |           |             |
CREATE TABLE res1 AS SELECT
ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1000, 1000, 0, 0, 2),
  1, '8BSI'::text, -129, NULL
) r1;

CREATE TABLE res2 AS SELECT
ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(500, 500, 0, 0, 4),
  1, '8BSI'::text, -129, NULL
) r2;

SELECT AddOverviewConstraints('res2', 'r2', 'res1', 'r1', 2);
SELECT o_table_name ot, o_raster_column oc,
       r_table_name rt, r_raster_column rc,
       overview_factor f
FROM raster_overviews WHERE o_table_name = 'res2';
ot  | oc |  rt  | rc | f
------+----+------+----+---
 res2 | r2 | res1 | r1 | 2
(1 row)
SELECT PostGIS_GDAL_Version();
GDAL 1.11dev, released 2013/04/13
SELECT PostGIS_Raster_Lib_Build_Date();
2010-04-28 21:15:10
SELECT PostGIS_Raster_Lib_Version();
2.0.0
SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers = 'ENABLE_ALL';
SELECT short_name, long_name, can_write
FROM ST_GDALDrivers()
ORDER BY short_name;
short_name    |                          long_name                          | can_write
-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
 AAIGrid         | Arc/Info ASCII Grid                                         | t
 ACE2            | ACE2                                                        | f
 ADRG            | ARC Digitized Raster Graphics                               | f
 AIG             | Arc/Info Binary Grid                                        | f
 AirSAR          | AirSAR Polarimetric Image                                   | f
 ARG             | Azavea Raster Grid format                                   | t
 BAG             | Bathymetry Attributed Grid                                  | f
 BIGGIF          | Graphics Interchange Format (.gif)                          | f
 BLX             | Magellan topo (.blx)                                        | t
 BMP             | MS Windows Device Independent Bitmap                        | f
 BSB             | Maptech BSB Nautical Charts                                 | f
 PAux            | PCI .aux Labelled                                           | f
 PCIDSK          | PCIDSK Database File                                        | f
 PCRaster        | PCRaster Raster File                                        | f
 PDF             | Geospatial PDF                                              | f
 PDS             | NASA Planetary Data System                                  | f
 PDS4            | NASA Planetary Data System 4                                | t
 PLMOSAIC        | Planet Labs Mosaics API                                     | f
 PLSCENES        | Planet Labs Scenes API                                      | f
 PNG             | Portable Network Graphics                                   | t
 PNM             | Portable Pixmap Format (netpbm)                             | f
 PRF             | Racurs PHOTOMOD PRF                                         | f
 R               | R Object Data Store                                         | t
 Rasterlite      | Rasterlite                                                  | t
 RDA             | DigitalGlobe Raster Data Access driver                      | f
 RIK             | Swedish Grid RIK (.rik)                                     | f
 RMF             | Raster Matrix Format                                        | f
 ROI_PAC         | ROI_PAC raster                                              | f
 RPFTOC          | Raster Product Format TOC format                            | f
 RRASTER         | R Raster                                                    | f
 RS2             | RadarSat 2 XML Product                                      | f
 RST             | Idrisi Raster A.1                                           | t
 SAFE            | Sentinel-1 SAR SAFE Product                                 | f
 SAGA            | SAGA GIS Binary Grid (.sdat, .sg-grd-z)                     | t
 SAR_CEOS        | CEOS SAR Image                                              | f
 SDTS            | SDTS Raster                                                 | f
 SENTINEL2       | Sentinel 2                                                  | f
 SGI             | SGI Image File Format 1.0                                   | f
 SNODAS          | Snow Data Assimilation System                               | f
 SRP             | Standard Raster Product (ASRP/USRP)                         | f
 SRTMHGT         | SRTMHGT File Format                                         | t
 Terragen        | Terragen heightfield                                        | f
 TIL             | EarthWatch .TIL                                             | f
 TSX             | TerraSAR-X Product                                          | f
 USGSDEM         | USGS Optional ASCII DEM (and CDED)                          | t
 VICAR           | MIPL VICAR file                                             | f
 VRT             | Virtual Raster                                              | t
 WCS             | OGC Web Coverage Service                                    | f
 WMS             | OGC Web Map Service                                         | t
 WMTS            | OGC Web Map Tile Service                                    | t
 XPM             | X11 PixMap Format                                           | t
 XYZ             | ASCII Gridded XYZ                                           | t
 ZMap            | ZMap Plus Grid                                              | t
SELECT (xpath('@name', g.opt))[1]::text As oname,
       (xpath('@type', g.opt))[1]::text As otype,
       (xpath('@description', g.opt))[1]::text As descrip
FROM (SELECT unnest(xpath('/CreationOptionList/Option', create_options::xml)) As opt
FROM  ST_GDALDrivers()
WHERE short_name = 'JPEG') As g;
oname        |  otype  |      descrip
--------------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------
 PROGRESSIVE        | boolean | whether to generate a progressive JPEG
 QUALITY            | int     | good=100, bad=0, default=75
 WORLDFILE          | boolean | whether to generate a worldfile
 INTERNAL_MASK      | boolean | whether to generate a validity mask
 COMMENT            | string  | Comment
 SOURCE_ICC_PROFILE | string  | ICC profile encoded in Base64
 EXIF_THUMBNAIL     | boolean | whether to generate an EXIF thumbnail(overview).
                                By default its max dimension will be 128
 THUMBNAIL_WIDTH    | int     | Forced thumbnail width
 THUMBNAIL_HEIGHT   | int     | Forced thumbnail height
(9 rows)
WITH gtiff_options AS (
    SELECT
        option_name,
        option_type,
        default_value
    FROM ST_GDALDrivers() AS driver
    CROSS JOIN LATERAL XMLTABLE(
        '/CreationOptionList/Option'
        PASSING (driver.create_options::xml)
        COLUMNS
            option_name text PATH '@name',
            option_type text PATH '@type',
            default_value text PATH '@default'
    ) AS options
    WHERE driver.short_name = 'GTiff'
)
SELECT option_name AS name, option_type AS type, coalesce(default_value, '') AS default_value
FROM gtiff_options
WHERE option_name = ANY (ARRAY[
    'COMPRESS',
    'INTERLEAVE',
    'TILED',
    'BLOCKXSIZE',
    'BLOCKYSIZE',
    'JPEG_QUALITY'
])
ORDER BY 1;
name      |     type      | default_value
---------------+---------------+---------------
 BLOCKXSIZE    | int           |
 BLOCKYSIZE    | int           |
 COMPRESS      | string-select |
 INTERLEAVE    | string-select | PIXEL
 JPEG_QUALITY  | int           | 75
 TILED         | boolean       |
(6 rows)
SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers = 'ENABLE_ALL';

SELECT option_name, option_type
FROM ST_GDALDrivers() AS driver
CROSS JOIN LATERAL XMLTABLE(
    '/CreationOptionList/Option'
    PASSING (driver.create_options::xml)
    COLUMNS
        option_name text PATH '@name',
        option_type text PATH '@type'
) AS options
WHERE driver.short_name = 'GTiff'
  AND option_name IN ('COMPRESS', 'TILED', 'BIGTIFF')
ORDER BY option_name;
option_name |  option_type
-------------+---------------
 BIGTIFF     | string-select
 COMPRESS    | string-select
 TILED       | boolean
(3 rows)
SELECT ST_CreateOverview('mydata.mytable'::regclass, 'rast', 2, 'Lanczos');
SELECT ST_CreateOverview('mydata.mytable'::regclass, 'rast', 2);
UPDATE dummy_rast
    SET rast = ST_AddBand(rast, '8BUI'::text, 200)
WHERE rid = 1;

INSERT INTO dummy_rast(rid, rast)
    VALUES(10, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
    ARRAY[
        ROW(1, '1BB'::text, 0, NULL),
        ROW(2, '4BUI'::text, 0, NULL)
            ]::addbandarg[]
     )
    );

SELECT  (bmd).*
FROM (SELECT ST_BandMetaData(rast, generate_series(1, 2)) As bmd
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 10) AS foo;
pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb | path
-----------+----------------+-------------+---------+------
 1BB       |             | f       |
 4BUI      |             | f       |
SELECT  (rmd).width, (rmd).height, (rmd).numbands
FROM (SELECT ST_MetaData(rast) As rmd
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 10) AS foo;
width | height | numbands
-------+--------+----------
   100 |    100 |        2
SELECT
    *
FROM ST_BandMetaData(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
        ARRAY[
            ROW(NULL, '8BUI', 255, 0),
            ROW(NULL, '16BUI', 1, 2),
            ROW(2, '32BUI', 100, 12),
            ROW(2, '32BF', 3.14, -1)
        ]::addbandarg[]
    ),
    ARRAY[]::integer[]
);
bandnum | pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb | path | outdbbandnum | filesize | filetimestamp
---------+-----------+-------------+---------+------+--------------+----------+---------------
       1 | 8BUI      |           0 | f       | null |         null |     null |          null
       2 | 32BF      |          -1 | f       | null |         null |     null |          null
       3 | 32BUI     |          12 | f       | null |         null |     null |          null
       4 | 16BUI     |           2 | f       | null |         null |     null |          null
SELECT
    mouse,
    ST_AddBand(NULL, array_agg(rast ORDER BY test_type), 1) As rast
FROM mice_studies
GROUP BY mouse;

SELECT
    *
FROM ST_BandMetaData(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
        '/home/raster/mytestraster.tif'::text, NULL::int[]
    ),
    ARRAY[]::integer[]
);
bandnum | pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb | path
---------+-----------+-------------+---------+------
       1 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/raster/mytestraster.tif
       2 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/raster/mytestraster.tif
       3 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/raster/mytestraster.tif
SELECT ST_AsPNG(
    ST_AsRaster(
        ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1, 5), 10),
        150, 150,
        ARRAY['8BUI', '8BUI', '8BUI'],
        ARRAY[0, 0, 0],
        ARRAY[255, 255, 255]
    )
) AS image;
image
-------------------------------
 PNG image, 150 x 150 pixels

SELECT ST_AsPNG(
    ST_AsRaster(
        ST_Buffer('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'::geometry, 10, 'join=bevel'),
        200, 200,
        ARRAY['8BUI', '8BUI', '8BUI'],
        ARRAY[118, 154, 118],
        ARRAY[255, 255, 255]
    )
) AS image;
image
-------------------------------
 PNG image, 200 x 200 pixels

WITH inp(g, v) AS (
    VALUES
        ( ST_Buffer(ST_MakePoint(10, 0), 10), 1 ),
        ( ST_Buffer(ST_MakePoint(20, 0), 10), 2 )
),
agg AS (
    SELECT ST_AsRasterAgg(
        g,
        v,
        ST_MakeEmptyRaster(0, 0, 0, 0, 1.0),
        '8BUI',
        99,
        'SUM',
        true
    ) r
    FROM inp
)
SELECT
    ST_Width(r) w,
    ST_Height(r) h,
    ST_Value(r, 'POINT(5 0)') v5_0,
    ST_Value(r, 'POINT(15 0)') v15_0,
    ST_Value(r, 'POINT(25 0)') v25_0
FROM agg;
w  | h  | v5_0 | v15_0 | v25_0
----+----+------+-------+-------
 30 | 20 |    1 |     3 |     2
(1 row)
SELECT ST_NumBands(rast1) As numb1, ST_BandPixelType(rast1) As pix1,
 ST_NumBands(rast2) As numb2, ST_BandPixelType(rast2) As pix2
FROM (
    SELECT ST_Band(rast) As rast1, ST_Reclass(ST_Band(rast, 3), '100-200):1, [200-254:2', '2BUI') As rast2
        FROM dummy_rast
        WHERE rid = 2) As foo;
numb1 | pix1 | numb2 | pix2
-------+------+-------+------
     1 | 8BUI |     1 | 2BUI
SELECT ST_NumBands(ST_Band(rast, '{2,3}'::int[])) As num_bands
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;

2
SELECT ST_NumBands(ST_Band(rast, ARRAY[2, 3])) As num_bands
    FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid=2;

2
WITH canvas AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(
        ST_AddBand(
            ST_AddBand(
                ST_MakeEmptyRaster(128, 128, 0, 128, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                '8BUI'::text, 0::double precision, 0::double precision
            ),
            '8BUI'::text, 0::double precision, 0::double precision
        ),
        '8BUI'::text, 0::double precision, 0::double precision
    ) AS rast
), bands AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValue(
        ST_SetValue(
            ST_SetValue(rast, 1, ST_Buffer('POINT(32 96)'::geometry, 22), 220),
            2, ST_Buffer('LINESTRING(18 20,110 110)'::geometry, 6,
                         'endcap=flat join=bevel'), 210
        ),
        3, ST_Buffer('LINESTRING(10 48,118 48)'::geometry, 7,
                     'endcap=flat'), 180
    ) AS rast
    FROM canvas
)
SELECT ST_AsPNG(rast) AS "original RGB",
    ST_AsPNG(ST_Band(rast, ARRAY[2, 1, 1])) AS "bands 2,1,1",
    ST_AsPNG(ST_Band(rast, 3)) AS "band 3"
FROM bands;

original RGB                | bands 2,1,1                | band 3
-----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------
 PNG image, 128 x 128 pixels | PNG image, 128 x 128 pixels | PNG image, 128 x 128 pixels

SELECT (ST_MetaData(tile)).* FROM ST_MakeEmptyCoverage(1, 1, 4, 4, 22, 33, (55 - 22)/(4)::float, (33 - 77)/(4)::float, 0., 0., 4326) tile;
upperleftx | upperlefty | width | height | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy | srid | numbands
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         22 |         33 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      30.25 |         33 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
       38.5 |         33 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      46.75 |         33 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
         22 |         22 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      30.25 |         22 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
       38.5 |         22 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      46.75 |         22 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
         22 |         11 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      30.25 |         11 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
       38.5 |         11 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      46.75 |         11 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
         22 |          0 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      30.25 |          0 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
       38.5 |          0 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      46.75 |          0 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
INSERT INTO dummy_rast(rid, rast)
VALUES(3, ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0.0005, 0.0005, 1, 1, 0, 0, 4326) );
INSERT INTO dummy_rast(rid, rast)
SELECT 4, ST_MakeEmptyRaster(rast)
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 3;
SELECT
    rid,
    (md).width,
    (md).height,
    (md).scalex,
    (md).scaley,
    (md).srid
FROM (
    SELECT rid, ST_MetaData(rast) AS md
    FROM dummy_rast
    WHERE rid IN (3, 4)
) AS foo
ORDER BY rid;

rid | width | height | scalex | scaley | srid
-----+-------+--------+--------+--------+------
   3 |   100 |    100 |      1 |      1 | 4326
   4 |   100 |    100 |      1 |      1 | 4326
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 2, 0), 2, '8BUI', 20, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 3, 0), 2, '8BUI', 30, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 4, 0), 2, '8BUI', 40, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 5, 0), 2, '8BUI', 50, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 6, 0), 2, '8BUI', 60, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 7, 0), 2, '8BUI', 70, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 8, 0), 2, '8BUI', 80, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 9, 0), 2, '8BUI', 90, 0) AS rast
), bar AS (
    SELECT ST_Union(rast) AS rast FROM foo
), baz AS (
    SELECT
        row_number() OVER (
            ORDER BY ST_UpperLeftY(rast) DESC, ST_UpperLeftX(rast)
        ) AS tile_id,
        rast
    FROM (
        SELECT ST_Tile(rast, 3, 3, TRUE) AS rast
        FROM bar
    ) AS tiled
)
SELECT
    tile_id,
    ST_UpperLeftX(rast) AS ulx,
    ST_UpperLeftY(rast) AS uly,
    ST_Value(rast, 1, 1, 1) AS band1,
    ST_Value(rast, 2, 1, 1) AS band2
FROM baz;
tile_id | ulx | uly | band1 | band2
---------+-----+-----+-------+-------
       1 |   0 |   0 |     1 |    10
       2 |   3 |   0 |     2 |    20
       3 |   6 |   0 |     3 |    30
       4 |   0 |  -3 |     4 |    40
       5 |   3 |  -3 |     5 |    50
       6 |   6 |  -3 |     6 |    60
       7 |   0 |  -6 |     7 |    70
       8 |   3 |  -6 |     8 |    80
       9 |   6 |  -6 |     9 |    90
(9 rows)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 2, 0), 2, '8BUI', 20, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 3, 0), 2, '8BUI', 30, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 4, 0), 2, '8BUI', 40, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 5, 0), 2, '8BUI', 50, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 6, 0), 2, '8BUI', 60, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 7, 0), 2, '8BUI', 70, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 8, 0), 2, '8BUI', 80, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 9, 0), 2, '8BUI', 90, 0) AS rast
), bar AS (
    SELECT ST_Union(rast) AS rast FROM foo
), baz AS (
    SELECT
        row_number() OVER (
            ORDER BY ST_UpperLeftY(rast) DESC, ST_UpperLeftX(rast)
        ) AS tile_id,
        rast
    FROM (
        SELECT ST_Tile(rast, ARRAY[2], 3, 3) AS rast
        FROM bar
    ) AS tiled
)
SELECT
    tile_id,
    ST_UpperLeftX(rast) AS ulx,
    ST_UpperLeftY(rast) AS uly,
    ST_Value(rast, 1, 1, 1) AS band_value
FROM baz;
tile_id | ulx | uly | band_value
---------+-----+-----+------------
       1 |   0 |   0 |         10
       2 |   3 |   0 |         20
       3 |   6 |   0 |         30
       4 |   0 |  -3 |         40
       5 |   3 |  -3 |         50
       6 |   6 |  -3 |         60
       7 |   0 |  -6 |         70
       8 |   3 |  -6 |         80
       9 |   6 |  -6 |         90
(9 rows)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AsPNG(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 0.1, -0.1, 0, 0, 4326), 1, '8BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 2, 0), 3, '8BUI', 3, 0)) AS png
),
bar AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_FromGDALRaster(png) AS rast FROM foo
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 AS rid, ST_FromGDALRaster(png, 3310) AS rast FROM foo
)
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_MetaData(rast) AS metadata,
    ST_SummaryStats(rast, 1) AS stats1,
    ST_SummaryStats(rast, 2) AS stats2,
    ST_SummaryStats(rast, 3) AS stats3
FROM bar
ORDER BY rid;
rid |         metadata          |    stats1     |    stats2     |     stats3
-----+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------------
   1 | (0,0,2,2,1,-1,0,0,0,3)    | (4,4,1,0,1,1) | (4,8,2,0,2,2) | (4,12,3,0,3,3)
   2 | (0,0,2,2,1,-1,0,0,3310,3) | (4,4,1,0,1,1) | (4,8,2,0,2,2) | (4,12,3,0,3,3)
(2 rows)
scalex
skewy
skewx
scaley
upperleftx
upperlefty
scalex
skewy
skewx
scaley
upperleftx + scalex*0.5
upperlefty + scaley*0.5
SELECT
    format,
    replace(ST_GeoReference(rast, format), E'\n', ' | ') AS georef
FROM dummy_rast
CROSS JOIN (VALUES ('ESRI'), ('GDAL')) AS formats(format)
WHERE rid = 1;
format | georef
--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 ESRI   | 2.0000000000 | 0.0000000000 | 0.0000000000 | 3.0000000000 | 1.5000000000 | 2.0000000000
 GDAL   | 2.0000000000 | 0.0000000000 | 0.0000000000 | 3.0000000000 | 0.5000000000 | 0.5000000000
(2 rows)
SELECT rid, ST_Height(rast) As rastheight
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | rastheight
-----+------------
   1 |         20
   2 |          5
SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
f
SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
t
SELECT ST_MemSize(ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1, 5), 10, 1000), 150, 150, '8BUI')) AS rast_mem;
22568
SELECT
    rid,
    format('(%s, %s)', (md).upperleftx, (md).upperlefty) AS upper_left,
    format('%sx%s', (md).width, (md).height) AS size,
    format('(%s, %s)', (md).scalex, (md).scaley) AS scale,
    format('(%s, %s)', (md).skewx, (md).skewy) AS skew,
    (md).srid AS srid,
    (md).numbands AS numbands
FROM (
    SELECT rid, ST_MetaData(rast) AS md
    FROM dummy_rast
) AS foo
ORDER BY rid;
rid |        upper_left        | size  |      scale      |  skew  | srid | numbands
-----+--------------------------+-------+-----------------+--------+------+----------
   1 | (0.5, 0.5)               | 10x20 | (2, 3)          | (0, 0) |    0 |        0
   2 | (3427927.75, 5793244)    | 5x5   | (0.05, -0.05)   | (0, 0) |    0 |        3
(2 rows)
SELECT rid, ST_NumBands(rast) As numbands
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | numbands
----+----------
  1 |        0
  2 |        3
SELECT ST_Height(rast) As rastheight, ST_PixelHeight(rast) As pixheight,
 ST_ScaleX(rast) As scalex, ST_ScaleY(rast) As scaley, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx,
        ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy
FROM dummy_rast;
rastheight | pixheight | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy
------------+-----------+--------+--------+-------+----------
         20 |         3 |      2 |      3 |     0 |        0
          5 |      0.05 |   0.05 |  -0.05 |     0 |        0
SELECT ST_Height(rast) As rastheight, ST_PixelHeight(rast) As pixheight,
 ST_ScaleX(rast) As scalex, ST_ScaleY(rast) As scaley, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx,
        ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy
FROM (SELECT ST_SetSkew(rast, 0.5, 0.5) As rast
        FROM dummy_rast) As skewed;
rastheight |     pixheight     | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy
-----------+-------------------+--------+--------+-------+----------
        20 |  3.04138126514911 |      2 |      3 |   0.5 |      0.5
         5 | 0.502493781056044 |   0.05 |  -0.05 |   0.5 |      0.5
WITH raster AS (
    SELECT ST_MakeEmptyRaster(
        3, 3, 0, 0,
        2, -3, 1, 0.5,
        0
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_ConvexHull(rast) AS footprint,
    ST_MakeLine(
        ST_Point(0, 0),
        ST_Point(ST_ScaleX(rast), ST_SkewY(rast))
    ) AS "i direction (scaleX, skewY)",
    ST_MakeLine(
        ST_Point(0, 0),
        ST_Point(ST_SkewX(rast), ST_ScaleY(rast))
    ) AS "j direction (skewX, scaleY)"
FROM raster;
POLYGON((0 0,6 1.5,9 -7.5,3 -9,0 0)) | LINESTRING(0 0,2 0.5) | LINESTRING(0 0,1 -3)
SELECT ST_Width(rast) As rastwidth, ST_PixelWidth(rast) As pixwidth,
ST_ScaleX(rast) As scalex, ST_ScaleY(rast) As scaley, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx,
ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy
FROM dummy_rast;
rastwidth | pixwidth | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy
-----------+----------+--------+--------+-------+----------
10 |        2 |      2 |      3 |     0 |        0
 5 |     0.05 |   0.05 |  -0.05 |     0 |        0
SELECT ST_Width(rast) As rastwidth, ST_PixelWidth(rast) As pixwidth,
ST_ScaleX(rast) As scalex, ST_ScaleY(rast) As scaley, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx,
ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy
FROM (SELECT ST_SetSkew(rast, 0.5, 0.5) As rast
FROM dummy_rast) As skewed;
rastwidth |     pixwidth      | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy
-----------+-------------------+--------+--------+-------+----------
10 |  2.06155281280883 |      2 |      3 |   0.5 |      0.5
 5 | 0.502493781056044 |   0.05 |  -0.05 |   0.5 |      0.5
SELECT rid, ST_ScaleX(rast) As rastpixwidth
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | rastpixwidth
-----+--------------
   1 |            2
   2 |         0.05
SELECT rid, ST_ScaleY(rast) As rastpixheight
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | rastpixheight
-----+---------------
   1 |             3
   2 |         -0.05
SELECT
    rid,
    (ST_RasterToWorldCoord(rast, 1, 1)).*,
    (ST_RasterToWorldCoord(rast, 2, 2)).*
FROM dummy_rast
rid | longitude  | latitude | longitude |  latitude
-----+------------+----------+-----------+------------
   1 |        0.5 |      0.5 |       2.5 |        3.5
   2 | 3427927.75 |  5793244 | 3427927.8 | 5793243.95
SELECT
    rid,
    (ST_RasterToWorldCoord(rast, 1, 1)).*,
    (ST_RasterToWorldCoord(rast, 2, 3)).*
FROM (
    SELECT
        rid,
        ST_SetSkew(rast, 100.5, 0) As rast
    FROM dummy_rast
) As foo
rid | longitude  | latitude | longitude | latitude
-----+------------+----------+-----------+-----------
   1 |        0.5 |      0.5 |     203.5 |       6.5
   2 | 3427927.75 |  5793244 | 3428128.8 | 5793243.9
SELECT rid, ST_RasterToWorldCoordX(rast, 1) As x1coord,
    ST_RasterToWorldCoordX(rast, 2) As x2coord,
    ST_ScaleX(rast) As pixelx
FROM dummy_rast;
rid |  x1coord   |  x2coord  | pixelx
-----+------------+-----------+--------
   1 |        0.5 |       2.5 |      2
   2 | 3427927.75 | 3427927.8 |   0.05
SELECT rid, ST_RasterToWorldCoordX(rast, 1, 1) As x1coord,
    ST_RasterToWorldCoordX(rast, 2, 3) As x2coord,
    ST_ScaleX(rast) As pixelx
FROM (SELECT rid, ST_SetSkew(rast, 100.5, 0) As rast FROM dummy_rast) As foo;
rid |  x1coord   |  x2coord  | pixelx
-----+------------+-----------+--------
   1 |        0.5 |     203.5 |      2
   2 | 3427927.75 | 3428128.8 |   0.05
SELECT rid, ST_RasterToWorldCoordY(rast, 1) As y1coord,
    ST_RasterToWorldCoordY(rast, 3) As y2coord,
    ST_ScaleY(rast) As pixely
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | y1coord |  y2coord  | pixely
-----+---------+-----------+--------
   1 |     0.5 |       6.5 |      3
   2 | 5793244 | 5793243.9 |  -0.05
SELECT rid, ST_RasterToWorldCoordY(rast, 1, 1) As y1coord,
    ST_RasterToWorldCoordY(rast, 2, 3) As y2coord,
    ST_ScaleY(rast) As pixely
FROM (SELECT rid, ST_SetSkew(rast, 0, 100.5) As rast FROM dummy_rast) As foo;
rid | y1coord |  y2coord  | pixely
-----+---------+-----------+--------
   1 |     0.5 |       107 |      3
   2 | 5793244 | 5793344.4 |  -0.05
SELECT rid, ST_Rotation(ST_SetScale(ST_SetSkew(rast, sqrt(2)), sqrt(2))) AS rot FROM dummy_rast;
rid |        rot
-----+-------------------
   1 | 0.785398163397448
   2 | 0.785398163397448
WITH refs AS (
    SELECT
        rid,
        format('(%s, %s)', ST_SkewX(rast), ST_SkewY(rast)) AS skew,
        string_to_array(ST_GeoReference(rast), E'\n') AS georef
    FROM dummy_rast
)
SELECT
    rid,
    skew,
    term,
    georef[idx] AS value
FROM refs
CROSS JOIN (VALUES
    (1, 'scaleX'),
    (2, 'skewY'),
    (3, 'skewX'),
    (4, 'scaleY'),
    (5, 'originX'),
    (6, 'originY')
) AS parts(idx, term)
ORDER BY rid, idx;
rid |  skew  |  term   |       value
-----+--------+---------+--------------------
   1 | (0, 0) | scaleX  | 2.0000000000
   1 | (0, 0) | skewY   | 0.0000000000
   1 | (0, 0) | skewX   | 0.0000000000
   1 | (0, 0) | scaleY  | 3.0000000000
   1 | (0, 0) | originX | 0.5000000000
   1 | (0, 0) | originY | 0.5000000000
   2 | (0, 0) | scaleX  | 0.0500000000
   2 | (0, 0) | skewY   | 0.0000000000
   2 | (0, 0) | skewX   | 0.0000000000
   2 | (0, 0) | scaleY  | -0.0500000000
   2 | (0, 0) | originX | 3427927.7500000000
   2 | (0, 0) | originY | 5793244.0000000000
(12 rows)
WITH refs AS (
    SELECT
        rid,
        format('(%s, %s)', ST_SkewX(rast), ST_SkewY(rast)) AS skew,
        string_to_array(ST_GeoReference(rast), E'\n') AS georef
    FROM dummy_rast
)
SELECT
    rid,
    skew,
    term,
    georef[idx] AS value
FROM refs
CROSS JOIN (VALUES
    (1, 'scaleX'),
    (2, 'skewY'),
    (3, 'skewX'),
    (4, 'scaleY'),
    (5, 'originX'),
    (6, 'originY')
) AS parts(idx, term)
ORDER BY rid, idx;
rid |  skew  |  term   |       value
-----+--------+---------+--------------------
   1 | (0, 0) | scaleX  | 2.0000000000
   1 | (0, 0) | skewY   | 0.0000000000
   1 | (0, 0) | skewX   | 0.0000000000
   1 | (0, 0) | scaleY  | 3.0000000000
   1 | (0, 0) | originX | 0.5000000000
   1 | (0, 0) | originY | 0.5000000000
   2 | (0, 0) | scaleX  | 0.0500000000
   2 | (0, 0) | skewY   | 0.0000000000
   2 | (0, 0) | skewX   | 0.0000000000
   2 | (0, 0) | scaleY  | -0.0500000000
   2 | (0, 0) | originX | 3427927.7500000000
   2 | (0, 0) | originY | 5793244.0000000000
(12 rows)
SELECT ST_SRID(rast) As srid
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1;
0
SELECT ST_Summary(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            ),
            2, '32BF', 0, -9999
        ),
        3, '16BSI', 0, NULL
    )
);
Raster of 10x10 pixels has 3 bands and extent of BOX(0 -10,10 0)+
     band 1 of pixtype 8BUI is in-db with NODATA value of 0      +
     band 2 of pixtype 32BF is in-db with NODATA value of -9999  +
     band 3 of pixtype 16BSI is in-db with no NODATA value
(1 row)
SELECt rid, ST_UpperLeftX(rast) As ulx
FROM dummy_rast;
rid |    ulx
-----+------------
   1 |        0.5
   2 | 3427927.75
SELECT rid, ST_UpperLeftY(rast) As uly
FROM dummy_rast;
rid |   uly
-----+---------
   1 |     0.5
   2 | 5793244
SELECT ST_Width(rast) As rastwidth
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1;
10
SELECT
    rid,
    (ST_WorldToRasterCoord(rast, 3427927.8, 20.5)).*,
    (ST_WorldToRasterCoord(rast, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(3427927.8 20.5)', ST_SRID(rast)))).*
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | columnx |   rowy    | columnx |   rowy
-----+---------+-----------+---------+-----------
   1 | 1713964 |         7 | 1713964 |         7
   2 |       2 | 115864471 |       2 | 115864471
SELECT rid, ST_WorldToRasterCoordX(rast, 3427927.8) As xcoord,
        ST_WorldToRasterCoordX(rast, 3427927.8, 20.5) As xcoord_xwyw,
        ST_WorldToRasterCoordX(rast, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(3427927.8 20.5)', ST_SRID(rast))) As ptxcoord
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | xcoord  |  xcoord_xwyw   | ptxcoord
-----+---------+---------+----------
   1 | 1713964 | 1713964 |  1713964
   2 |       1 |       1 |        1
SELECT rid, ST_WorldToRasterCoordY(rast, 20.5) As ycoord,
        ST_WorldToRasterCoordY(rast, 3427927.8, 20.5) As ycoord_xwyw,
        ST_WorldToRasterCoordY(rast, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(3427927.8 20.5)', ST_SRID(rast))) As ptycoord
FROM dummy_rast;
rid |  ycoord   | ycoord_xwyw | ptycoord
-----+-----------+-------------+-----------
   1 |         7 |           7 |         7
   2 | 115864471 |   115864471 | 115864471
SELECT
    rid,
    (foo.md).*
FROM (
    SELECT
        rid,
        ST_BandMetaData(rast, 1) AS md
    FROM dummy_rast
    WHERE rid=2
) As foo;
rid | pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb | path | outdbbandnum
-----+-----------+-------------+---------+------+--------------
   2 | 8BUI      |           0 | f       |      |
(1 row)

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT
        ST_AddBand(NULL::raster, '/home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif', NULL::int[]) AS rast
)
SELECT
    bandnum,
    pixeltype,
    isoutdb,
    regexp_replace(path, '^.*/', '') AS file,
    outdbbandnum
FROM ST_BandMetaData((SELECT rast FROM foo),
    ARRAY[1, 3, 2]::int[]
);
bandnum | pixeltype | isoutdb |     file      | outdbbandnum
---------+-----------+---------+---------------+--------------
       1 | 8BUI      | t       | Projected.tif |            1
       3 | 8BUI      | t       | Projected.tif |            3
       2 | 8BUI      | t       | Projected.tif |            2
SELECT ST_BandNoDataValue(rast, 1) As bnval1,
    ST_BandNoDataValue(rast, 2) As bnval2, ST_BandNoDataValue(rast, 3) As bnval3
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
bnval1 | bnval2 | bnval3
--------+--------+--------
      0 |      0 |      0
create table dummy_rast (rid integer, rast raster);

insert into dummy_rast values(
1,
(
'01' -- little endian (uint8 ndr)
||
'0000' -- version (uint16 0)
||
'0200' -- nBands (uint16 0)
||
'17263529ED684A3F' -- scaleX (float64 0.000805965234044584)
||
'F9253529ED684ABF' -- scaleY (float64 -0.00080596523404458)
||
'1C9F33CE69E352C0' -- ipX (float64 -75.5533328537098)
||
'718F0E9A27A44840' -- ipY (float64 49.2824585505576)
||
'ED50EB853EC32B3F' -- skewX (float64 0.000211812383858707)
||
'7550EB853EC32B3F' -- skewY (float64 0.000211812383858704)
||
'E6100000' -- SRID (int32 4326)
||
'0100' -- width (uint16 1)
||
'0100' -- height (uint16 1)
||
'6' -- hasnodatavalue and isnodata value set to true.
||
'2' -- first band type (4BUI)
||
'03' -- novalue==3
||
'03' -- pixel(0,0)==3 (same that nodata)
||
'0' -- hasnodatavalue set to false
||
'5' -- second band type (16BSI)
||
'0D00' -- novalue==13
||
'0400' -- pixel(0,0)==4
)::raster
);

select ST_BandIsNoData(rast, 1) from dummy_rast where rid = 1; -- Expected true
select ST_BandIsNoData(rast, 2) from dummy_rast where rid = 1; -- Expected false

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(
        NULL::raster,
        '/home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif',
        NULL::int[]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT bandnum, ST_BandPath(rast, bandnum) AS path
FROM foo
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) AS bandnum;
bandnum |                                    path
---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       1 | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif
       2 | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif
       3 | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif
SELECT ST_BandFileSize(rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 1;
240574
SELECT ST_BandFileTimestamp(rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 1;
1521807257
SELECT ST_BandPixelType(rast, 1) As btype1,
    ST_BandPixelType(rast, 2) As btype2, ST_BandPixelType(rast, 3) As btype3
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
btype1 | btype2 | btype3
--------+--------+--------
 8BUI   | 8BUI   | 8BUI
SELECT ST_MinPossibleValue('16BSI');
-32768
SELECT ST_MinPossibleValue('8BUI');
0
SELECT rid, ST_HasNoBand(rast) As hb1, ST_HasNoBand(rast, 2) as hb2,
ST_HasNoBand(rast, 4) as hb4, ST_NumBands(rast) As numbands
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | hb1 | hb2 | hb4 | numbands
-----+-----+-----+-----+----------
1 | t   | t   | t   |        0
2 | f   | f   | t   |        3
SELECT i, j, ST_PixelAsPolygon(foo.rast, i, j) As b1pgeom
FROM dummy_rast As foo
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 2) As i
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 1) As j
WHERE rid=2;
i | j |                                                    b1pgeom
---+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | 1 | POLYGON((3427927.75 5793244,3427927.8 5793244,3427927.8 5793243.95,...
 2 | 1 | POLYGON((3427927.8 5793244,3427927.85 5793244,3427927.85 5793243.95, ..
WITH raster AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValue(
        ST_SetValue(
            ST_AddBand(
                ST_MakeEmptyRaster(
                    2, 2, 0, 0, 0.001, -0.001, 0.001, 0.001, 4269
                ),
                1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            ),
            2, 2, 10
        ),
        1, 1, NULL
    ) AS rast
), pixels AS (
    SELECT (ST_PixelAsPolygons(rast)).*
    FROM raster
)
SELECT x, y, val, geom AS geom
FROM pixels
ORDER BY x, y;
x | y | val |                geom
---+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | 2 |   1 | POLYGON((0.001 -0.001,0.002 0,0.003 -0.001,0.002 -0.002,0.001 -0.001))
 2 | 1 |   1 | POLYGON((0.001 0.001,0.002 0.002,0.003 0.001,0.002 0,0.001 0.001))
 2 | 2 |  10 | POLYGON((0.002 0,0.003 0.001,0.004 0,0.003 -0.001,0.002 0))
SELECT ST_PixelAsPoint(rast, 1, 1) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 1;
POINT(0.5 0.5)
SELECT
    x,
    y,
    val,
    round((val / 32.0)::numeric, 2) AS marker_scale,geom AS geom
FROM (
    SELECT (ST_PixelAsPoints(rast, 1)).*
    FROM dummy_rast
    WHERE rid = 2
) AS foo
ORDER BY y, x;
x | y | val | marker_scale |          geom
---+---+-----+--------------+------------------------------
 1 | 1 | 253 |         7.91 | POINT(3427927.75 5793244)
 2 | 1 | 254 |         7.94 | POINT(3427927.8 5793244)
 3 | 1 | 253 |         7.91 | POINT(3427927.85 5793244)
 4 | 1 | 254 |         7.94 | POINT(3427927.9 5793244)
 5 | 1 | 254 |         7.94 | POINT(3427927.95 5793244)
 1 | 2 | 253 |         7.91 | POINT(3427927.75 5793243.95)
 2 | 2 | 254 |         7.94 | POINT(3427927.8 5793243.95)
 3 | 2 | 254 |         7.94 | POINT(3427927.85 5793243.95)
 4 | 2 | 253 |         7.91 | POINT(3427927.9 5793243.95)
 5 | 2 | 249 |         7.78 | POINT(3427927.95 5793243.95)
 1 | 3 | 250 |         7.81 | POINT(3427927.75 5793243.9)
 2 | 3 | 254 |         7.94 | POINT(3427927.8 5793243.9)
 3 | 3 | 254 |         7.94 | POINT(3427927.85 5793243.9)
 4 | 3 | 252 |         7.88 | POINT(3427927.9 5793243.9)
 5 | 3 | 249 |         7.78 | POINT(3427927.95 5793243.9)
 1 | 4 | 251 |         7.84 | POINT(3427927.75 5793243.85)
 2 | 4 | 253 |         7.91 | POINT(3427927.8 5793243.85)
 3 | 4 | 254 |         7.94 | POINT(3427927.85 5793243.85)
 4 | 4 | 254 |         7.94 | POINT(3427927.9 5793243.85)
 5 | 4 | 253 |         7.91 | POINT(3427927.95 5793243.85)
 1 | 5 | 252 |         7.88 | POINT(3427927.75 5793243.8)
 2 | 5 | 250 |         7.81 | POINT(3427927.8 5793243.8)
 3 | 5 | 254 |         7.94 | POINT(3427927.85 5793243.8)
 4 | 5 | 254 |         7.94 | POINT(3427927.9 5793243.8)
 5 | 5 | 254 |         7.94 | POINT(3427927.95 5793243.8)
SELECT ST_PixelAsCentroid(rast, 1, 1) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 1;
POINT(1.5 2)
SELECT x, y, val,geom
    FROM (SELECT dp.* FROM dummy_rast, LATERAL ST_PixelAsCentroids(rast, 1) AS dp WHERE rid = 2) foo;
x | y | val |           st_astext
---+---+-----+--------------------------------
 1 | 1 | 253 | POINT(3427927.775 5793243.975)
 2 | 1 | 254 | POINT(3427927.825 5793243.975)
 3 | 1 | 253 | POINT(3427927.875 5793243.975)
 4 | 1 | 254 | POINT(3427927.925 5793243.975)
 5 | 1 | 254 | POINT(3427927.975 5793243.975)
 1 | 2 | 253 | POINT(3427927.775 5793243.925)
 2 | 2 | 254 | POINT(3427927.825 5793243.925)
 3 | 2 | 254 | POINT(3427927.875 5793243.925)
 4 | 2 | 253 | POINT(3427927.925 5793243.925)
 5 | 2 | 249 | POINT(3427927.975 5793243.925)
 1 | 3 | 250 | POINT(3427927.775 5793243.875)
 2 | 3 | 254 | POINT(3427927.825 5793243.875)
 3 | 3 | 254 | POINT(3427927.875 5793243.875)
 4 | 3 | 252 | POINT(3427927.925 5793243.875)
 5 | 3 | 249 | POINT(3427927.975 5793243.875)
 1 | 4 | 251 | POINT(3427927.775 5793243.825)
 2 | 4 | 253 | POINT(3427927.825 5793243.825)
 3 | 4 | 254 | POINT(3427927.875 5793243.825)
 4 | 4 | 254 | POINT(3427927.925 5793243.825)
 5 | 4 | 253 | POINT(3427927.975 5793243.825)
 1 | 5 | 252 | POINT(3427927.775 5793243.775)
 2 | 5 | 250 | POINT(3427927.825 5793243.775)
 3 | 5 | 254 | POINT(3427927.875 5793243.775)
 4 | 5 | 254 | POINT(3427927.925 5793243.775)
 5 | 5 | 254 | POINT(3427927.975 5793243.775)
SELECT rid, ST_Value(rast, foo.pt_geom) As b1pval, ST_Value(rast, 2, foo.pt_geom) As b2pval
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN (SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(3427927.77, 5793243.76), 0) As pt_geom) As foo
WHERE rid=2;
rid | b1pval | b2pval
-----+--------+--------
   2 |    252 |     79
SELECT rid, ST_Value(rast, 3, sometable.geom) As b3pval
FROM sometable
WHERE ST_Intersects(rast, sometable.geom);
SELECT rid, ST_Value(rast, 1, 1, 1) As b1pval,
    ST_Value(rast, 2, 1, 1) As b2pval, ST_Value(rast, 3, 1, 1) As b3pval
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid=2;
rid | b1pval | b2pval | b3pval
-----+--------+--------+--------
   2 |    253 |     78 |     70

SELECT x, y, ST_Value(rast, 1, x, y) As b1val,
    ST_Value(rast, 2, x, y) As b2val, ST_Value(rast, 3, x, y) As b3val
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN
generate_series(1, 1000) As x CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 1000) As y
WHERE rid =  2 AND x <= ST_Width(rast) AND y <= ST_Height(rast);
 x | y | b1val | b2val | b3val
---+---+-------+-------+-------
 1 | 1 |   253 |    78 |    70
 1 | 2 |   253 |    96 |    80
 1 | 3 |   250 |    99 |    90
 1 | 4 |   251 |    89 |    77
 1 | 5 |   252 |    79 |    62
 2 | 1 |   254 |    98 |    86
 2 | 2 |   254 |   118 |   108
 :
 :

SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(ST_UpperLeftX(rast) + ST_ScaleX(rast)*x,
        ST_UpperLeftY(rast) + ST_ScaleY(rast)*y),
        ST_SRID(rast)) As uplpt,
    ST_Value(rast, 1, x, y) As b1val,
    ST_Value(rast, 2, x, y) As b2val, ST_Value(rast, 3, x, y) As b3val
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN
generate_series(1,1000) As x CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,1000) As y
WHERE rid =  2 AND x <= ST_Width(rast) AND y <= ST_Height(rast);
            uplpt            | b1val | b2val | b3val
-----------------------------+-------+-------+-------
 POINT(3427929.25 5793245.5) |   253 |    78 |    70
 POINT(3427929.25 5793247)   |   253 |    96 |    80
 POINT(3427929.25 5793248.5) |   250 |    99 |    90
:

SELECT ST_Union(pixpolyg) As shadow
FROM (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_MakeEnvelope(ST_UpperLeftX(rast), ST_UpperLeftY(rast),
            ST_UpperLeftX(rast) + ST_ScaleX(rast),
            ST_UpperLeftY(rast) + ST_ScaleY(rast), 0
            ), ST_ScaleX(rast)*x, ST_ScaleY(rast)*y
        ) As pixpolyg, ST_Value(rast, 2, x, y) As b2val
    FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN
generate_series(1,1000) As x CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,1000) As y
WHERE rid =  2
    AND x <= ST_Width(rast) AND y <= ST_Height(rast)) As foo
WHERE
    ST_Intersects(
        pixpolyg,
        ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((3427928 5793244,3427927.75 5793243.75,3427928 5793243.75,3427928 5793244))',0)
        ) AND b2val != 254;
        shadow
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 MULTIPOLYGON(((3427928 5793243.9,3427928 5793243.85,3427927.95 5793243.85,3427927.95 5793243.9,
 3427927.95 5793243.95,3427928 5793243.95,3427928.05 5793243.95,3427928.05 5793243.9,3427928 5793243.9)),((3427927.95 5793243.9,3427927.95 579324
3.85,3427927.9 5793243.85,3427927.85 5793243.85,3427927.85 5793243.9,3427927.9 5793243.9,3427927.9 5793243.95,
3427927.95 5793243.95,3427927.95 5793243.9)),((3427927.85 5793243.75,3427927.85 5793243.7,3427927.8 5793243.7,3427927.8 5793243.75,
3427927.8 5793243.8,3427927.8 5793243.85,3427927.85 5793243.85,3427927.85 5793243.8,3427927.85 5793243.75)),
((3427928.05 5793243.75,3427928.05 5793243.7,3427928 5793243.7,3427927.95 5793243.7,3427927.95 5793243.75,3427927.95 5793243.8,3427
927.95 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.8,3427928.05 5793243.8,
3427928.05 5793243.75)),((3427927.95 5793243.75,3427927.95 5793243.7,3427927.9 5793243.7,3427927.85 5793243.7,
3427927.85 5793243.75,3427927.85 5793243.8,3427927.85 5793243.85,3427927.9 5793243.85,
3427927.95 5793243.85,3427927.95 5793243.8,3427927.95 5793243.75)))

SELECT ST_Union(pixpolyg) As shadow
FROM (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_MakeEnvelope(ST_UpperLeftX(rast), ST_UpperLeftY(rast),
            ST_UpperLeftX(rast) + ST_ScaleX(rast)*2,
            ST_UpperLeftY(rast) + ST_ScaleY(rast)*2, 0
            ), ST_ScaleX(rast)*x, ST_ScaleY(rast)*y
        ) As pixpolyg, ST_Value(rast, 2, x, y) As b2val
    FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN
generate_series(1,1000,2) As x CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,1000,2) As y
WHERE rid =  2
    AND x <= ST_Width(rast)  AND y <= ST_Height(rast)  ) As foo
WHERE
    ST_Intersects(
        pixpolyg,
        ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((3427928 5793244,3427927.75 5793243.75,3427928 5793243.75,3427928 5793244))',0)
        ) AND b2val != 254;
        shadow
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 MULTIPOLYGON(((3427927.9 5793243.85,3427927.8 5793243.85,3427927.8 5793243.95,
 3427927.9 5793243.95,3427928 5793243.95,3427928.1 5793243.95,3427928.1 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.85,3427927.9 5793243.85)),
 ((3427927.9 5793243.65,3427927.8 5793243.65,3427927.8 5793243.75,3427927.8 5793243.85,3427927.9 5793243.85,
 3427928 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.75,3427928.1 5793243.75,3427928.1 5793243.65,3427928 5793243.65,3427927.9 5793243.65)))

WITH source AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(
        ST_AddBand(
            ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
            1, '8BUI', 1, 0
        ),
        1, 1, 1,
        ARRAY[
            [0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
            [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
            [1, 1, 0, 1, 1]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_Value(rast, 2, 2) AS value,
    ST_NearestValue(rast, 2, 2) AS nearestvalue
FROM source
value | nearestvalue
-------+--------------
     1 |            1
WITH source AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(
        ST_AddBand(
            ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
            1, '8BUI', 1, 0
        ),
        1, 1, 1,
        ARRAY[
            [0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
            [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
            [1, 1, 0, 1, 1]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_Value(rast, 2, 3) AS value,
    ST_NearestValue(rast, 2, 3) AS nearestvalue
FROM source
value | nearestvalue
-------+--------------
       |            1
WITH test_raster AS (
SELECT
ST_SetValues(
ST_AddBand(
ST_MakeEmptyRaster(
      width => 2,
      height => 2,
      upperleftx => 0,
      upperlefty => 2,
      scalex => 1.0,
      scaley => -1.0,
      skewx => 0,
      skewy => 0,
      srid => 4326),
    index => 1,
    pixeltype => '16BSI',
    initialvalue => 0,
    nodataval => -999
),
  1,
  1,
  1,
  newvalueset => ARRAY[ARRAY[10.0::float8, 50.0::float8], ARRAY[40.0::float8, 20.0::float8]]) AS rast
)
SELECT
ST_SetZ(
    rast,
    band => 1,
    geom => 'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(1.0 1.9,1.0 0.2)'::geometry,
    resample => 'bilinear'
)
FROM test_raster
LINESTRING Z (1 1.9 38,1 0.2 27)
WITH test_raster AS (
SELECT
ST_SetValues(
ST_AddBand(
ST_MakeEmptyRaster(
      width => 2,
      height => 2,
      upperleftx => 0,
      upperlefty => 2,
      scalex => 1.0,
      scaley => -1.0,
      skewx => 0,
      skewy => 0,
      srid => 4326),
    index => 1,
    pixeltype => '16BSI',
    initialvalue => 0,
    nodataval => -999
),
  1,
  1,
  1,
  newvalueset => ARRAY[ARRAY[10.0::float8, 50.0::float8], ARRAY[40.0::float8, 20.0::float8]]) AS rast
)
SELECT
ST_SetM(
    rast,
    band => 1,
    geom => 'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(1.0 1.9,1.0 0.2)'::geometry,
    resample => 'bilinear'
)
FROM test_raster
LINESTRING M (1 1.9 38,1 0.2 27)
SELECT
    ST_Neighborhood(rast, 2, 2, 1, 1)
FROM (
    SELECT
        ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                '8BUI'::text, 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
                [0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
                [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
                [1, 1, 0, 1, 1]
            ]::double precision[],
            1
        ) AS rast
) AS foo
{{NULL,1,1},{1,1,1},{1,NULL,1}}
SELECT
    ST_Neighborhood(rast, 2, 3, 1, 1)
FROM (
    SELECT
        ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                '8BUI'::text, 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
                [0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
                [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
                [1, 1, 0, 1, 1]
            ]::double precision[],
            1
        ) AS rast
) AS foo
{{1,1,1},{1,NULL,1},{1,1,1}}
SELECT
    ST_Neighborhood(rast, 3, 3, 1, 1, false)
FROM ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                '8BUI'::text, 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
                [0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
                [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
                [1, 1, 0, 1, 1]
            ]::double precision[],
            1
        ) AS rast
{{1,1,0},{0,1,1},{1,1,1}}

                SELECT (foo.geomval).val, ST_Union((foo.geomval).geom)
FROM (SELECT ST_DumpAsPolygons(ST_SetValue(
            rast,
            1,
            ST_Point(3427927.75, 5793243.95),
            50)
            ) As geomval
FROM dummy_rast
where rid = 2) As foo
WHERE (foo.geomval).val < 250
GROUP BY (foo.geomval).val;
 val |                                                     st_astext
-----+-------------------------------------------------------------------
  50 | POLYGON((3427927.75 5793244,3427927.75 5793243.95,3427927.8 579324 ...
 249 | POLYGON((3427927.95 5793243.95,3427927.95 5793243.85,3427928 57932 ...
UPDATE dummy_rast SET rast = ST_SetValue(rast, 1, ST_Point(3427927.75, 5793243.95), 100)
    WHERE rid = 2   ;

SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            ),
            1, 2, 2, ARRAY[[9, 9], [9, 9]]::double precision[][]
        ),
        1, FALSE
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;
 x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |   1
 1 | 2 |   1
 1 | 3 |   1
 2 | 1 |   1
 2 | 2 |   9
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   1
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9
SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[[9, 9, 9], [9, NULL, 9], [9, 9, 9]]::double precision[][]
        ),
        1, FALSE
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;
 x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |   9
 1 | 2 |   9
 1 | 3 |   9
 2 | 1 |   9
 2 | 2 |   0
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   9
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9
SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1,
                ARRAY[[9, 9, 9], [9, NULL, 9], [9, 9, 9]]::double precision[][],
                ARRAY[[false], [true]]::boolean[][]
        ),
        1, FALSE
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;
x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |   9
 1 | 2 |   1
 1 | 3 |   9
 2 | 1 |   9
 2 | 2 |   0
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   9
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9
SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_SetValue(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                    1, '8BUI', 1, 0
                ),
                1, 1, 1, NULL
            ),
            1, 1, 1,
                ARRAY[[9, 9, 9], [9, NULL, 9], [9, 9, 9]]::double precision[][],
                ARRAY[[false], [true]]::boolean[][],
                TRUE
        ),
        1, FALSE
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;
x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |   0
 1 | 2 |   1
 1 | 3 |   9
 2 | 1 |   9
 2 | 2 |   0
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   9
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9
SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[[-1, -1, -1], [-1, 9, 9], [-1, 9, 9]]::double precision[][], -1
        ),
        1, FALSE
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;
x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |   1
 1 | 2 |   1
 1 | 3 |   1
 2 | 1 |   1
 2 | 2 |   9
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   1
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9
SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[[NULL, NULL, NULL], [NULL, 9, 9], [NULL, 9, 9]]::double precision[][], NULL::double precision
        ),
        1, FALSE
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;
x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |   1
 1 | 2 |   1
 1 | 3 |   1
 2 | 1 |   1
 2 | 2 |   9
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   1
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9
SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            ),
            1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 9
        ),
        1, FALSE
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;
x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |   1
 1 | 2 |   1
 1 | 3 |   1
 2 | 1 |   1
 2 | 2 |   9
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   1
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9
SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_SetValue(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                    1, '8BUI', 1, 0
                ),
                1, 2, 2, NULL
            ),
            1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 9, TRUE
        ),
        1, FALSE
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;
x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |   1
 1 | 2 |   1
 1 | 3 |   1
 2 | 1 |   1
 2 | 2 |   0
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   1
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 0, 0) AS rast
), bar AS (
    SELECT 1 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POINT(2.5 -2.5)'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POLYGON((1 -1,4 -1,4 -4,1 -4,1 -1))'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 3 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 -1,1 -1,1 -4,0 -4,0 0))'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 4 AS gid, 'SRID=0;MULTIPOINT(0 0,4 4,4 -4)'::geometry
), changed AS (
    SELECT rid, gid, ST_SetValue(rast, 1, geom, gid) AS rast
    FROM foo
    CROSS JOIN bar
)
SELECT
    rid,
    gid,
    y,
    array_agg(ST_Value(rast, 1, x, y) ORDER BY x) AS values
FROM changed
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 5) AS x
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 5) AS y
GROUP BY rid, gid, y
ORDER BY rid, gid, y;
rid | gid | y |           values
-----+-----+---+----------------------------
   1 |   1 | 1 | {NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
   1 |   1 | 2 | {NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
   1 |   1 | 3 | {NULL,NULL,1,NULL,NULL}
   1 |   1 | 4 | {NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
   1 |   1 | 5 | {NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
   1 |   2 | 1 | {NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
   1 |   2 | 2 | {NULL,2,2,2,NULL}
   1 |   2 | 3 | {NULL,2,2,2,NULL}
   1 |   2 | 4 | {NULL,2,2,2,NULL}
   1 |   2 | 5 | {NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
   1 |   3 | 1 | {3,3,3,3,3}
   1 |   3 | 2 | {3,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
   1 |   3 | 3 | {3,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
   1 |   3 | 4 | {3,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
   1 |   3 | 5 | {NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
   1 |   4 | 1 | {4,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
   1 |   4 | 2 | {NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
   1 |   4 | 3 | {NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
   1 |   4 | 4 | {NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
   1 |   4 | 5 | {NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,4}
(20 rows)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 0, 0) AS rast
), bar AS (
    SELECT 1 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POINT(2.5 -2.5)'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POLYGON((1 -1,4 -1,4 -4,1 -4,1 -1))'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 3 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 -1,1 -1,1 -4,0 -4,0 0))'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 4 AS gid, 'SRID=0;MULTIPOINT(0 0,4 4,4 -4)'::geometry
), changed AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(
        rast,
        1,
        ARRAY[
            ROW((SELECT geom FROM bar WHERE gid = 1), 1),
            ROW((SELECT geom FROM bar WHERE gid = 2), 2)
        ]::geomval[]
    ) AS rast
    FROM foo
)
SELECT
    y,
    array_agg(ST_Value(rast, 1, x, y) ORDER BY x) AS values
FROM changed
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 5) AS x
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 5) AS y
GROUP BY y
ORDER BY y;
y |           values
---+----------------------------
 1 | {NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
 2 | {NULL,2,2,2,NULL}
 3 | {NULL,2,2,2,NULL}
 4 | {NULL,2,2,2,NULL}
 5 | {NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
(5 rows)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 0, 0) AS rast
), bar AS (
    SELECT 1 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POINT(2.5 -2.5)'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POLYGON((1 -1,4 -1,4 -4,1 -4,1 -1))'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 3 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 -1,1 -1,1 -4,0 -4,0 0))'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 4 AS gid, 'SRID=0;MULTIPOINT(0 0,4 4,4 -4)'::geometry
), changed AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(
        rast,
        1,
        ARRAY[
            ROW((SELECT geom FROM bar WHERE gid = 2), 2),
            ROW((SELECT geom FROM bar WHERE gid = 1), 1)
        ]::geomval[]
    ) AS rast
    FROM foo
)
SELECT
    y,
    array_agg(ST_Value(rast, 1, x, y) ORDER BY x) AS values
FROM changed
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 5) AS x
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 5) AS y
GROUP BY y
ORDER BY y;
y |           values
---+----------------------------
 1 | {NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
 2 | {NULL,2,2,2,NULL}
 3 | {NULL,2,1,2,NULL}
 4 | {NULL,2,2,2,NULL}
 5 | {NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}
(5 rows)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI'::text, 1, 0), 2, '32BF'::text, 3, -9999), 3, '16BSI', 0, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    (ST_DumpValues(rast)).*
FROM foo;
nband |                       valarray
-------+------------------------------------------------------
     1 | {{1,1,1},{1,1,1},{1,1,1}}
     2 | {{3,3,3},{3,3,3},{3,3,3}}
     3 | {{NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL}}
(3 rows)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI'::text, 1, 0), 2, '32BF'::text, 3, -9999), 3, '16BSI', 0, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    (ST_DumpValues(rast, ARRAY[3, 1])).*
FROM foo;
nband |                       valarray
-------+------------------------------------------------------
     3 | {{NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL}}
     1 | {{1,1,1},{1,1,1},{1,1,1}}
(2 rows)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValue(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 1, 0), 1, 2, 5) AS rast
)
SELECT
    (ST_DumpValues(rast, 1))[2][1]
FROM foo;
5
WITH source AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(
        ST_AddBand(
            ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
            1, '8BUI', 1, 0
        ),
        1, 1, 1,
        ARRAY[
            [0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
            [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 1, 255],
            [1, 1, 0, 1, 1]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT (ST_PixelOfValue(rast, 1, ARRAY[1, 255])).*
FROM source
val | x | y
-----+---+---
   1 | 1 | 2
   1 | 1 | 3
   1 | 1 | 4
   1 | 1 | 5
   1 | 2 | 1
   1 | 2 | 2
   1 | 2 | 4
   1 | 2 | 5
   1 | 3 | 1
   1 | 3 | 2
   1 | 3 | 3
   1 | 3 | 4
   1 | 4 | 1
   1 | 4 | 3
   1 | 4 | 4
   1 | 4 | 5
   1 | 5 | 1
   1 | 5 | 2
   1 | 5 | 3
 255 | 5 | 4
   1 | 5 | 5
scalex skewy skewx scaley upperleftx upperlefty
scalex skewy skewx scaley upperleftx + scalex*0.5 upperlefty + scaley*0.5
WITH source AS (
    SELECT ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0) AS rast
), variants AS (
    SELECT 0 AS rid, rast FROM source
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 1, ST_SetGeoReference(rast, '10 0 0 -10 0.1 0.1', 'GDAL')
    FROM source
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 2, ST_SetGeoReference(rast, '10 0 0 -10 5.1 -4.9', 'ESRI')
    FROM source
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 3, ST_SetGeoReference(rast, 1, 1, 10, -10, 0.001, 0.001)
    FROM source
)
SELECT
    rid,
    round(ST_UpperLeftX(rast)::numeric, 3) AS upperleftx,
    round(ST_UpperLeftY(rast)::numeric, 3) AS upperlefty,
    ST_ScaleX(rast) AS scalex,
    ST_ScaleY(rast) AS scaley,
    ST_SkewX(rast) AS skewx,
    ST_SkewY(rast) AS skewy
FROM variants
ORDER BY rid;
rid | upperleftx | upperlefty | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy
-----+------------+------------+--------+--------+-------+-------
   0 |      0.000 |      0.000 |      1 |     -1 |     0 |     0
   1 |      0.100 |      0.100 |     10 |    -10 |     0 |     0
   2 |      0.100 |      0.100 |     10 |    -10 |     0 |     0
   3 |      1.000 |      1.000 |     10 |    -10 | 0.001 | 0.001
(4 rows)
WITH variants AS (
    SELECT rid, 'rotated' AS kind, ST_SetRotation(rast, 15) AS rast
    FROM dummy_rast
    UNION ALL
    SELECT rid, 'original', rast
    FROM dummy_rast
)
SELECT
    rid,
    kind,
    round(ST_ScaleX(rast)::numeric, 4) AS scale_x,
    round(ST_ScaleY(rast)::numeric, 4) AS scale_y,
    round(ST_SkewX(rast)::numeric, 4) AS skew_x,
    round(ST_SkewY(rast)::numeric, 4) AS skew_y
FROM variants
ORDER BY rid, kind;
rid |   kind   | scale_x | scale_y | skew_x | skew_y
-----+----------+---------+---------+--------+--------
   1 | original |  2.0000 |  3.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000
   1 | rotated  | -1.5194 | -2.2791 | 1.9509 | 1.3006
   2 | original |  0.0500 | -0.0500 | 0.0000 | 0.0000
   2 | rotated  | -0.0380 | -0.0380 | 0.0325 | 0.0325
(4 rows)
UPDATE dummy_rast
    SET rast = ST_SetScale(rast, 1.5)
WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT ST_ScaleX(rast) As pixx, ST_ScaleY(rast) As pixy, Box3D(rast) As newbox
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
pixx | pixy |                    newbox
------+------+----------------------------------------------
  1.5 |  1.5 | BOX(3427927.75 5793244 0, 3427935.25 5793251.5 0)
UPDATE dummy_rast
    SET rast = ST_SetScale(rast, 1.5, 0.55)
WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT ST_ScaleX(rast) As pixx, ST_ScaleY(rast) As pixy, Box3D(rast) As newbox
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
pixx | pixy |                   newbox
------+------+--------------------------------------------
  1.5 | 0.55 | BOX(3427927.75 5793244 0,3427935.25 5793247 0)
UPDATE dummy_rast SET rast = ST_SetSkew(rast, 1, 2) WHERE rid = 1;
SELECT
    rid,
    format('(%s, %s)', skewx, skewy) AS skew,
    term,
    georef[idx] AS value
FROM (
    SELECT
        rid,
        ST_SkewX(rast) AS skewx,
        ST_SkewY(rast) AS skewy,
        string_to_array(ST_GeoReference(rast), E'\n') AS georef
    FROM dummy_rast
    WHERE rid = 1
) AS refs
CROSS JOIN (VALUES
    (1, 'scaleX'),
    (2, 'skewY'),
    (3, 'skewX'),
    (4, 'scaleY'),
    (5, 'originX'),
    (6, 'originY')
) AS parts(idx, term)
ORDER BY idx;
rid |  skew  |  term   |    value
-----+--------+---------+--------------
   1 | (1, 2) | scaleX  | 2.0000000000
   1 | (1, 2) | skewY   | 2.0000000000
   1 | (1, 2) | skewX   | 1.0000000000
   1 | (1, 2) | scaleY  | 3.0000000000
   1 | (1, 2) | originX | 0.5000000000
   1 | (1, 2) | originY | 0.5000000000
(6 rows)
UPDATE dummy_rast SET rast = ST_SetSkew(rast, 0) WHERE rid = 1;
SELECT
    rid,
    format('(%s, %s)', skewx, skewy) AS skew,
    term,
    georef[idx] AS value
FROM (
    SELECT
        rid,
        ST_SkewX(rast) AS skewx,
        ST_SkewY(rast) AS skewy,
        string_to_array(ST_GeoReference(rast), E'\n') AS georef
    FROM dummy_rast
    WHERE rid = 1
) AS refs
CROSS JOIN (VALUES
    (1, 'scaleX'),
    (2, 'skewY'),
    (3, 'skewX'),
    (4, 'scaleY'),
    (5, 'originX'),
    (6, 'originY')
) AS parts(idx, term)
ORDER BY idx;
rid |  skew  |  term   |    value
-----+--------+---------+--------------
   1 | (0, 0) | scaleX  | 2.0000000000
   1 | (0, 0) | skewY   | 0.0000000000
   1 | (0, 0) | skewX   | 0.0000000000
   1 | (0, 0) | scaleY  | 3.0000000000
   1 | (0, 0) | originX | 0.5000000000
   1 | (0, 0) | originY | 0.5000000000
(6 rows)
SELECT ST_SetUpperLeft(rast, -71.01, 42.37)
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT
    ST_Width(orig) AS orig_width,
    ST_Width(reduce_100) AS new_width
FROM (
    SELECT
        rast AS orig,
        ST_Resample(rast, 100, 100) AS reduce_100
    FROM aerials.boston
    WHERE ST_Intersects(
        rast,
        ST_Transform(ST_MakeEnvelope(-71.128, 42.2392, -71.1277, 42.2397, 4326),
            26986)
    )
    LIMIT 1
) AS foo;
orig_width | new_width
------------+-------------
        200 |         100
SELECT ST_PixelWidth(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0, 0, 0.001, -0.001, 0, 0, 4269), '8BUI'::text, 1, 0)) width
0.001
SELECT ST_PixelWidth(ST_Rescale(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0, 0, 0.001, -0.001, 0, 0, 4269), '8BUI'::text, 1, 0), 0.0015)) width
0.0015
SELECT ST_Rotation(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0, 0, 0.001, -0.001, 0, 0, 4269), '8BUI'::text, 1, 0));
st_rotation
-------------
           0
(1 row)
SELECT ST_Rotation(ST_Reskew(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0, 0, 0.001, -0.001, 0, 0, 4269), '8BUI'::text, 1, 0), 0.0015));
st_rotation
------------------
 -0.982793723247329
(1 row)
SELECT ST_UpperLeftX(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 0, 0, 0.001, -0.001, 0, 0, 4269), '8BUI'::text, 1, 0));
st_upperleftx
---------------
             0
(1 row)
SELECT ST_UpperLeftX(ST_SnapToGrid(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 0, 0, 0.001, -0.001, 0, 0, 4269), '8BUI'::text, 1, 0), 0.0002, 0.0002));
st_upperleftx
---------------
       -0.0008
(1 row)
WITH foo AS(
SELECT
    1 AS rid,
    ST_Resize(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1000, 1000, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
            1, '8BUI', 255, 0
        ),
    '50%', '500') AS rast
UNION ALL
SELECT
    2 AS rid,
    ST_Resize(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1000, 1000, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
            1, '8BUI', 255, 0
        ),
    500, 100) AS rast
UNION ALL
SELECT
    3 AS rid,
    ST_Resize(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1000, 1000, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
            1, '8BUI', 255, 0
        ),
    0.25, 0.9) AS rast
)
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Width(rast) AS width,
    ST_Height(rast) AS height,
    ST_ScaleX(rast) AS scale_x,
    round(ST_ScaleY(rast)::numeric, 4) AS scale_y
FROM foo
ORDER BY rid
rid | width | height | scale_x | scale_y
-----+-------+--------+---------+---------
   1 |   500 |    500 |       2 | -2.0000
   2 |   500 |    100 |       2 | -10.0000
   3 |   250 |    900 |       4 | -1.1111
(3 rows)
WITH rows AS (
    SELECT
        y,
        array_agg(
            ((
                    x * 3 + y * 5
                    + CASE WHEN (x + y) % 8 < 4 THEN 80 ELSE 0 END
                ) % 255)::double precision
            ORDER BY x
        ) AS row_values
    FROM generate_series(1, 80) AS y
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 80) AS x
    GROUP BY y
), source AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(
        ST_AddBand(
            ST_MakeEmptyRaster(
                80, 80,
                -500000, 600000,
                2500, -2500,
                0, 0,
                2163
            ),
            1, '8BUI', 0, NULL
        ),
        1, 1, 1,
        array_agg(row_values ORDER BY y)::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
    FROM rows
), transformed AS (
    SELECT
        rast,
        ST_Transform(rast, 4326, 'NearestNeighbor') AS nearest,
        ST_Transform(rast, 4326, 'Bilinear') AS bilinear
    FROM source
)
SELECT
    ST_AsPNG(rast) AS "source (EPSG:2163)",
    ST_AsPNG(nearest) AS "nearest (EPSG:4326)",
    ST_AsPNG(bilinear) AS "bilinear (EPSG:4326)"
FROM transformed;
PNG image, 80 x 80 pixels | PNG image, 98 x 64 pixels | PNG image, 98 x 64 pixels
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 0 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -500000, 600000, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 1, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -499800, 600000, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 2, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 2, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -499600, 600000, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 3, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT 3, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -500000, 599800, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 10, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 4, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -499800, 599800, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 20, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 5, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -499600, 599800, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 30, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT 6, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -500000, 599600, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 100, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 7, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -499800, 599600, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 200, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 8, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -499600, 599600, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 300, 0) AS rast
), bar AS (
    SELECT
        ST_Transform(rast, 4269) AS alignto
    FROM foo
    LIMIT 1
), baz AS (
    SELECT
        rid,
        rast,
        ST_Transform(rast, 4269) AS not_aligned,
        ST_Transform(rast, alignto) AS aligned
    FROM foo
    CROSS JOIN bar
)
SELECT
    ST_Collect(ST_ConvexHull(not_aligned) ORDER BY rid) AS not_aligned,
    ST_Collect(ST_ConvexHull(aligned) ORDER BY rid) AS aligned
FROM baz
MULTIPOLYGON(((-107.007 50.2,-107.005 50.2,-107.005 50.198,-107.007 50.198,-107.007 50.2)),((-107.004 50.201,-107.002 50.201,-107.002 50.198,-107.004 50.198,-107.004 50.201)),((-107.001 50.201,-106.999 50.201,-106.999 50.198,-107.001 50.198,-107.001 50.201)),((-107.007 50.199,-107.004 50.199,-107.004 50.196,-107.007 50.196,-107.007 50.199)),((-107.004 50.199,-107.001 50.199,-107.001 50.196,-107.004 50.196,-107.004 50.199)),((-107.001 50.199,-106.999 50.199,-106.999 50.196,-107.001 50.196,-107.001 50.199)),((-107.006 50.197,-107.004 50.197,-107.004 50.194,-107.006 50.194,-107.006 50.197)),((-107.004 50.197,-107.001 50.197,-107.001 50.194,-107.004 50.194,-107.004 50.197)),((-107.001 50.197,-106.998 50.197,-106.998 50.195,-107.001 50.195,-107.001 50.197))) | MULTIPOLYGON(((-107.007 50.2,-107.005 50.2,-107.005 50.198,-107.007 50.198,-107.007 50.2)),((-107.005 50.202,-107.001 50.202,-107.001 50.198,-107.005 50.198,-107.005 50.202)),((-107.002 50.202,-106.998 50.202,-106.998 50.198,-107.002 50.198,-107.002 50.202)),((-107.007 50.199,-107.003 50.199,-107.003 50.195,-107.007 50.195,-107.007 50.199)),((-107.005 50.199,-107.001 50.199,-107.001 50.195,-107.005 50.195,-107.005 50.199)),((-107.002 50.199,-106.998 50.199,-106.998 50.195,-107.002 50.195,-107.002 50.199)),((-107.007 50.198,-107.003 50.198,-107.003 50.194,-107.007 50.194,-107.007 50.198)),((-107.005 50.198,-107.001 50.198,-107.001 50.194,-107.005 50.194,-107.005 50.198)),((-107.002 50.198,-106.998 50.198,-106.998 50.194,-107.002 50.194,-107.002 50.198)))
UPDATE dummy_rast
    SET rast = ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast, 1, 254)
WHERE rid = 2;
UPDATE dummy_rast
    SET rast =
        ST_SetBandNoDataValue(ST_SetBandNoDataValue(ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast, 1, 254),
                2, 99),
                3, 108)
        WHERE rid = 2;
UPDATE dummy_rast
    SET rast = ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast, 1, NULL)
WHERE rid = 2;

create table dummy_rast (rid integer, rast raster);

insert into dummy_rast values(
1,
(
'01' -- little endian (uint8 ndr)
||
'0000' -- version (uint16 0)
||
'0200' -- nBands (uint16 0)
||
'17263529ED684A3F' -- scaleX (float64 0.000805965234044584)
||
'F9253529ED684ABF' -- scaleY (float64 -0.00080596523404458)
||
'1C9F33CE69E352C0' -- ipX (float64 -75.5533328537098)
||
'718F0E9A27A44840' -- ipY (float64 49.2824585505576)
||
'ED50EB853EC32B3F' -- skewX (float64 0.000211812383858707)
||
'7550EB853EC32B3F' -- skewY (float64 0.000211812383858704)
||
'E6100000' -- SRID (int32 4326)
||
'0100' -- width (uint16 1)
||
'0100' -- height (uint16 1)
||
'4' -- hasnodatavalue set to true, isnodata value set to false (when it should be true)
||
'2' -- first band type (4BUI)
||
'03' -- novalue==3
||
'03' -- pixel(0,0)==3 (same that nodata)
||
'0' -- hasnodatavalue set to false
||
'5' -- second band type (16BSI)
||
'0D00' -- novalue==13
||
'0400' -- pixel(0,0)==4
)::raster
);

select ST_BandIsNoData(rast, 1) from dummy_rast where rid = 1; -- Expected false
select ST_BandIsNoData(rast, 1, TRUE) from dummy_rast where rid = 1; -- Expected true

update dummy_rast set rast = ST_SetBandIsNoData(rast, 1) where rid = 1;

select ST_BandIsNoData(rast, 1) from dummy_rast where rid = 1; -- Expected true

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(
        NULL::raster,
        '/home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif',
        NULL::int[]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    1 AS query,
    bandnum,
    regexp_replace(path, '^.*/', '') AS path,
    outdbbandnum
FROM ST_BandMetaData(
    (SELECT rast FROM foo),
    ARRAY[1, 3, 2]::int[]
) AS metadata
UNION ALL
SELECT
    2, bandnum,
    regexp_replace(path, '^.*/', ''),
    outdbbandnum
FROM ST_BandMetaData((
        SELECT
            ST_SetBandPath(rast,
                2,
                '/home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected2.tif',
                1
            ) AS rast
        FROM foo
    ),
    ARRAY[1, 3, 2]::int[]
) AS metadata
ORDER BY 1, 2;
query | bandnum | path           | outdbbandnum
-------+---------+----------------+--------------
     1 |       1 | Projected.tif  |            1
     1 |       2 | Projected.tif  |            2
     1 |       3 | Projected.tif  |            3
     2 |       1 | Projected.tif  |            1
     2 |       2 | Projected2.tif |            1
     2 |       3 | Projected.tif  |            3
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(
        NULL::raster,
        '/home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif',
        NULL::int[]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    1 AS query,
    bandnum,
    regexp_replace(path, '^.*/', '') AS path,
    outdbbandnum
FROM ST_BandMetaData(
    (SELECT rast FROM foo),
    ARRAY[1, 3, 2]::int[]
) AS metadata
UNION ALL
SELECT
    2, bandnum,
    regexp_replace(path, '^.*/', ''),
    outdbbandnum
FROM ST_BandMetaData((
        SELECT
            ST_SetBandIndex(rast,
                2,
                1
            ) AS rast
        FROM foo
    ),
    ARRAY[1, 3, 2]::int[]
) AS metadata
ORDER BY 1, 2;
query | bandnum | path          | outdbbandnum
-------+---------+---------------+--------------
     1 |       1 | Projected.tif |            1
     1 |       2 | Projected.tif |            2
     1 |       3 | Projected.tif |            3
     2 |       1 | Projected.tif |            1
     2 |       2 | Projected.tif |            1
     2 |       3 | Projected.tif |            3
SELECT rid, ST_Count(ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast, 249)) As exclude_nodata,
        ST_Count(ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast, 249), false) As include_nodata
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;
rid | exclude_nodata | include_nodata
-----+----------------+----------------
   2 |             23 |             25
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT
        rast.rast
    FROM (
        SELECT ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 10, 10, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0),
                        1, '64BF', 0, 0
                    ),
                    1, 1, 1, -10
                ),
                1, 5, 4, 0
            ),
            1, 5, 5, 3.14159
        ) AS rast
    ) AS rast
    FULL JOIN (
        SELECT generate_series(1, 10) AS id
    ) AS id
        ON 1 = 1
)
SELECT
    ST_CountAgg(rast, 1, TRUE) AS non_nodata_pixels
FROM foo;
non_nodata_pixels
-------------------
                20
(1 row)
SELECT band, (stats).*
FROM (SELECT rid, band, ST_Histogram(rast, band) As stats
    FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) As band
     WHERE rid=2) As foo;
band |  min  |  max  | count | percent
------+-------+-------+-------+---------
    1 |   249 |   250 |     2 |    0.08
    1 |   250 |   251 |     2 |    0.08
    1 |   251 |   252 |     1 |    0.04
    1 |   252 |   253 |     2 |    0.08
    1 |   253 |   254 |    18 |    0.72
    2 |    78 | 113.2 |    11 |    0.44
    2 | 113.2 | 148.4 |     4 |    0.16
    2 | 148.4 | 183.6 |     4 |    0.16
    2 | 183.6 | 218.8 |     1 |    0.04
    2 | 218.8 |   254 |     5 |     0.2
    3 |    62 | 100.4 |    11 |    0.44
    3 | 100.4 | 138.8 |     5 |     0.2
    3 | 138.8 | 177.2 |     4 |    0.16
    3 | 177.2 | 215.6 |     1 |    0.04
    3 | 215.6 |   254 |     4 |    0.16
SELECT (stats).*
FROM (SELECT rid, ST_Histogram(rast, 2, 6) As stats
    FROM dummy_rast
     WHERE rid=2) As foo;
min     |    max     | count | percent
------------+------------+-------+---------
         78 | 107.333333 |     9 |    0.36
 107.333333 | 136.666667 |     6 |    0.24
 136.666667 |        166 |     0 |       0
        166 | 195.333333 |     4 |    0.16
 195.333333 | 224.666667 |     1 |    0.04
 224.666667 |        254 |     5 |     0.2
(6 rows)
SELECT (stats).*
FROM (SELECT rid, ST_Histogram(rast, 2, 6, ARRAY[0.5, 1, 4, 100, 5]) As stats
    FROM dummy_rast
     WHERE rid=2) As foo;
min  |  max  | count | percent
-------+-------+-------+----------
    78 |  78.5 |     1 |     0.08
  78.5 |  79.5 |     1 |     0.04
  79.5 |  83.5 |     0 |        0
  83.5 | 183.5 |    17 |   0.0068
 183.5 | 188.5 |     0 |        0
 188.5 |   254 |     6 | 0.003664
(6 rows)
UPDATE dummy_rast SET rast = ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast, 249) WHERE rid=2;

SELECT (pvq).*
FROM (SELECT ST_Quantile(rast, ARRAY[0.25, 0.75]) As pvq
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2) As foo
    ORDER BY (pvq).quantile;
quantile | value
----------+-------
     0.25 |   253
     0.75 |   254
SELECT ST_Quantile(rast, 0.75) As value
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;
254
SELECT rid, (ST_Quantile(rast, 2)).* As pvc
    FROM o_4_boston
        WHERE ST_Intersects(
            rast,
            ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((224486 892151,224486 892200,224706 892200,224706 892151,224486 892151))', 26986)
            )
ORDER BY value, quantile, rid
;
rid | quantile | value
-----+----------+-------
   1 |        0 |     0
   2 |        0 |     0
  14 |        0 |     1
  15 |        0 |     2
  14 |     0.25 |    37
   1 |     0.25 |    42
  15 |     0.25 |    47
   2 |     0.25 |    50
  14 |      0.5 |    56
   1 |      0.5 |    64
  15 |      0.5 |    66
   2 |      0.5 |    77
  14 |     0.75 |    81
  15 |     0.75 |    87
   1 |     0.75 |    94
   2 |     0.75 |   106
  14 |        1 |   199
   1 |        1 |   244
   2 |        1 |   255
  15 |        1 |   255
SELECT rid, band, (stats).*
FROM (SELECT rid, band, ST_SummaryStats(rast, band) As stats
    FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) As band
     WHERE rid=2) As foo;
rid | band | count | sum  |    mean    |  stddev   | min | max
-----+------+-------+------+------------+-----------+-----+-----
   2 |    1 |    23 | 5821 | 253.086957 |  1.248061 | 250 | 254
   2 |    2 |    25 | 3682 |     147.28 | 59.862188 |  78 | 254
   2 |    3 |    25 | 3290 |      131.6 | 61.647384 |  62 | 254
WITH
-- our features of interest
feat AS (
    SELECT gid AS building_id, geom_26986 AS geom
    FROM buildings AS b
    WHERE gid IN (100, 103, 150)
),
-- clip band 2 of raster tiles to boundaries of builds
-- then get stats for these clipped regions
b_stats AS (
    SELECT building_id, (stats).*
    FROM (
        SELECT
            building_id,
            ST_SummaryStats(ST_Clip(rast, 2, geom)) AS stats
        FROM aerials.boston
        INNER JOIN feat
            ON ST_Intersects(feat.geom, rast)
    ) AS foo
)
-- finally summarize stats
SELECT
    building_id,
    SUM(count) AS num_pixels,
    MIN(min) AS min_pval,
    MAX(max) AS max_pval,
    SUM(mean * count) / SUM(count) AS avg_pval
FROM b_stats
WHERE count 
> 0
GROUP BY building_id
ORDER BY building_id;
building_id | num_pixels | min_pval | max_pval |     avg_pval
-------------+------------+----------+----------+------------------
        100 |       1090 |        1 |      255 | 61.0697247706422
        103 |        655 |        7 |      182 | 70.5038167938931
        150 |        895 |        2 |      252 | 185.642458100559

SELECT band, (stats).*
FROM (SELECT band, ST_SummaryStats('o_4_boston', 'rast', band) As stats
    FROM generate_series(1, 3) As band) As foo;
band |  count  |  sum   |       mean       |      stddev      | min | max
------+---------+--------+------------------+------------------+-----+-----
    1 | 8450000 | 725799 | 82.7064349112426 | 45.6800222638537 |   0 | 255
    2 | 8450000 | 700487 | 81.4197705325444 | 44.2161184161765 |   0 | 255
    3 | 8450000 | 575943 |  74.682739408284 | 44.2143885481407 |   0 | 255
SELECT band, (stats).*
FROM (SELECT band, ST_SummaryStats('o_4_boston', 'rast', band, true, 0.25) As stats
    FROM generate_series(1, 3) As band) As foo;
band |  count  |  sum   |       mean       |      stddev      | min | max
------+---------+--------+------------------+------------------+-----+-----
    1 | 2112500 | 180686 | 82.6890480473373 | 45.6961043857248 |   0 | 255
    2 | 2112500 | 174571 |  81.448503668639 | 44.2252623171821 |   0 | 255
    3 | 2112500 | 144364 | 74.6765884023669 | 44.2014869384578 |   0 | 255

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT
        rast.rast
    FROM (
        SELECT ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 10, 10, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0),
                        1, '64BF', 0, 0
                    ),
                    1, 1, 1, -10
                ),
                1, 5, 4, 0
            ),
            1, 5, 5, 3.14159
        ) AS rast
    ) AS rast
    FULL JOIN (
        SELECT generate_series(1, 10) AS id
    ) AS id
        ON 1 = 1
)
SELECT
    (stats).count AS count,
    round((stats).sum::numeric, 3) AS sum,
    round((stats).mean::numeric, 3) AS mean,
    round((stats).stddev::numeric, 3) AS stddev,
    round((stats).min::numeric, 3) AS min,
    round((stats).max::numeric, 3) AS max
FROM (
    SELECT
        ST_SummaryStatsAgg(rast, 1, TRUE, 1) AS stats
    FROM foo
) bar;
count |   sum   |  mean  | stddev |   min   |  max
-------+---------+--------+--------+---------+-------
    20 | -68.584 | -3.429 |  6.571 | -10.000 | 3.142
(1 row)
UPDATE dummy_rast SET rast = ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast, 249) WHERE rid=2;

SELECT (pvc).*
FROM (SELECT ST_ValueCount(rast) As pvc
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2) As foo
    ORDER BY (pvc).value;
value | count
-------+-------
   250 |     2
   251 |     1
   252 |     2
   253 |     6
   254 |    12
SELECT (pvc).*
FROM (SELECT ST_ValueCount(rast, 1, false) As pvc
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2) As foo
    ORDER BY (pvc).value;
value | count
-------+-------
   249 |     2
   250 |     2
   251 |     1
   252 |     2
   253 |     6
   254 |    12
SELECT (pvc).*
FROM (SELECT ST_ValueCount(rast, 2) As pvc
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2) As foo
    ORDER BY (pvc).value;
value | count
-------+-------
    78 |     1
    79 |     1
    88 |     1
    89 |     1
    96 |     1
    97 |     1
    98 |     1
    99 |     2
   112 |     2
:

SELECT (pvc).value, SUM((pvc).count) As total
FROM (SELECT ST_ValueCount(rast, 2) As pvc
    FROM o_4_boston
        WHERE ST_Intersects(
            rast,
            ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((224486 892151,224486 892200,224706 892200,224706 892151,224486 892151))', 26986)
             )
        ) As foo
    GROUP BY (pvc).value
    HAVING SUM((pvc).count) > 500
    ORDER BY (pvc).value;
value | total
-------+-----
    51 | 502
    54 | 521
SELECT rid, ST_ValueCount(rast, 2, 100) As count
    FROM o_4_boston
        WHERE ST_Intersects(
            rast,
            ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((224486 892151,224486 892200,224706 892200,224706 892151,224486 892151))', 26986)
             ) ;
rid | count
-----+-------
   1 |    56
   2 |    95
  14 |    37
  15 |    64
SELECT (ST_MetaData(ST_RastFromWKB('\001\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000@\000\000\000\000\000\000\010@\000\000\000\000\000\000\340?\000\000\000\000\000\000\340?\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\012\000\000\000\012\000\024\000'::bytea
    )
)).* AS metadata;
upperleftx | upperlefty | width | height | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy | srid | numbands
------------+------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+------+----------
        0.5 |        0.5 |    10 |     20 |      2 |      3 |     0 |     0 |   10 |        0
SELECT (ST_MetaData(ST_RastFromHexWKB('010000000000000000000000400000000000000840000000000000E03F000000000000E03F000000000000000000000000000000000A0000000A001400'
    )
)).* AS metadata;
upperleftx | upperlefty | width | height | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy | srid | numbands
------------+------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+------+----------
        0.5 |        0.5 |    10 |     20 |      2 |      3 |     0 |     0 |   10 |        0
SELECT ST_AsBinary(rast) AS rastbin FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1;
\001\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000@\000\000\000\000\000\000\010@\000\000\000\000\000\000\340?\000\000\000\000\000\000\340?\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\012\000\000\000\012\000\024\000
SELECT ST_AsHexWKB(rast) AS rastbin FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1;
010000000000000000000000400000000000000840000000000000E03F000000000000E03F000000000000000000000000000000000A0000000A001400
SELECT ST_AsGDALRaster(ST_Union(rast), 'JPEG', ARRAY['QUALITY=50']) As rastjpg
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rast && ST_MakeEnvelope(10, 10, 11, 11);

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tmp_out ;

CREATE TABLE tmp_out AS
SELECT lo_from_bytea(
       0,
       ST_AsGDALRaster(ST_Union(rast), 'JPEG', ARRAY['QUALITY=50'])
        ) AS loid
  FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rast && ST_MakeEnvelope(10, 10, 11, 11);

SELECT lo_export(loid, '/tmp/dummy.jpg')
   FROM tmp_out;

SELECT lo_unlink(loid)
  FROM tmp_out;

SELECT ST_AsGDALRaster(rast, 'GTiff') AS rasttiff
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 2;
SELECT ST_AsGDALRaster(
  rast,
  'GTiff',
  ARRAY['COMPRESS=JPEG', 'JPEG_QUALITY=90'],
  4269) AS rasttiff
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT ST_AsJPEG(rast) As rastjpg
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;

SELECT ST_AsJPEG(rast, 1, 90) As rastjpg
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;

SELECT ST_AsJPEG(rast, ARRAY[2, 1, 3], ARRAY['QUALITY=90', 'PROGRESSIVE=ON']) As rastjpg
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;
SELECT ST_AsPNG(rast) As rastpng
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;
SELECT ST_AsPNG(rast, ARRAY[3, 1, 2]) As rastpng
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;

SELECT ST_AsTIFF(rast, 'JPEG90') As rasttiff
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;

WITH source AS (
    SELECT rast, geom
    FROM ST_AsRaster(ST_Letters('R'), scalex =
> 1.0, scaley =
> -1.0) AS r(rast)
    INNER JOIN ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 1,5 6,10 10)') AS g(geom)
        ON ST_Intersects(r.rast, g.geom)
), clipped AS (
    SELECT rast,
        ST_Clip(rast, geom, touched =
> true) AS rast_touched,
        ST_Clip(rast, geom, touched =
> false) AS rast_not_touched
    FROM source
), variants AS (
    SELECT 'original' AS title, ST_Count(rast) AS pixel_count, rast AS rendered
    FROM clipped
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'all touched', ST_Count(rast_touched), rast_touched
    FROM clipped
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'default clip', ST_Count(rast_not_touched), rast_not_touched
    FROM clipped
)
SELECT title, pixel_count, ST_AsPNG(rendered) AS image
FROM variants
ORDER BY CASE title
    WHEN 'original' THEN 1
    WHEN 'all touched' THEN 2
    ELSE 3
END;
title        | pixel_count | image
--------------+-------------+----------------------------
 original     |        2605 | PNG image, 48 x 74 pixels
 all touched  |          16 | PNG image, 11 x 11 pixels
 default clip |          10 | PNG image, 11 x 11 pixels
(3 rows)
WITH canvas AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(
        ST_AddBand(
            ST_AddBand(
                ST_MakeEmptyRaster(128, 128, 0, 128, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                '8BUI'::text, 0::double precision, 0::double precision
            ),
            '8BUI'::text, 0::double precision, 0::double precision
        ),
        '8BUI'::text, 0::double precision, 0::double precision
    ) AS rast
), source AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValue(
        ST_SetValue(
            ST_SetValue(rast, 1, ST_Buffer('POINT(32 96)'::geometry, 22), 220),
            2, ST_Buffer('LINESTRING(18 20,110 110)'::geometry, 6,
                         'endcap=flat join=bevel'), 210
        ),
        3, ST_Buffer('LINESTRING(10 48,118 48)'::geometry, 7,
                     'endcap=flat'), 180
    ) AS rast,
    ST_Buffer('POINT(64 64)'::geometry, 34) AS clipper
    FROM canvas
), variants AS (
    SELECT 'original RGB' AS title, rast AS rendered FROM source
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'band 1 cropped', ST_Clip(rast, 1, clipper, true) FROM source
    UNION ALL
    SELECT
        'band 1 only',
        ST_AddBand(
            ST_Clip(rast, 1, clipper, false),
            ARRAY[ST_Band(rast, 2), ST_Band(rast, 3)]
        )
    FROM source
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'all bands clipped', ST_Clip(rast, clipper, false) FROM source
)
SELECT title, ST_AsPNG(rendered) AS image
FROM variants
ORDER BY CASE title
    WHEN 'original RGB' THEN 1
    WHEN 'band 1 cropped' THEN 2
    WHEN 'band 1 only' THEN 3
    ELSE 4
END;
title             | image
-------------------+-----------------------------
 original RGB      | PNG image, 128 x 128 pixels
 band 1 cropped    | PNG image, 68 x 68 pixels
 band 1 only       | PNG image, 128 x 128 pixels
 all bands clipped | PNG image, 128 x 128 pixels
(4 rows)
5 0 0 0 255
4 100:50 55 255
1 150, 100 150 255
0% 255 255 255 255
nv 0 0 0 0

WITH ref AS (
    SELECT ST_MakeEmptyRaster(200, 200, 0, 200, 1, -1, 0, 0) AS rast
), source AS (
    SELECT ST_Union(rast) AS rast
    FROM (
    SELECT
        ST_AsRaster(ST_Rotate(ST_Buffer('LINESTRING(0 2,50 50,150 150,125 50)'::geometry,
                    i*2
                ),
                pi() * i * 0.125, ST_Point(50, 50)
            ),
            ref.rast, '8BUI'::text, i * 5
        ) AS rast
    FROM ref
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 10, 3) AS i
) AS shapes
)
SELECT title, ST_AsPNG(rendered) AS image
FROM source
CROSS JOIN LATERAL (VALUES
    ('original', rast),
    ('grayscale', ST_ColorMap(rast, 1, 'greyscale')),
    ('pseudocolor', ST_ColorMap(rast, 1, 'pseudocolor')),
    ('fire', ST_ColorMap(rast, 1, 'fire')),
    ('blue-red', ST_ColorMap(rast, 1, 'bluered')),
    ('custom red', ST_ColorMap(
        rast,
        1,
        E'100% 255 0 0 255\n80% 160 0 0 255\n50% 130 0 0 255\n' ||
        E'30% 30 0 0 255\n20% 60 0 0 255\n0% 0 0 0 255\n' ||
        E'nv 255 255 255 0'
    ))
) AS variants(title, rendered);
title      | image
------------+--------------------------------
 original   | PNG image, 224 x 295 pixels
 grayscale | PNG image, 224 x 295 pixels
 pseudocolor| PNG image, 224 x 295 pixels
 fire       | PNG image, 224 x 295 pixels
 blue-red   | PNG image, 224 x 295 pixels
 custom red | PNG image, 224 x 295 pixels

WITH pixels AS (
    SELECT
        col,
        row,
        x,
        y,
        (((x - 48.0)^2 / (25.0^2) + (y - 54.0)^2 / (29.0^2) < 1)
         OR ((x - 72.0)^2 / (25.0^2) + (y - 54.0)^2 / (29.0^2) < 1))
         AND NOT ((x - 60.0)^2 / (8.0^2) + (y - 26.0)^2 / (5.0^2) < 1) AS fruit,
        ((x - 82.0) * 0.84 + (y - 28.0) * 0.54)^2 / (22.0^2)
          + (-(x - 82.0) * 0.54 + (y - 28.0) * 0.84)^2 / (8.0^2) < 1 AS leaf,
        abs((x - 62.0) * 0.96 - (y - 29.0) * 0.28) < 3
          AND x BETWEEN 60 AND 69 AND y BETWEEN 21 AND 45 AS stem
    FROM (
        SELECT
            col,
            row,
            col / 2.0 AS x,
            row / 2.0 AS y
        FROM generate_series(1, 180) AS row
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 240) AS col
    ) AS source_pixels
), shaded AS (
    SELECT
        col,
        row,
        x,
        y,
        CASE
            WHEN stem THEN 95 + y * 0.7 + (x % 3) * 8
            WHEN leaf THEN 28 + (90 - x) * 0.5
            WHEN fruit THEN LEAST(255, GREATEST(0,
                150
                + (85 - sqrt((x - 39.0)^2 + (y - 37.0)^2)) * 1.1
                + CASE
                    WHEN (x - 43.0)^2 / (10.0^2) + (y - 43.0)^2 / (7.0^2) < 1
                    THEN 35
                    ELSE 0
                END
                - CASE
                    WHEN (x - 77.0)^2 / (20.0^2) + (y - 67.0)^2 / (13.0^2) < 1
                    THEN 35
                    ELSE 0
                END
                + ((x * 13 + y * 7) % 19 - 9)
            ))
            ELSE 245
        END AS red,
        CASE
            WHEN stem THEN 50 + y * 0.35
            WHEN leaf THEN LEAST(190, GREATEST(40,
                105 + (95 - x) * 1.2 + (y - 20) * 1.5
                + CASE
                    WHEN (x - 76.0)^2 / (12.0^2) + (y - 24.0)^2 / (4.0^2) < 1
                    THEN 45
                    ELSE 0
                END
            ))
            WHEN fruit THEN LEAST(95, GREATEST(15,
                24 + (68 - y) * 0.35
                + CASE
                    WHEN (x - 43.0)^2 / (10.0^2) + (y - 43.0)^2 / (7.0^2) < 1
                    THEN 30
                    ELSE 0
                END
                + ((x * 5 + y * 11) % 13 - 6)
            ))
            ELSE 245
        END AS green,
        CASE
            WHEN stem THEN 22 + (x % 4) * 3
            WHEN leaf THEN 42 + (100 - x) * 0.4
            WHEN fruit THEN LEAST(75, GREATEST(10,
                18
                + CASE
                    WHEN (x - 43.0)^2 / (10.0^2) + (y - 43.0)^2 / (7.0^2) < 1
                    THEN 25
                    ELSE 0
                END
                + ((x * 3 + y * 5) % 11 - 5)
            ))
            ELSE 245
        END AS blue
    FROM pixels
), rows AS (
    SELECT
        row,
        array_agg(red::double precision ORDER BY col) AS red_values,
        array_agg(green::double precision ORDER BY col) AS green_values,
        array_agg(blue::double precision ORDER BY col) AS blue_values
    FROM shaded
    GROUP BY row
), source AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_SetValues(ST_SetValues(
        ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(
            ST_MakeEmptyRaster(240, 180, 0, 180, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
            '8BUI'::text, 245::double precision, 0::double precision),
            '8BUI'::text, 245::double precision, 0::double precision),
            '8BUI'::text, 245::double precision, 0::double precision),
        1, 1, 1, array_agg(red_values ORDER BY row)::double precision[][]),
        2, 1, 1, array_agg(green_values ORDER BY row)::double precision[][]),
        3, 1, 1, array_agg(blue_values ORDER BY row)::double precision[][]) AS rast
    FROM rows
)
SELECT ST_AsPNG(rast) AS "original RGB",
    ST_AsPNG(ST_Grayscale(rast)) AS "grayscale (variant 1)",
    ST_AsPNG(ST_Grayscale(ARRAY[
        ROW(rast, 1)::rastbandarg,
        ROW(rast, 2)::rastbandarg,
        ROW(rast, 3)::rastbandarg
    ]::rastbandarg[])) AS "grayscale (variant 2)"
FROM source;
original RGB                | grayscale (variant 1)      | grayscale (variant 2)
-----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------
 PNG image, 240 x 180 pixels | PNG image, 240 x 180 pixels | PNG image, 240 x 180 pixels
(1 row)
SELECT
    foo.rid,
    foo.gid,
    GeometryType((foo.geomval).geom) AS geom_type,
    (foo.geomval).val AS value
FROM (
    SELECT
        A.rid,
        g.gid,
        ST_Intersection(A.rast, g.geom) As geomval
    FROM dummy_rast AS A
    CROSS JOIN (
        VALUES
            (1, ST_Point(3427928, 5793243.85) ),
            (2, 'LINESTRING(3427927.85 5793243.75,3427927.8 5793243.75,3427927.8 5793243.8)'::geometry),
            (3, 'LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)'::geometry)
    ) As g(gid, geom)
    WHERE A.rid = 2
) AS foo;
rid | gid |      geom_type       | value
-----+-----+----------------------+-------
   2 |   1 | POINT                |   249
   2 |   1 | POINT                |   253
   2 |   2 | POINT                |   254
   2 |   2 | POINT                |   251
   2 |   2 | POINT                |   253
   2 |   2 | LINESTRING           |   252
   2 |   2 | MULTILINESTRING      |   250
   2 |   3 | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION   |
WITH source AS (
    SELECT
        rast,
        ST_GeomFromText(
            'LINESTRING(3427927.85 5793243.75,'
            '3427927.8 5793243.75,3427927.8 5793243.8)'
        ) AS input_geometry
    FROM dummy_rast
    WHERE rid = 2
), intersection AS (
SELECT
    rast,
    input_geometry,
    ST_Collect(gv.geom) AS result_geometry
FROM source
CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Intersection(rast, input_geometry) AS gv
GROUP BY rast, input_geometry
), layers AS (
    SELECT
        'raster' AS title,
        ST_Translate(ST_Envelope(rast), -3427927.75, -5793243.75) AS geom
    FROM intersection
    UNION ALL
    SELECT
        'input',
        ST_Translate(input_geometry, -3427927.75, -5793243.75)
    FROM intersection
    UNION ALL
    SELECT
        'intersection',
        ST_Translate(result_geometry, -3427927.75, -5793243.75)
    FROM intersection
)
SELECT title, geom AS geom
FROM layers
ORDER BY CASE title
    WHEN 'raster' THEN 1
    WHEN 'input' THEN 2
    ELSE 3
END;
title        | geom
--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------
 raster       | POLYGON((0 0,0 0.25,0.25 0.25,0.25 0,0 0))
 input        | LINESTRING(0.1 0,0.05 0,0.05 0.05)
 intersection | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sample_callbackfunc(value double precision[][][], pos integer[][], VARIADIC userargs text[])
    RETURNS double precision
    AS $$
    BEGIN
        RETURN 0;
    END;
    $$ LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' IMMUTABLE;

'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], integer[], text[])'::regprocedure
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetBandNoDataValue(
        ST_SetValue(
            ST_SetValue(
                ST_AsRaster(
                    ST_Buffer('LINESTRING(50 50,100 90,100 50)'::geometry, 5, 'join=bevel'),
                    200, 200, ARRAY['8BUI'], ARRAY[100], ARRAY[0]
                ),
                ST_Buffer('POINT(70 70)'::geometry, 10, 'quad_segs=1'),
                50
            ),
            'LINESTRING(20 20,100 100,150 98)'::geometry,
            1
        ),
        0
    ) AS rast
), variants AS (
    SELECT 'original' AS title, rast
    FROM foo
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'unmasked mean' AS title,
        ST_MapAlgebra(rast, 1, 'ST_Mean4ma(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure) AS rast
    FROM foo
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'neighbor-only mean' AS title,
        ST_MapAlgebra(
            rast,
            1,
            'ST_Mean4ma(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure,
            '{{1,1,1}, {1,0,1}, {1,1,1}}'::double precision[],
            false
        ) AS rast
    FROM foo
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'weighted neighbor mean' AS title,
        ST_MapAlgebra(
            rast,
            1,
            'ST_Mean4ma(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure,
            '{{2,2,2}, {2,0,2}, {2,2,2}}'::double precision[],
            true
        ) AS rast
    FROM foo
)
SELECT title, ST_AsPNG(rast) AS image
FROM variants;
title                  | image
------------------------+--------------------------------
 original               | PNG image, 200 x 200 pixels
 unmasked mean          | PNG image, 200 x 200 pixels
 neighbor-only mean     | PNG image, 200 x 200 pixels
 weighted neighbor mean | PNG image, 200 x 200 pixels

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(ARRAY[ROW(rast, 1)]::rastbandarg[],
        'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure
    ) AS rast
FROM foo

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0), 3, '32BUI', 100, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(ARRAY[ROW(rast, 3), ROW(rast, 1), ROW(rast, 3), ROW(rast, 2)]::rastbandarg[],
        'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure
    ) AS rast
FROM foo

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0), 3, '32BUI', 100, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 2, 0), 2, '8BUI', 20, 0), 3, '32BUI', 300, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(ARRAY[ROW(t1.rast, 3), ROW(t2.rast, 1), ROW(t2.rast, 3), ROW(t1.rast, 2)]::rastbandarg[],
        'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure
    ) AS rast
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN foo t2
WHERE t1.rid = 1
    AND t2.rid = 2

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 0 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 1, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 2, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 2, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 2, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 4, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 3, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT 3, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 10, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 4, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 20, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 5, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 4, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 30, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT 6, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, -4, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 100, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 7, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 2, -4, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 200, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 8, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 4, -4, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 300, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    t1.rid,
    ST_MapAlgebra(ARRAY[ROW(ST_Union(t2.rast), 1)]::rastbandarg[],
        'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure,
        '32BUI',
        'CUSTOM', t1.rast,
        1, 1
    ) AS rast
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN foo t2
WHERE t1.rid = 4
    AND t2.rid BETWEEN 0 AND 8
    AND ST_Intersects(t1.rast, t2.rast)
GROUP BY t1.rid, t1.rast

WITH src AS (
    SELECT 0 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 1, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 2, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 2, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 2, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 4, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 3, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT 3, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 10, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 4, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 20, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 5, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 4, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 30, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT 6, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, -4, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 100, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 7, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 2, -4, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 200, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 8, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 4, -4, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 300, 0) AS rast
), foo AS (
    SELECT
        t1.rid,
        ST_Union(t2.rast) AS rast
    FROM src t1
    JOIN src t2
        ON ST_Intersects(t1.rast, t2.rast)
        AND t2.rid BETWEEN 0 AND 8
    WHERE t1.rid = 4
    GROUP BY t1.rid
), bar AS (
    SELECT
        t1.rid,
        ST_MapAlgebra(
            ARRAY[ROW(t2.rast, 1)]::rastbandarg[],
            'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure,
            '32BUI',
            'CUSTOM', t1.rast,
            1, 1
        ) AS rast
    FROM src t1
    JOIN foo t2
        ON t1.rid = t2.rid
)
SELECT
    rid,
    (ST_MetaData(rast)),
    (ST_BandMetaData(rast, 1)),
    ST_Value(rast, 1, 1, 1)
FROM bar;

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0), 3, '32BUI', 100, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(
        rast,
        ARRAY[3, 1, 3, 2]::integer[],
        'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure
    ) AS rast
FROM foo

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0), 3, '32BUI', 100, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(
        rast,
        2,
        'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure
    ) AS rast
FROM foo

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0), 3, '32BUI', 100, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 2, 0), 2, '8BUI', 20, 0), 3, '32BUI', 300, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(
        t1.rast,
        2,
        t2.rast,
        1,
        'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure
    ) AS rast
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN foo t2
WHERE t1.rid = 1
    AND t2.rid = 2

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0), '32BF'::text, 1, -1) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(rast, 1, NULL, 'ceil([rast]*[rast.x]/[rast.y]+[rast.val])')
FROM foo;

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0), 3, '32BUI'::text, 100, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 2, 0), 2, '8BUI', 20, 0), 3, '32BUI'::text, 300, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(
        t1.rast,
        2,
        t2.rast,
        1,
        '([rast2] + [rast1.val]) / 2'
    ) AS rast
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN foo t2
WHERE t1.rid = 1
    AND t2.rid = 2;

ALTER TABLE dummy_rast ADD COLUMN map_rast raster;
UPDATE dummy_rast SET map_rast = ST_MapAlgebraExpr(rast, NULL, 'mod([rast]::numeric,2)') WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT
    ST_Value(rast, 1, i, j) As origval,
    ST_Value(map_rast, 1, i, j) As mapval
FROM dummy_rast
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) AS i
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) AS j
WHERE rid = 2;
origval | mapval
---------+--------
     253 |      1
     254 |      0
     253 |      1
     253 |      1
     254 |      0
     254 |      0
     250 |      0
     254 |      0
     254 |      0
ALTER TABLE dummy_rast ADD COLUMN map_rast2 raster;
UPDATE dummy_rast SET
    map_rast2 = ST_MapAlgebraExpr(rast, '2BUI'::text, 'CASE WHEN [rast] BETWEEN 100 and 250 THEN 1 WHEN [rast] = 252 THEN 2 WHEN [rast] BETWEEN 253 and 254 THEN 3 ELSE 0 END'::text, '0')
WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT DISTINCT
    ST_Value(rast, 1, i, j) As origval,
    ST_Value(map_rast2, 1, i, j) As mapval
FROM dummy_rast
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 5) AS i
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 5) AS j
WHERE rid = 2;
origval | mapval
---------+--------
     249 |      1
     250 |      1
     251 |
     252 |      2
     253 |      3
     254 |      3
SELECT
    ST_BandPixelType(map_rast2) As b1pixtyp
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
2BUI
WITH source AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(
        ST_AddBand(
            ST_MakeEmptyRaster(8, 8, 0, 8, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
            1, '8BUI', 0, 0
        ),
        1, 1, 1,
        ARRAY[
            [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7],
            [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
            [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23],
            [24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31],
            [32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39],
            [40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47],
            [48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55],
            [56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
), variants AS (
    SELECT 'source' AS title, rast AS rendered
    FROM source
    UNION ALL
    SELECT
        'classified',
        ST_MapAlgebraExpr(rast, '8BUI', 'floor([rast] / 16) * 85')
    FROM source
)
SELECT title, ST_AsPNG(rendered) AS image
FROM variants
ORDER BY title DESC;
title      | image
------------+-------------------------
 source     | PNG image, 8 x 8 pixels
 classified | PNG image, 8 x 8 pixels
SELECT
    ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(rast_view),
                ST_MapAlgebraExpr(rast_view, 1, NULL, 'tan([rast])*[rast]')
            ),
            ST_Band(rast_view, 2)
        ),
        ST_Band(rast_view, 3)
    )  As rast_view_ma
FROM wind
WHERE rid=167;

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS fun_shapes;
CREATE TABLE fun_shapes(rid serial PRIMARY KEY, fun_name text, rast raster);

INSERT INTO fun_shapes(fun_name, rast)
VALUES ('ref', ST_AsRaster(ST_MakeEnvelope(235229, 899970, 237229, 901930, 26986), 200, 200, '8BUI', 0, 0));

INSERT INTO fun_shapes(fun_name, rast)
WITH ref(rast) AS (SELECT rast FROM fun_shapes WHERE fun_name = 'ref' )
SELECT 'area' AS fun_name, ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(236229, 900930), 26986), 1000),
            ref.rast, '8BUI', 10, 0) As rast
FROM ref
UNION ALL
SELECT 'rand bubbles',
       ST_AsRaster(
           (
               SELECT ST_Collect(geom)
               FROM (
                   SELECT ST_Buffer(
                       ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(236229 + i*random()*100, 900930 + j*random()*100), 26986),
                       random()*20
                   ) AS geom
                   FROM generate_series(1, 10) AS i,
                        generate_series(1, 10) AS j
               ) AS foo
           ),
           ref.rast, '8BUI', 200, 0
       )
FROM ref;

SELECT  ST_MapAlgebraExpr(area.rast, bub.rast, '[rast2.val]', '8BUI', 'INTERSECTION', '[rast2.val]', '[rast1.val]') As interrast,
        ST_MapAlgebraExpr(area.rast, bub.rast, '[rast2.val]', '8BUI', 'UNION', '[rast2.val]', '[rast1.val]') As unionrast
FROM
  (SELECT rast FROM fun_shapes WHERE fun_name = 'area') As area
CROSS JOIN
  (SELECT rast FROM fun_shapes WHERE fun_name = 'rand bubbles') As bub

WITH canvas AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(
        ST_MakeEmptyRaster(80, 80, 0, 80, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
        1, '8BUI', 40, 0
    ) AS rast
), inputs AS (
    SELECT
        rast AS raster_1,
        ST_AsRaster(
            ST_Buffer(ST_Point(40, 40), 28),
            rast,
            '8BUI', 220, 0
        ) AS raster_2
    FROM canvas
), variants AS (
    SELECT 'raster 1' AS title, raster_1 AS rendered FROM inputs
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'raster 2', raster_2 FROM inputs
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'intersection', ST_MapAlgebraExpr(
        raster_1, raster_2,
        '[rast2.val]', '8BUI', 'INTERSECTION',
        '[rast2.val]', '[rast1.val]'
    ) FROM inputs
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'union', ST_MapAlgebraExpr(
        raster_1, raster_2,
        '[rast2.val]', '8BUI', 'UNION',
        '[rast2.val]', '[rast1.val]'
    ) FROM inputs
)
SELECT title, ST_AsPNG(rendered) AS image
FROM variants
ORDER BY CASE title
    WHEN 'raster 1' THEN 1
    WHEN 'raster 2' THEN 2
    WHEN 'intersection' THEN 3
    ELSE 4
END;
title        | image
--------------+---------------------------
 raster 1     | PNG image, 80 x 80 pixels
 raster 2     | PNG image, 56 x 56 pixels
 intersection | PNG image, 56 x 56 pixels
 union        | PNG image, 80 x 80 pixels
WITH mygeoms AS (
    SELECT 2 AS bnum, ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1, 5), 10) AS geom
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 3,
        ST_Buffer(
            ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'),
            10,
            'join=bevel'
        )
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 1,
        ST_Buffer(
            ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(60 50,150 150,150 50)'),
            5,
            'join=bevel'
        )
), canvas AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(
        ST_MakeEmptyRaster(
            200,
            200,
            ST_XMin(e)::integer,
            ST_YMax(e)::integer,
            1, -1, 0, 0),
        '8BUI'::text,
        0
    ) AS rast
    FROM (
      SELECT ST_Extent(geom) AS e
      FROM mygeoms
    ) AS bounds
), rbands AS (
    SELECT ARRAY(
        SELECT ST_MapAlgebraExpr(
            canvas.rast,
            ST_AsRaster(m.geom, canvas.rast, '8BUI', 100),
            '[rast2.val]', '8BUI', 'FIRST',
            '[rast2.val]', '[rast1.val]'
        )
        FROM mygeoms AS m
        CROSS JOIN canvas
        ORDER BY m.bnum
    ) AS rasts
)
SELECT title, ST_AsPNG(rendered) AS image
FROM rbands
CROSS JOIN LATERAL (VALUES
    ('band 1', rasts[1]),
    ('band 2', rasts[2]),
    ('band 3', rasts[3]),
    ('RGB', ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(rasts[1], rasts[2]), rasts[3]))
) AS variants(title, rendered);
title  | image
--------+-----------------------------
 band 1 | PNG image, 200 x 200 pixels
 band 2 | PNG image, 200 x 200 pixels
 band 3 | PNG image, 200 x 200 pixels
 RGB    | PNG image, 200 x 200 pixels
WITH pr AS (
    SELECT ST_Clip(rast, ST_Expand(geom, 50)) AS rast, g.geom
    FROM aerials.o_2_boston AS r
    INNER JOIN (
        SELECT ST_Union(ST_Transform(geom, 26986)) AS geom
        FROM landparcels
        WHERE pid IN ('0303890000', '0303900000')
    ) AS g
        ON ST_Intersects(rast::geometry, ST_Expand(g.geom, 50))
), prunion AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(
        NULL,
        ARRAY[
            ST_Union(rast, 1),
            ST_Union(rast, 2),
            ST_Union(rast, 3)
        ]
    ) AS clipped,
    geom
    FROM pr
    GROUP BY geom
)
SELECT ST_AddBand(
    ST_Band(clipped, ARRAY[1, 2]),
    ST_MapAlgebraExpr(
     ST_Band(clipped, 3),
     ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Boundary(geom), 2), clipped, '8BUI', 250),
     '[rast2.val]',
     '8BUI',
     'FIRST',
     '[rast2.val]',
     '[rast1.val]') ) As rast
FROM prunion;

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION simple_function(pixel FLOAT, pos INTEGER[], VARIADIC args TEXT[])
RETURNS FLOAT
AS $$ BEGIN
    RETURN 0.0;
END; $$
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' IMMUTABLE;
'simple_function(float,integer[],text[])'::regprocedure
ALTER TABLE dummy_rast ADD COLUMN map_rast raster;
CREATE FUNCTION mod_fct(pixel float, pos integer[], variadic args text[])
RETURNS float
AS $$
BEGIN
    RETURN pixel::integer % 2;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' IMMUTABLE;

UPDATE dummy_rast SET map_rast = ST_MapAlgebraFct(rast, NULL, 'mod_fct(float,integer[],text[])'::regprocedure) WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT ST_Value(rast, 1, i, j) As origval, ST_Value(map_rast, 1, i, j) As mapval
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) AS i CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) AS j
WHERE rid = 2;
origval | mapval
---------+--------
     253 |      1
     254 |      0
     253 |      1
     253 |      1
     254 |      0
     254 |      0
     250 |      0
     254 |      0
     254 |      0
ALTER TABLE dummy_rast ADD COLUMN map_rast2 raster;
CREATE FUNCTION classify_fct(pixel float, pos integer[], variadic args text[])
RETURNS float
AS
$$
DECLARE
    nodata float := 0;
BEGIN
    IF NOT args[1] IS NULL THEN
        nodata := args[1];
    END IF;
    IF pixel < 251 THEN
        RETURN 1;
    ELSIF pixel = 252 THEN
        RETURN 2;
    ELSIF pixel 
> 252 THEN
        RETURN 3;
    ELSE
        RETURN nodata;
    END IF;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
UPDATE dummy_rast SET map_rast2 = ST_MapAlgebraFct(rast,'2BUI','classify_fct(float,integer[],text[])'::regprocedure, '0') WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT DISTINCT ST_Value(rast,1,i,j) As origval, ST_Value(map_rast2, 1, i, j) As mapval
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 5) AS i CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,5) AS j
WHERE rid = 2;
 origval | mapval
---------+--------
     249 |      1
     250 |      1
     251 |
     252 |      2
     253 |      3
     254 |      3
SELECT ST_BandPixelType(map_rast2) As b1pixtyp
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 2;
 b1pixtyp
----------
 2BUI
CREATE FUNCTION rast_plus_tan(pixel float, pos integer[], variadic args text[])
RETURNS float
AS
$$
BEGIN
    RETURN tan(pixel) * pixel;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(rast_view),
            ST_MapAlgebraFct(rast_view, 1, NULL, 'rast_plus_tan(float,integer[],text[])'::regprocedure)
        ),
        ST_Band(rast_view, 2)
    ),
    ST_Band(rast_view, 3) As rast_view_ma
)
FROM wind
WHERE rid=167;

WITH pixels AS (
    SELECT x, y, (x + y * 2)::double precision AS value
    FROM generate_series(1, 48) AS x
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 48) AS y
), rows AS (
    SELECT y, array_agg(value ORDER BY x) AS values
    FROM pixels
    GROUP BY y
), source AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(
        ST_AddBand(
            ST_MakeEmptyRaster(48, 48, 0, 48, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
            1, '8BUI', 0, 0
        ),
        1, 1, 1, array_agg(values ORDER BY y)::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
    FROM rows
), variants AS (
    SELECT 'source' AS title, rast AS rendered FROM source
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'modulo 2', ST_MapAlgebra(
        rast, 1,
        '8BUI',
        'mod([rast]::integer,2) * 255'
    )
    FROM source
)
SELECT title, ST_AsPNG(rendered) AS image
FROM variants
ORDER BY title DESC;
title   | image
----------+-------------------------
 source   | PNG image, 48 x 48 pixels
 modulo 2 | PNG image, 48 x 48 pixels
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION simple_function_for_two_rasters(pixel1 FLOAT, pixel2 FLOAT, pos INTEGER[], VARIADIC args TEXT[])
RETURNS FLOAT
AS $$ BEGIN
    RETURN 0.0;
END; $$
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' IMMUTABLE;
'simple_function(double precision, double precision, integer[], text[])'::regprocedure
WITH canvas AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(
        ST_MakeEmptyRaster(80, 80, 0, 80, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
        1, '8BUI', 0, 0
    ) AS rast
), inputs AS (
    SELECT
        ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(30, 40), 25), rast, '8BUI', 80, 0)
            AS raster_1,
        ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(50, 40), 25), rast, '8BUI', 220, 0)
            AS raster_2
    FROM canvas
), variants AS (
    SELECT 'raster 1' AS title, raster_1 AS rendered FROM inputs
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'raster 2', raster_2 FROM inputs
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'averaged', ST_MapAlgebra(
        raster_1, 1,
        raster_2, 1,
        '([rast1] + [rast2]) / 2',
        '8BUI',
        'UNION'
    ) FROM inputs
)
SELECT title, ST_AsPNG(rendered) AS image
FROM variants
ORDER BY title DESC;
title   | image
----------+-------------------------
 raster 2 | PNG image, 50 x 50 pixels
 raster 1 | PNG image, 50 x 50 pixels
 averaged | PNG image, 70 x 50 pixels

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION raster_mapalgebra_union(
    rast1 double precision,
    rast2 double precision,
    pos integer[],
    VARIADIC userargs text[]
)
    RETURNS double precision
    AS $$
    DECLARE
    BEGIN
        CASE
            WHEN rast1 IS NOT NULL AND rast2 IS NOT NULL THEN
                RETURN ((rast1 + rast2)/2.);
            WHEN rast1 IS NULL AND rast2 IS NULL THEN
                RETURN NULL;
            WHEN rast1 IS NULL THEN
                RETURN rast2;
            ELSE
                RETURN rast1;
        END CASE;

        RETURN NULL;
    END;
    $$ LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' IMMUTABLE COST 1000;

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS map_shapes;
CREATE TABLE map_shapes(rid serial PRIMARY KEY, rast raster, bnum integer, descrip text);
INSERT INTO map_shapes(rast,bnum, descrip)
WITH mygeoms
    AS ( SELECT 2 As bnum, ST_Buffer(ST_Point(90,90),30) As geom, 'circle' As descrip
            UNION ALL
            SELECT 3 AS bnum,
                ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'), 15) As geom, 'big road' As descrip
            UNION ALL
            SELECT 1 As bnum,
                ST_Translate(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(60 50,150 150,150 50)'), 8,'join=bevel'), 10,-6) As geom, 'small road' As descrip
            ),
   -- define our canvas to be 1 to 1 pixel to geometry
   canvas
    AS ( SELECT ST_AddBand(
        ST_MakeEmptyRaster(
            250,
            250,
            ST_XMin(e)::integer,
            ST_YMax(e)::integer,
            1, -1, 0, 0),
        '8BUI'::text,
        0) As rast
        FROM (SELECT ST_Extent(geom) As e,
                    Max(ST_SRID(geom)) As srid
                    from mygeoms
                    ) As foo
            )
-- return our rasters aligned with our canvas
SELECT ST_AsRaster(m.geom, canvas.rast, '8BUI', 240) As rast, bnum, descrip
                FROM mygeoms AS m CROSS JOIN canvas
UNION ALL
SELECT canvas.rast, 4, 'canvas'
FROM canvas;

INSERT INTO map_shapes(rast,bnum,descrip)
SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(rasts[1], rasts[2]),rasts[3]), 4, 'map bands overlay fct union (canvas)'
    FROM (SELECT ARRAY(SELECT ST_MapAlgebraFct(
            m1.rast,
            m2.rast,
            'raster_mapalgebra_union(double precision, double precision, integer[], text[])'::regprocedure,
            '8BUI',
            'FIRST')
                FROM map_shapes As m1 CROSS JOIN map_shapes As m2
    WHERE m1.descrip = 'canvas' AND m2.descrip <
> 'canvas' ORDER BY m2.bnum) As rasts) As foo;

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pg_temp.raster_average(
    value_1 double precision,
    value_2 double precision,
    position integer[],
    VARIADIC userargs text[]
) RETURNS double precision
LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE
AS 'SELECT COALESCE(($1 + $2) / 2.0, $1, $2)';

WITH canvas AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(
        ST_MakeEmptyRaster(80, 80, 0, 80, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
        1, '8BUI', 0, 0
    ) AS rast
), inputs AS (
    SELECT
        ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(30, 40), 25), rast, '8BUI', 80, 0)
            AS raster_1,
        ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(50, 40), 25), rast, '8BUI', 220, 0)
            AS raster_2
    FROM canvas
), variants AS (
    SELECT 'raster 1' AS title, raster_1 AS rendered FROM inputs
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'raster 2', raster_2 FROM inputs
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'averaged', ST_MapAlgebraFct(
        raster_1,
        raster_2,
        'pg_temp.raster_average(double precision,double precision,integer[],text[])'::regprocedure,
        '8BUI',
        'UNION'
    ) FROM inputs
)
SELECT title, ST_AsPNG(rendered) AS image
FROM variants
ORDER BY title DESC;
title    | image
----------+---------------------------
 raster 2 | PNG image, 50 x 50 pixels
 raster 1 | PNG image, 50 x 50 pixels
 averaged | PNG image, 70 x 50 pixels
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION raster_mapalgebra_userargs(
    rast1 double precision,
    rast2 double precision,
    pos integer[],
    VARIADIC userargs text[]
)
    RETURNS double precision
    AS $$
    DECLARE
    BEGIN
        CASE
            WHEN rast1 IS NOT NULL AND rast2 IS NOT NULL THEN
                RETURN least(userargs[1]::integer,(rast1 + rast2)/2.);
            WHEN rast1 IS NULL AND rast2 IS NULL THEN
                RETURN userargs[2]::integer;
            WHEN rast1 IS NULL THEN
                RETURN greatest(rast2, random()*userargs[3]::integer)::integer;
            ELSE
                RETURN greatest(rast1, random()*userargs[4]::integer)::integer;
        END CASE;

        RETURN NULL;
    END;
    $$ LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' VOLATILE COST 1000;

SELECT ST_MapAlgebraFct(
    m1.rast,
    1,
    m1.rast,
    3,
    'raster_mapalgebra_userargs(double precision, double precision, integer[], text[])'::regprocedure,
    '8BUI',
    'INTERSECT',
    '100', '200', '200', '0')
                FROM map_shapes As m1
    WHERE m1.descrip = 'map bands overlay fct union (canvas)';

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION rast_avg(matrix float[][], nodatamode text, variadic args text[])
    RETURNS float AS
    $$
    DECLARE
        _matrix float[][];
        x1 integer;
        x2 integer;
        y1 integer;
        y2 integer;
        sum float;
    BEGIN
        _matrix := matrix;
        sum := 0;
        FOR x in array_lower(matrix, 1)..array_upper(matrix, 1) LOOP
            FOR y in array_lower(matrix, 2)..array_upper(matrix, 2) LOOP
                sum := sum + _matrix[x][y];
            END LOOP;
        END LOOP;
        RETURN (sum*1.0/(array_upper(matrix,1)*array_upper(matrix,2) ))::integer ;
    END;
    $$
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' IMMUTABLE COST 1000;

SELECT ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(
        rast,
        1,
        '8BUI',
        4,
        4,
        'rast_avg(float[][], text, text[])'::regprocedure,
        'NULL',
        NULL) As nn_with_border
    FROM katrinas_rescaled
    limit 1;

WITH source AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(
        ST_AddBand(
            ST_MakeEmptyRaster(16, 16, 0, 16, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
            1, '8BUI', 25, NULL
        ),
        1, 6, 6,
        ARRAY[
            [240, 240, 240, 240, 240, 240],
            [240, 240, 240, 240, 240, 240],
            [240, 240, 240, 240, 240, 240],
            [240, 240, 240, 240, 240, 240],
            [240, 240, 240, 240, 240, 240],
            [240, 240, 240, 240, 240, 240]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
), variants AS (
    SELECT 'source' AS title, rast AS rendered FROM source
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'averaged', ST_SetBandNoDataValue(ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(
        rast,
        1,
        '8BUI',
        2,
        2,
        'ST_Mean4ma(float[][],text,text[])'::regprocedure,
        'ignore',
        NULL
    ), NULL) FROM source
)
SELECT title, ST_AsPNG(rendered) AS image
FROM variants
ORDER BY title DESC;
title    | image
----------+-------------------------
 source   | PNG image, 16 x 16 pixels
 averaged | PNG image, 16 x 16 pixels
ALTER TABLE dummy_rast ADD COLUMN reclass_rast raster;
UPDATE dummy_rast SET reclass_rast = ST_Reclass(rast, 2, '0-87:1-10, 88-100:11-15, 101-254:0-0', '4BUI', 0) WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT i as col, j as row, ST_Value(rast, 2, i, j) As origval,
    ST_Value(reclass_rast, 2, i, j) As reclassval,
    ST_Value(reclass_rast, 2, i, j, false) As reclassval_include_nodata
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) AS i CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) AS j
WHERE rid = 2;
col | row | origval | reclassval | reclassval_include_nodata
-----+-----+---------+------------+---------------------------
   1 |   1 |      78 |          9 |                         9
   2 |   1 |      98 |         14 |                        14
   3 |   1 |     122 |            |                         0
   1 |   2 |      96 |         14 |                        14
   2 |   2 |     118 |            |                         0
   3 |   2 |     180 |            |                         0
   1 |   3 |      99 |         15 |                        15
   2 |   3 |     112 |            |                         0
   3 |   3 |     169 |            |                         0
UPDATE dummy_rast SET reclass_rast =
    ST_Reclass(
        rast,
        ROW(2, '0-87]:1-10, (87-100]:11-15, (101-254]:0-0', '4BUI', NULL)::reclassarg,
        ROW(1, '0-253]:1, 254:0', '1BB', NULL)::reclassarg,
        ROW(3, '0-70]:1, (70-86:2, [86-150):3, [150-255:4', '4BUI', NULL)::reclassarg
        ) WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT i as col, j as row, ST_Value(rast, 1, i, j) As ov1, ST_Value(reclass_rast, 1, i, j) As rv1,
    ST_Value(rast, 2, i, j) As ov2, ST_Value(reclass_rast, 2, i, j) As rv2,
    ST_Value(rast, 3, i, j) As ov3, ST_Value(reclass_rast, 3, i, j) As rv3
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) AS i CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) AS j
WHERE rid = 2;
col | row | ov1 | rv1 | ov2 | rv2 | ov3 | rv3
----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
  1 |   1 | 253 |   1 |  78 |   9 |  70 |   1
  2 |   1 | 254 |   0 |  98 |  14 |  86 |   3
  3 |   1 | 253 |   1 | 122 |   0 | 100 |   3
  1 |   2 | 253 |   1 |  96 |  14 |  80 |   2
  2 |   2 | 254 |   0 | 118 |   0 | 108 |   3
  3 |   2 | 254 |   0 | 180 |   0 | 162 |   4
  1 |   3 | 250 |   1 |  99 |  15 |  90 |   3
  2 |   3 | 254 |   0 | 112 |   0 | 108 |   3
  3 |   3 | 254 |   0 | 169 |   0 | 175 |   4
ALTER TABLE wind ADD COLUMN rast_view raster;
UPDATE wind
    set rast_view = ST_AddBand(
        NULL,
        ARRAY[
    ST_Reclass(rast, 1, '0.1-10]:1-10,9-10]:11,(11-33:0'::text, '8BUI'::text, 0),
    ST_Reclass(rast, 1, '11-33):0-255,[0-32:0,(34-1000:0'::text, '8BUI'::text, 0),
    ST_Reclass(rast, 1, '0-32]:0,(32-100:100-255'::text, '8BUI'::text, 0)
    ]
    );

CREATE TABLE reclassexact (
    id integer,
    rast raster
);
INSERT INTO reclassexact (id, rast)
SELECT 1, ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, -- width in pixels
        2, -- height in pixels
        0, -- upper-left x-coordinate
        0, -- upper-left y-coordinate
        1, -- pixel size in x-direction
        -1, -- pixel size in y-direction (negative for north-up)
        0, -- skew in x-direction
        0, -- skew in y-direction
        4326  -- SRID (e.g., WGS 84)
      ),
      '32BUI'::text, -- pixel type (e.g., '32BF' for float, '8BUI' for unsigned 8-bit int)
      0.0, -- initial value for the band (e.g., 0.0 or a no-data value)
      -99            -- nodatavalue
    ),
    1, -- band number (usually 1 for single-band rasters)
    1, -- x origin for setting values (usually 1)
    1, -- y origin for setting values (usually 1)
    ARRAY[
      ARRAY[1, 2],
      ARRAY[3, 4]
    ]::double precision[][] -- 2D array of values
  );

WITH rc AS (
  SELECT ST_ReclassExact(rast, -- input raster
    ARRAY[4, 3, 2, 1], -- input map
    ARRAY[14, 13, 12, 11], -- output map
    1, -- band number to remap
    '32BUI'              -- output raster pixel type
    ) AS rast
  FROM reclassexact
  WHERE id = 1
  )
SELECT 'rce-1', (ST_DumpValues(rc.rast)).*
FROM rc;

SELECT filename, ST_Union(rast, 1) As file_rast
FROM sometable WHERE filename IN('dem01', 'dem02') GROUP BY filename;

SELECT ST_Union(rast)
FROM aerials.boston
WHERE ST_Intersects(rast, ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(230486 887771,230500 88772)', 26986) );

SELECT ST_Union(rast, ARRAY[ROW(2, 'LAST'), ROW(1, 'LAST'), ROW(3, 'LAST')]::unionarg[])
FROM aerials.boston
WHERE ST_Intersects(rast, ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(230486 887771,230500 88772)', 26986) );

SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Value(ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(rast, 1, NULL, 1, 1, 'ST_Distinct4ma(float[][],text,text[])'::regprocedure, 'ignore', NULL), 2, 2
    )
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
rid | st_value
-----+----------
   2 |        3
(1 row)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '32BF', NULL::double precision, -9999),
        1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
            [10, 10, 10],
            [10, NULL, 20],
            [20, 20, 20]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT ST_Value(
    ST_MapAlgebra(
        rast,
        1,
        'ST_InvDistWeight4ma(double precision[][][],integer[][],text[])'::regprocedure,
        '32BF',
        'FIRST',
        NULL,
        1,
        1
    ),
    2, 2
) AS interpolated_value
FROM foo;
15
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Value(ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(rast, 1, NULL, 1, 1, 'ST_Max4ma(float[][],text,text[])'::regprocedure, 'ignore', NULL), 2, 2
    )
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
rid | st_value
-----+----------
   2 |      254
(1 row)
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Value(ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(rast, 1, '32BF', 1, 1, 'ST_Mean4ma(float[][],text,text[])'::regprocedure, 'ignore', NULL), 2, 2
    )
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
rid |     st_value
-----+------------------
   2 | 253.222229003906
(1 row)
SELECT
  rid,
  ST_Value(
      ST_MapAlgebra(rast, 1, 'ST_Mean4ma(double precision[][][], integer[][], text[])'::regprocedure, '32BF', 'FIRST', NULL, 1, 1),
      2,
      2)
FROM dummy_rast
 WHERE rid = 2;
rid |     st_value
-----+------------------
   2 | 253.222229003906
(1 row)
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Value(ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(rast, 1, NULL, 1, 1, 'ST_Min4ma(float[][],text,text[])'::regprocedure, 'ignore', NULL), 2, 2
    )
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
rid | st_value
-----+----------
   2 |      250
(1 row)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '32BF', NULL::double precision, -9999),
        1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
            [10, 10, 10],
            [10, NULL, 20],
            [20, 20, 20]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT ST_Value(
    ST_MapAlgebra(
        rast,
        1,
        'ST_MinDist4ma(double precision[][][],integer[][],text[])'::regprocedure,
        '32BF',
        'FIRST',
        NULL,
        1,
        1
    ),
    2, 2
) AS min_distance
FROM foo;
1
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Value(ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(rast, 1, NULL, 1, 1, 'ST_Range4ma(float[][],text,text[])'::regprocedure, 'ignore', NULL), 2, 2
    )
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
rid | st_value
-----+----------
   2 |        4
(1 row)
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Value(ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(rast, 1, '32BF', 1, 1, 'ST_StdDev4ma(float[][],text,text[])'::regprocedure, 'ignore', NULL), 2, 2
    )
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
rid |     st_value
-----+------------------
   2 | 1.30170822143555
(1 row)
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Value(ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(rast, 1, '32BF', 1, 1, 'ST_Sum4ma(float[][],text,text[])'::regprocedure, 'ignore', NULL), 2, 2
    )
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
rid | st_value
-----+----------
   2 |     2279
(1 row)
WITH pixels AS (
    SELECT
        x,
        y,
        (20 - greatest(abs(x - 9), abs(y - 9)))::double precision AS value
    FROM generate_series(1, 17) AS y
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 17) AS x
), rows AS (
    SELECT
        y,
        array_agg(value ORDER BY x) AS row_values
    FROM pixels
    GROUP BY y
), source AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(
        ST_AddBand(
            ST_MakeEmptyRaster(17, 17, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
            1, '32BF', 0, -9999
        ),
        1, 1, 1,
        array_agg(row_values ORDER BY y)::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
    FROM rows
), aspect AS (
    SELECT ST_Aspect(rast, 1, '32BF') AS rast
    FROM source
)
SELECT
    round(ST_Value(rast, 1, 1, 1)::numeric, 3) AS northwest_degrees,
    round(ST_Value(rast, 1, 9, 9)::numeric, 3) AS summit_degrees,
    round(ST_Value(rast, 1, 17, 17)::numeric, 3) AS southeast_degrees,
    ST_AsPNG(ST_ColorMap(rast, 1, 'bluered')) AS image
FROM aspect;
northwest_degrees | summit_degrees | southeast_degrees | image
-------------------+----------------+-------------------+------------------------
           315.000 |         -1.000 |           135.000 | PNG image, 17 x 17 pixels
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_Tile(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(6, 6, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '32BF', 0, -9999
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1],
                [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 1],
                [1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1],
                [1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
            ]::double precision[]
        ),
        2, 2
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    t1.rast,
    ST_Aspect(ST_Union(t2.rast), 1, t1.rast)
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN foo t2
WHERE ST_Intersects(t1.rast, t2.rast)
GROUP BY t1.rast;

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '32BF', 0, -9999),
        1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
            [1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 2, 2, 2, 1],
            [1, 2, 3, 2, 1],
            [1, 2, 2, 2, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_DumpValues(ST_HillShade(rast, 1, '32BF'))
FROM foo

                                                                                                                       st_dumpvalues
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 (1,"{{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,251.32763671875,220.749786376953,147.224319458008,NULL},{NULL,220.749786376953,180.312225341797,67.7497863769531,NULL},{NULL,147.224319458008,
67.7497863769531,43.1210060119629,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}}")
(1 row)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_Tile(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(6, 6, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '32BF', 0, -9999
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1],
                [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 1],
                [1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1],
                [1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
            ]::double precision[]
        ),
        2, 2
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    t1.rast,
    ST_HillShade(ST_Union(t2.rast), 1, t1.rast)
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN foo t2
WHERE ST_Intersects(t1.rast, t2.rast)
GROUP BY t1.rast;

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '32BF', 0, -9999),
        1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
            [1, 1, 2, 3, 3],
            [1, 2, 4, 15, 3],
            [2, 4, 10, 7, 5],
            [3, 5, 7, 6, 4],
            [3, 3, 5, 4, 4]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT ST_Value(ST_Roughness(rast, 1, '32BF'), 3, 3) AS roughness
FROM foo;
13
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '32BF', 0, -9999),
        1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
            [1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 2, 2, 2, 1],
            [1, 2, 3, 2, 1],
            [1, 2, 2, 2, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_DumpValues(ST_Slope(rast, 1, '32BF'))
FROM foo

                            st_dumpvalues
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
 (1,"{{10.0249881744385,21.5681285858154,26.5650520324707,21.5681285858154,10.0249881744385},{21.5681285858154,35.2643890380859,36.8698959350586,35.2643890380859,21.5681285858154},
{26.5650520324707,36.8698959350586,0,36.8698959350586,26.5650520324707},{21.5681285858154,35.2643890380859,36.8698959350586,35.2643890380859,21.5681285858154},{10.0249881744385,21.
5681285858154,26.5650520324707,21.5681285858154,10.0249881744385}}")
(1 row)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_Tile(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(6, 6, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '32BF', 0, -9999
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1],
                [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 1],
                [1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1],
                [1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
            ]::double precision[]
        ),
        2, 2
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    t1.rast,
    ST_Slope(ST_Union(t2.rast), 1, t1.rast)
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN foo t2
WHERE ST_Intersects(t1.rast, t2.rast)
GROUP BY t1.rast;

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '32BF', 0, -9999),
        1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
            [1, 1, 2, 3, 3],
            [1, 2, 4, 15, 3],
            [2, 4, 10, 7, 5],
            [3, 5, 7, 6, 4],
            [3, 3, 5, 4, 4]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT ST_Value(ST_TPI(rast, 1, '32BF'), 3, 3) AS tpi
FROM foo;
3.75
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '32BF', 0, -9999),
        1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
            [1, 1, 2, 3, 3],
            [1, 2, 4, 15, 3],
            [2, 4, 10, 7, 5],
            [3, 5, 7, 6, 4],
            [3, 3, 5, 4, 4]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT ST_Value(ST_TRI(rast, 1, '32BF'), 3, 3) AS tri
FROM foo;
5
SELECT ST_InterpolateRaster('MULTIPOINT(10.5 9.5 1000,11.5 8.5 1000,10.5 8.5 500,11.5 9.5 500)'::geometry,
    'invdist:smoothing:2.0',
    ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(200, 400, 10, 10, 0.01, -0.005, 0, 0), '16BSI')
)
WITH c AS (
SELECT (ST_Contour(rast, 1, fixed_levels => ARRAY[100.0, 200.0, 300.0])).*
FROM dem_grid WHERE rid = 1
)
SELECT geom, id, value
FROM c;
SELECT
    rid,
    Box3D(rast) AS rastbox
FROM dummy_rast;
rid |        rastbox
----+-------------------------------------------------
1   | BOX3D(0.5 0.5 0,20.5 60.5 0)
2   | BOX3D(3427927.75 5793243.5 0,3427928 5793244 0)
SELECT ST_ConvexHull(rast) As convhull, ST_Envelope(rast) As env
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1;
convhull                        |                env
--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------
 POLYGON((0.5 0.5,20.5 0.5,20.5 60.5,0.5 60.5,0.5 0.5)) | POLYGON((0 0,20 0,20 60,0 60,0 0))
SELECT ST_ConvexHull(rast) As convhull, ST_Envelope(rast) As env
FROM (SELECT ST_SetRotation(rast, 0.1, 0.1) As rast
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1) As foo;
convhull                        |                env
--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------
 POLYGON((0.5 0.5,20.5 1.5,22.5 61.5,2.5 60.5,0.5 0.5)) | POLYGON((0 0,22 0,22 61,0 61,0 0))
SELECT val,geom As geomwkt
FROM (
SELECT dp.*
FROM dummy_rast, LATERAL ST_DumpAsPolygons(rast) AS dp
WHERE rid = 2
) As foo
WHERE val BETWEEN 249 and 251
ORDER BY val;
val |                                                       geomwkt
-----+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 249 | POLYGON((3427927.95 5793243.95,3427927.95 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.85,
        3427928 5793243.95,3427927.95 5793243.95))
 250 | POLYGON((3427927.75 5793243.9,3427927.75 5793243.85,3427927.8 5793243.85,
        3427927.8 5793243.9,3427927.75 5793243.9))
 250 | POLYGON((3427927.8 5793243.8,3427927.8 5793243.75,3427927.85 5793243.75,
        3427927.85 5793243.8, 3427927.8 5793243.8))
 251 | POLYGON((3427927.75 5793243.85,3427927.75 5793243.8,3427927.8 5793243.8,
        3427927.8 5793243.85,3427927.75 5793243.85))
SELECT rid, ST_Envelope(rast) As envgeomwkt
FROM dummy_rast;
rid |                                         envgeomwkt
-----+--------------------------------------------------------------------
   1 | POLYGON((0 0,20 0,20 60,0 60,0 0))
   2 | POLYGON((3427927 5793243,3427928 5793243,
        3427928 5793244,3427927 5793244, 3427927 5793243))
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT
        ST_SetValues(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(9, 9, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 0, 0), 2, '8BUI', 1, 0),
                1, 1, 1,
                ARRAY[
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                    [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
                    [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                    [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
                ]::double precision[][]
            ),
            2, 1, 1,
            ARRAY[
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
            ]::double precision[][]
        ) AS rast
)
SELECT title, geom AS geom
FROM foo
CROSS JOIN LATERAL (VALUES
    ('raster hull', ST_ConvexHull(rast)),
    ('all bands', ST_MinConvexHull(rast)),
    ('band 1', ST_MinConvexHull(rast, 1)),
    ('band 2', ST_MinConvexHull(rast, 2))
) AS variants(title, geom);
title    |                 geom
-------------+---------------------------------------
 raster hull | POLYGON((0 0,9 0,9 -9,0 -9,0 0))
 all bands   | POLYGON((0 -3,9 -3,9 -9,0 -9,0 -3))
 band 1      | POLYGON((3 -3,9 -3,9 -6,3 -6,3 -3))
 band 2      | POLYGON((0 -3,6 -3,6 -9,0 -9,0 -3))
WITH source AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(
        ST_AddBand(
            ST_MakeEmptyRaster(4, 4, 0, 4, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
            1, '8BUI', 1, NULL
        ),
        1, 1, 1,
        ARRAY[
            [1, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 0, 0, 1],
            [1, 1, 0, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 1]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
), variants AS (
    SELECT 'all pixels' AS title, ST_Polygon(rast) AS geom
    FROM source
    UNION ALL
    SELECT
        'zero excluded',
        ST_Polygon(ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast, 1, 0))
    FROM source
)
SELECT title, geom AS geom
FROM variants
ORDER BY CASE title
    WHEN 'all pixels' THEN 1
    ELSE 2
END;
title         | geom
---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------
 all pixels    | MULTIPOLYGON(((0 4,4 4,4 0,0 0,0 4)))
 zero excluded | MULTIPOLYGON(((0 4,0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4),(1 3,3 3,3 1,2 1,2 2,1 2,1 3)))
(2 rows)
CREATE TABLE raster_proportions_rast (
    name text,
    rast raster
);

INSERT INTO raster_proportions_rast (name, rast) VALUES (
  '2x2 raster covering 0,0 to 10,10',
  ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -- raster width/height in pixels
    0, 10, -- upper-left corner x/y coordinates
    5, -5, -- pixel width/height in ground units
    0, 0, -- skew x/y
    0        -- SRID
  ));

SELECT name, ST_DumpValues(
    ST_IntersectionFractions(
        rast,
        'POLYGON((5 0,0 5,5 10,10 5,5 0))'::geometry),
    1)
FROM raster_proportions_rast;
2x2 raster covering 0,0 to 10,10
---------------------------------
 {{0.5,0.5},{0.5,0.5}}
SELECT A.rid As a_rid, B.rid As b_rid, A.rast && B.rast As intersect
FROM dummy_rast AS A CROSS JOIN dummy_rast AS B LIMIT 3;
a_rid | b_rid | intersect
-------+-------+---------
     2 |     2 | t
     2 |     3 | f
     2 |     1 | f
SELECT A.rid As a_rid, B.rid As b_rid, A.rast &< B.rast As overleft
 FROM dummy_rast AS A CROSS JOIN dummy_rast AS B;

a_rid | b_rid | overleft
------+-------+----------
    2 |     2 | t
    2 |     3 | f
    2 |     1 | f
    3 |     2 | t
    3 |     3 | t
    3 |     1 | f
    1 |     2 | t
    1 |     3 | t
    1 |     1 | t

SELECT A.rid As a_rid, B.rid As b_rid, A.rast &
> B.rast As overright
 FROM dummy_rast AS A CROSS JOIN dummy_rast AS B;

 a_rid | b_rid | overright
-------+-------+----------
     2 |     2 | t
     2 |     3 | t
     2 |     1 | t
     3 |     2 | f
     3 |     3 | t
     3 |     1 | f
     1 |     2 | f
     1 |     3 | t
     1 |     1 | t

SELECT ST_AddBand(prec.rast, alt.rast) As new_rast
FROM prec INNER JOIN alt ON (prec.rast ~= alt.rast);

SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_Contains(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 1;
NOTICE:  The first raster provided has no bands
 rid | rid | st_contains
-----+-----+-------------
   1 |   1 |
   1 |   2 | f
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_Contains(r1.rast, r2.rast) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 1;
rid | rid | st_contains
-----+-----+-------------
   1 |   1 | t
   1 |   2 | f
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_ContainsProperly(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_containsproperly
-----+-----+---------------------
   2 |   1 | f
   2 |   2 | f
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_Covers(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_covers
-----+-----+-----------
   2 |   1 | f
   2 |   2 | t
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_CoveredBy(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_coveredby
-----+-----+--------------
   2 |   1 | f
   2 |   2 | t
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_Disjoint(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
NOTICE:  The second raster provided has no bands
 rid | rid | st_disjoint
-----+-----+-------------
   2 |   1 |
   2 |   2 | f
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_Disjoint(r1.rast, r2.rast) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_disjoint
-----+-----+-------------
   2 |   1 | t
   2 |   2 | f
SELECT ST_Intersects(rast, 2, rast, 3) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 2;
t
SELECT ST_Overlaps(rast, 1, rast, 2) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 2;
f
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_Touches(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_touches
-----+-----+------------
   2 |   1 | f
   2 |   2 | f
SELECT ST_SameAlignment(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0),
    ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0)
) as sm;
t
SELECT ST_SameAlignment(A.rast, b.rast)
FROM dummy_rast AS A CROSS JOIN dummy_rast AS B;
NOTICE:  The two rasters provided have different SRIDs
NOTICE:  The two rasters provided have different SRIDs
 t
 f
 f
 f
SELECT
    ST_SameAlignment(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0),
        ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1, 1, 0, 0, 1.1, 1.1, 0, 0)
    ),
    ST_NotSameAlignmentReason(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0),
        ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1, 1, 0, 0, 1.1, 1.1, 0, 0)
    )
;
st_samealignment |            st_notsamealignmentreason
------------------+-------------------------------------------------
 f                | The rasters have different scales on the X axis
(1 row)
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_Within(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_within
-----+-----+-----------
   2 |   1 | f
   2 |   2 | t
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_DWithin(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1, 3.14) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_dwithin
-----+-----+------------
   2 |   1 | f
   2 |   2 | t
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_DFullyWithin(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1, 3.14) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_dfullywithin
-----+-----+-----------------
   2 |   1 | f
   2 |   2 | t
# environment variables for postmaster process
# This file has the same syntax as postgresql.conf:
#  VARIABLE = simple_value
#  VARIABLE2 = 'any value!'
# I. e. you need to enclose any value which does not only consist of letters,
# numbers, and '-', '_', '.' in single quotes. Shell commands are not
# evaluated.
POSTGIS_GDAL_ENABLED_DRIVERS = 'ENABLE_ALL'

POSTGIS_ENABLE_OUTDB_RASTERS = 1

GDAL_DISABLE_READDIR_ON_OPEN = 'TRUE'

...
# - Kernel Resource Usage -

max_files_per_process = 65536           # min 25
                                        # (change requires restart)
...

$ sysctl -a | grep fs.file-max
fs.file-max = 131072

$ echo "fs.file-max = 6145324" >> /etc/sysctl.d/fs.conf

$ cat /etc/sysctl.d/fs.conf
fs.file-max = 6145324

$ sysctl -p --system
* Applying /etc/sysctl.d/fs.conf ...
fs.file-max = 2097152
* Applying /etc/sysctl.conf ...

$ sysctl -a | grep fs.file-max
fs.file-max = 6145324

$ ps aux | grep postgres
postgres 31713  0.0  0.4 179012 17564 pts/0    S    Dec26   0:03 /home/dustymugs/devel/postgresql/sandbox/10/usr/local/bin/postgres -D /home/dustymugs/devel/postgresql/sandbox/10/pgdata
postgres 31716  0.0  0.8 179776 33632 ?        Ss   Dec26   0:01 postgres: checkpointer process
postgres 31717  0.0  0.2 179144  9416 ?        Ss   Dec26   0:05 postgres: writer process
postgres 31718  0.0  0.2 179012  8708 ?        Ss   Dec26   0:06 postgres: wal writer process
postgres 31719  0.0  0.1 179568  7252 ?        Ss   Dec26   0:03 postgres: autovacuum launcher process
postgres 31720  0.0  0.1  34228  4124 ?        Ss   Dec26   0:09 postgres: stats collector process
postgres 31721  0.0  0.1 179308  6052 ?        Ss   Dec26   0:00 postgres: bgworker: logical replication launcher
$ cat /proc/31718/limits
Limit                     Soft Limit           Hard Limit           Units
Max cpu time              unlimited            unlimited            seconds
Max file size             unlimited            unlimited            bytes
Max data size             unlimited            unlimited            bytes
Max stack size            8388608              unlimited            bytes
Max core file size        0                    unlimited            bytes
Max resident set          unlimited            unlimited            bytes
Max processes             15738                15738                processes
Max open files            1024                 4096                 files
Max locked memory         65536                65536                bytes
Max address space         unlimited            unlimited            bytes
Max file locks            unlimited            unlimited            locks
Max pending signals       15738                15738                signals
Max msgqueue size         819200               819200               bytes
Max nice priority         0                    0
Max realtime priority     0                    0
Max realtime timeout      unlimited            unlimited            us

...
case "$1" in
    start|stop|restart|reload)
        if [ "$1" = "start" ]; then
            create_socket_directory
        fi
    if [ -z "`pg_lsclusters -h`" ]; then
        log_warning_msg 'No PostgreSQL clusters exist; see "man pg_createcluster"'
        exit 0
    fi

    ulimit -H -n 262144
    ulimit -n 131072

    for v in $versions; do
        $1 $v || EXIT=$?
    done
    exit ${EXIT:-0}
        ;;
    status)
...

...
[Service]

LimitNOFILE=131072

...

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
...

systemctl daemon-reload

4.3.4.1.	¿Se calcula en la esfera o en el esferoide?
	By default, all distance and area calculations are done on the spheroid. You should find that the results of calculations in local areas match up well with local planar results in good local projections. Over larger areas, the spheroidal calculations will be more accurate than any calculation done on a projected plane. The difference is that the spheroid takes into account the curvature and non-spherical shape of the Earth, whereas planar calculations assume a flat surface. Todas las funciones "geography" tienen la opción de utilizar el calculo sobre la esfera, seleccionando el parámetro final boleano a 'FALSE'. Esto puede acelerar los cálculos, particularmente en casos donde las geometrias son muy simples.
4.3.4.2.	¿Que ocurre con los husos horarios y los polos?
	Todos los cálculos no tienen nociones de husos horarios o polos, las coordenadas son esféricas(longitud/latitud) así que una forma que atraviesa husos horarios no es, desde un punto de vista de los cálculos, a cualquier otra forma.
4.3.4.3.	¿Cual es el arco mas largo que se pude procesar?
	Utilizamos grandes arcos de circulo como la "linea de interpolación" entre dos puntos. Esto significa que actualmente, dos puntos se unen de dos formas, dependiendo de la dirección del viaje sobre el arco. Todo nuestro código asume que los puntos están unidos por el mas corto de los dos caminos a traves del arco de circunferencia. Como consecuencia, las formas que tienen arcos mayores de 180 grados no serán modeladas correctamente.
4.3.4.4.	¿ Por que es tan lento el calculo del area de Europa / Rusia / añade una región geográfica grande aquí?
	¡Por que el poligono es condenadamente grande! Las grandes áreas son malas por dos razones: Sus limites son grandes, así que el indice tiende a tirar de la función sin importar la consulta que estes ejecutando; el numero de vértices es grande, y los tests (distancia, de contención) tiene que recorrer la lista de vértices al menos una vez y a veces N veces ( con N igual al numero de vértices en el otro objeto candidato). As with GEOMETRY, we recommend that when you have very large polygons, but are doing queries in small areas, you "denormalize" your geometric data into smaller chunks so that the index can effectively subquery parts of the object and so queries don't have to pull out the whole object every time. Please consult ST_Subdivide function documentation. Just because you can store all of Europe in one polygon doesn't mean you should.

	Interior	Boundary	Exterior
Interior	dim( I(a) ∩ I(b) )	dim( I(a) ∩ B(b) )	dim( I(a) ∩ E(b) )
Boundary	dim( B(a) ∩ I(b) )	dim( B(a) ∩ B(b) )	dim( B(a) ∩ E(b) )
Exterior	dim( E(a) ∩ I(b) )	dim( E(a) ∩ B(b) )	dim( E(a) ∩ E(b) )

5.3.1.	What is the total length of all roads, expressed in kilometers?
	You can answer this question with a very simple piece of SQL: Code SELECT sum(ST_Length(geom))/1000 AS km_roads FROM bc_roads; Output km_roads ------------------ 70842.1243039643
5.3.2.	How large is the city of Prince George, in hectares?
	This query combines an attribute condition (on the municipality name) with a spatial calculation (of the polygon area): Code SELECT ST_Area(geom)/10000 AS hectares FROM bc_municipality WHERE name = 'PRINCE GEORGE'; Output hectares ------------------ 32657.9103824927
5.3.3.	What is the largest municipality in the province, by area?
	This query uses a spatial measurement as an ordering value. There are several ways of approaching this problem, but the most efficient is below: Code SELECT name, ST_Area(geom)/10000 AS hectares FROM bc_municipality ORDER BY hectares DESC LIMIT 1; Output name \| hectares ---------------+----------------- TUMBLER RIDGE \| 155020.02556131 Note that in order to answer this query we have to calculate the area of every polygon. If we were doing this a lot it would make sense to add an area column to the table that could be indexed for performance. By ordering the results in a descending direction, and them using the PostgreSQL "LIMIT" command we can easily select just the largest value without using an aggregate function like MAX().
5.3.4.	What is the length of roads fully contained within each municipality?
	This is an example of a "spatial join", which brings together data from two tables (with a join) using a spatial interaction ("contained") as the join condition (rather than the usual relational approach of joining on a common key): Code SELECT m.name, sum(ST_Length(r.geom))/1000 as roads_km FROM bc_roads AS r JOIN bc_municipality AS m ON ST_Contains(m.geom, r.geom) GROUP BY m.name ORDER BY roads_km; Output name \| roads_km ----------------------------+---------- SURREY \| 1539.476 VANCOUVER \| 1450.331 LANGLEY DISTRICT \| 833.793 BURNABY \| 773.769 PRINCE GEORGE \| 694.376 ... This query takes a while, because every road in the table is summarized into the final result (about 250K roads for the example table). For smaller datasets (several thousand records on several hundred) the response can be very fast.
5.3.5.	Create a new table with all the roads within the city of Prince George.
	This is an example of an "overlay", which takes in two tables and outputs a new table that consists of spatially clipped or cut resultants. Unlike the "spatial join" demonstrated above, this query creates new geometries. An overlay is like a turbo-charged spatial join, and is useful for more exact analysis work: Code CREATE TABLE pg_roads as SELECT ST_Intersection(r.geom, m.geom) AS intersection_geom, ST_Length(r.geom) AS rd_orig_length, r.* FROM bc_roads AS r JOIN bc_municipality AS m ON ST_Intersects(r.geom, m.geom) WHERE m.name = 'PRINCE GEORGE';
5.3.6.	What is the length in kilometers of "Douglas St" in Victoria?
	Code SELECT sum(ST_Length(r.geom))/1000 AS kilometers FROM bc_roads r JOIN bc_municipality m ON ST_Intersects(m.geom, r.geom WHERE r.name = 'Douglas St' AND m.name = 'VICTORIA'; Output kilometers ------------------ 4.89151904172838
5.3.7.	What is the largest municipality polygon that has a hole?
	Code SELECT gid, name, ST_Area(geom) AS area FROM bc_municipality WHERE ST_NRings(geom) > 1 ORDER BY area DESC LIMIT 1; Output gid \| name \| area -----+--------------+------------------ 12 \| SPALLUMCHEEN \| 257374619.430216

Convertir a	Comportamiento
box3d	automática
geometry	automática

Convertir a	Comportamiento
box	automática
box2d	automática
geometry	automática


	Para tener compatibilidad con las funcionalidades GEOS, cuando instales PostgreSQL necesitar hacer un enlace explícito con la librería estándar C++:


	PostgreSQL extension files are installed in the directories reported by pg_config, so the server can load them. This includes the PostGIS shared library and SQL extension files. Use `--with-pgconfig=FILE` to choose the PostgreSQL installation that PostGIS builds and installs against.


	If you obtained PostGIS from the code repository , the first step is really to run the script


	`make check` uses psql to run tests and as such can use psql environment variables. Common ones useful to override are `PGUSER`,`PGPORT`, and `PGHOST`. Refer to psql environment variables


	Si ha configurado PostGIS utilizando ubicaciones no estándar de PostgreSQL, GEOS o Proj, puede que necesite añadir sus ubicaciones de biblioteca a la variable de entorno `LD_LIBRARY_PATH`.


	`postgis_comments.sql`, `raster_comments.sql`, `topology_comments.sql` han sido separados de la compilación y de la instalación típicos ya que tienen una dependencia extra de la librería xsltproc.


	Por lo general, esto sólo es necesario si no puede o no quiere tener PostGIS instalado en el directorio de extensión de PostgreSQL (por ejemplo, durante las pruebas, el desarrollo o en un entorno restringido).


	Si instaló PostGIS originalmente sin especificar una versión, a menudo puede omitir la reinstalación de la extensión postgis antes de restaurar, ya que la copia de seguridad solo tiene `CREATE EXTENSION postgis` y, por lo tanto, toma la última versión más reciente durante la restauración.


	If you are upgrading PostGIS extension from a version prior to 3.0.0, you will have a new extension postgis_raster which you can safely drop, if you don't need raster support.


	Todas las comparaciones de coma flotante en la implementación SQL-MM se desarrollan para una tolerancia específica, normalmente 1E-8.


	Si está en windows, no cite la lista de controladores


	PostGIS follows the SFA standard by prefixing spatial functions with "ST_". This was intended to stand for "Spatial and Temporal", but the temporal part of the standard was never developed. Instead it can be interpreted as "Spatial Type".


	PostGIS extended formats are currently a superset of the OGC ones, so that every valid OGC WKB/WKT is also valid EWKB/EWKT. However, this might vary in the future, if the OGC extends a format in a way that conflicts with the PosGIS definition. Thus you SHOULD NOT rely on this compatibility!


	`DropGeometryColumn` is retained for backward compatibility and is not recommended for new applications. Use the standard ALTER TABLE ... DROP COLUMN command instead. The `geometry_columns` view updates automatically from the system catalogs.


	If a function reports an error with valid inputs, then you may have found an error in either PostGIS or one of the libraries it uses, and you should report this to the PostGIS project. The same is true if a PostGIS function returns an invalid geometry for valid input.


	`DropGeometryTable` is retained for backward compatibility and is not recommended for new applications. Use the standard DROP TABLE command instead. The `geometry_columns` view updates automatically from the system catalogs.


	`ST_Collect` does not dissolve boundaries or resolve overlaps. Collecting overlapping polygons can produce an invalid MultiPolygon. If the result must be a valid polygonal geometry with overlaps merged, use ST_Union instead. `ST_Union` also splits linestrings at intersections and may return a single geometry after dissolving boundaries.


	For geodetic coordinates, `X` is longitude and `Y` is latitude


	The functions ST_Point, ST_PointZ, ST_PointM, and ST_PointZM can be used to create points with a given SRID.


	The functions ST_PointM, and ST_PointZM can be used to create points with an M value and a given SRID.


	ST_AsEWKT is used for text output because ST_AsText does not support M values.


	Esta función no acepta una MULTILINESTRING. Utiliza ST_LineMerge o ST_Dump para generar una linestring.


	El constructor CASE se utiliza porque la alimentación de una matriz nula en ST_MakePolygon resulta en NULL.


	The LATERAL keyword is implied for set-returning functions when referring to a prior table in the FROM list. So CROSS JOIN LATERAL, CROSS JOIN, or just plain , are equivalent constructs for this example.

Manual PostGIS 3.7.0dev

DEV (Sat Jul 18 10:12:45 PM UTC 2026 rev. 1af231a)

The PostGIS Development Group

Capítulo 1. Introducción

1.1. What Is PostGIS?

1.2. What Is in the PostGIS Distribution?

1.3. The PostGIS Project Family

1.4. How to Use This Manual

1.5. Standards Support

1.6. Project and Community

Capítulo 2. Instalación de PostGIS

2.1. Versión corta

2.2. Compilación e instalación desde el código fuente

2.2.1. Obteniendo el código fuente

2.2.2. Install Requirements

2.2.3. Configuración

2.2.4. Compilando

2.2.5. Compilando e Instalando Extensiones de PostGIS

2.2.6. Tests

2.2.7. Instalación

2.3. Common Problems during installation

Capítulo 3. Administración de PostGIS

3.1. Optimización del rendimiento

3.1.1. Inicio

3.1.2. Runtime

3.2. Configuración del soporte raster

3.3. Creación de bases de datos espaciales

3.3.1. Habilitar la base de datos espacial mediante EXTENSION

3.3.2. Habilitar espacialmente la base de datos sin utilizar EXTENSION (desaconsejado)

3.4. Actualización de bases de datos espaciales

3.4.1. Actualización suave

3.4.1.1. Soft upgrade using extensions

3.4.1.2. Soft upgrade without extensions

3.4.1.3. Actualización difícil

Capítulo 4. Data Management

4.1. Spatial Data Model

4.1.1. OGC Geometry

4.1.1.1. Punto

4.1.1.2. Cadena de caracteres.

4.1.1.3. LinearRing

4.1.1.4. Polígono

4.1.1.5. MultiPoint

4.1.1.6. MultiLineString

4.1.1.7. MultiPolygon

4.1.1.8. GeometryCollection

4.1.1.9. PolyhedralSurface

4.1.1.10. Triangle

4.1.1.11. TIN

4.1.2. SQL/MM Part 3 - Curves

4.1.2.1. CircularString

4.1.2.2. CompoundCurve

4.1.2.3. CurvePolygon

4.1.2.4. MultiCurve

4.1.2.5. MultiSurface

4.1.3. WKT and WKB

4.2. Geometry Data Type

4.2.1. PostGIS EWKB and EWKT

4.3. Geography Data Type

4.3.1. Creating Geography Tables

4.3.2. Using Geography Tables

4.3.3. When to use the Geography data type

4.3.4. Preguntas frecuentes Avanzadas de Geography

4.4. Geometry Validation

4.4.1. Simple Geometry

4.4.2. Valid Geometry

4.4.3. Managing Validity

4.5. Spatial Reference Systems

4.5.1. SPATIAL_REF_SYS Table

4.5.2. User-Defined Spatial Reference Systems

4.6. Spatial Tables

4.6.1. Crear una tabla espacial

4.6.2. GEOMETRY_COLUMNS View

4.6.3. Manually Registering Geometry Columns

4.7. Loading Spatial Data

4.7.1. Using SQL to Load Data

4.7.2. Using the Shapefile Loader

4.8. Extracting Spatial Data

4.8.1. Using SQL to Extract Data

4.8.2. Using the Shapefile Dumper

4.9. Spatial Indexes


	Esta función también indica si la geometría tiene valores de medida, devolviendo una cadena de tipo 'POINTM'.


	Anterior a la version 2.0.0, esta función lanza una excepción si se utiliza con `GEOMETRYCOLLECTION`. Desde la version 2.0.0 y superiores devolverá NULL en lugar de la excepción (entrada no soportada).


	En los casos degenerados (un solo vértice en la entrada) la cadena de líneas devuelta será topológicamente inválida (no interior). Esto no hace que el retorno sea semánticamente inválido.


	A `TIN`, including a closed TIN surface, is a surface geometry and has dimension 2. Use CG_MakeSolid to make the solid representation explicit; the resulting 3D solid has dimension 3. Solid geometry semantics, such as volume, are handled separately by the SQL/MM 3D solid functions (SQL-MM IEC 13249-3: 9.1).


	Anterior a la versión 2.0.0, esta función lanzaba una excepción si se enviaba una geometría vacía.


	Anterior a 1.3.4, esta función daba errores si se utilizaba con geometrias que contenían CURVES. Esto se corrigió en 1.3.4+


	This only works for POLYGON geometries, not MULTIPOLYGONs. Use ST_Dump to extract polygon elements from polygonal geometries: `ST_DumpRings((ST_Dump(geom)).geom )`


	Esta función no admite MULTIPOLÍGONOS. Para MULTIPOLÍGONOS, utilícela junto con ST_GeometryN o ST_Dump


	El indice es 1-based en la especificación OGC desde la version 0.8.0. Versiones anteriormente implementadas era de tipo 0-based.


	Para extraer todos los elementos de una geometría, ST_Dump es más eficaz y funciona para geometrías atómicas.