Os tipos e as funções de topologia do PostGIS são usados para administrar objetos como: faces, bordas e nodos.
Sandro Santilli's presentation at PostGIS Day Paris 2011 conference gives a good synopsis of PostGIS Topology and where it is headed Topology with PostGIS 2.0 slide deck.
Vincent Picavet provides a good synopsis and overview of what is Topology, how is it used, and various FOSS4G tools that support it in PostGIS Topology PGConf EU 2012.
Um exemplo de um banco de dados GIS baseado topologicamente é o banco de dados US Census Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER). Se você quiser experimentar com a topologia POstGIS e precisa de alguns dados, confira Topology_Load_Tiger.
O módulo PostGIS Topologia existiu em versões anteriores, mas nunca foi parte da documentação Oficial do PostGIS. A maior limpeza PostGIS 2.0.0, vai remover todas as funções menores, consertar problemas de usabilidade, vai documentar melhor as características e funções e melhorar a conformidade com os padrões SQL-MM.
Detalhes deste projeto podem ser encontrados em PostGIS Topology Wiki
Todas as funções e tables associadas com este módulo estão instaladas em um esquema nomeado topology
.
Funções que são definidas no padrão SQL/MM estão prefixadas com ST_ e funções específicas para o POstGIS não estão prefixadas.
Topology support is build by default starting with PostGIS 2.0, and can be disabled specifying --without-topology configure option at build time as described in Chapter 2, Instalação do PostGIS
Essa seção lista os tipos de dados PostgreSQL instalados pela topologia PostGIS. Note que descrevemos o comportamento de distribuição de papeis desses, que são bastante importantes quando desenvolvem suas próprias funções.
ValidateTopology
.
Esta seção lista os domínios do PostgreSQL instalados pela Topologia PostGIS. Os domínios podem ser usados como tipos objetos de funções ou table columns. A distinção entre um domínio e um tipo é que o domínio é um tipo existente com uma restrição verificada ligada a ele.
Esta seção lista as funções da Topologia para construir novos esquemas de Topologia, validando topologias e gerenciar Colunas TopoGeometrias
table_name
no esquema schema_name
e tira os registros da
This section discusses management of database statistics during topology building.
Adding elements to a topology triggers many database queries for finding existing edges that will be split, adding nodes and updating edges that will node with the new linework. For this reason it is useful that statistics about the data in the topology tables are up-to-date.
PostGIS Topology population and editing functions do not automatically update the statistics because a updating stats after each and every change in a topology would be overkill, so it is the caller's duty to take care of that.
That the statistics updated by autovacuum will NOT be visible to transactions which started before autovacuum process completed, so long-running transactions will need to run ANALYZE themselves, to use updated statistics. |
Esta seção cobre as funções da topologia para criar novas topologias.
Esta seção cobre as funções da topologia para adicionar, mover, deletar e dividir limites, faces e nós. Todas essas funções são definidas pelo
alinestring
a uma topologia conectando dois nós isoladosanode
e anothernode
e retorna a nova id do novo limite.
apoint
geometry exists as a node an error is thrown. Returns description of move.
aface
.
Esta seção cobre as funções para processar topologias de maneiras não padronizadas.
Esta seção cobre as funções da topologia para criar novas topogeometrias.
topoelementarray
for a set of element_id, type arrays (topoelements).
Esta seção cobre as funções da topologia para editar topogeometrias existentes.
topoelementarray
(an array of topoelements) containing the topological elements and type of the given TopoGeometry (primitive elements).
topoelement
objects containing the topological element_id,element_type of the given TopoGeometry (primitive elements).
Esta seção lista as funções Topológicas usadas para verificar as relações entre topogeometrias e topologias primitivas
Once you have created topologies, and maybe associated topological layers, you might want to export them into a file-based format for backup or transfer into another database.
Using the standard dump/restore tools of PostgreSQL is problematic because topologies are composed by a set of tables (4 for primitives, an arbitrary number for layers) and records in metadata tables (topology.topology and topology.layer). Additionally, topology identifiers are not univoque across databases so that parameter of your topology will need to be changes upon restoring it.
In order to simplify export/restore of topologies a pair of executables are provided: pgtopo_export
and pgtopo_import
. Example usage:
pgtopo_export dev_db topo1 | pgtopo_import topo1 | psql staging_db
The pgtopo_export
script takes the name of a database and a topology and outputs a dump file which can be used to import the topology (and associated layers) into a new database.
By default pgtopo_export
writes the dump file to the standard output so that it can be piped to pgtopo_import
or redirected to a file (refusing to write to terminal). You can optionally specify an output filename with the -f
commandline switch.
By default pgtopo_export
includes a dump of all layers defined against the given topology. This may be more data than you need, or may be non-working (in case your layer tables have complex dependencies) in which case you can request skipping the layers with the --skip-layers
switch and deal with those separately.
Invoking pgtopo_export
with the --help
(or -h
for short) switch will always print short usage string.
The dump file format is a compressed tar archive of a pgtopo_export
directory containing at least a pgtopo_dump_version
file with format version info. As of version 1
the directory contains tab-delimited CSV files with data of the topology primitive tables (node, edge_data, face, relation), the topology and layer records associated with it and (unless --skip-layers
is given) a custom-format PostgreSQL dump of tables reported as being layers of the given topology.
The pgtopo_import
script takes a pgtopo_export
format topology dump and a name to give to the topology to be created and outputs an SQL script reconstructing the topology and associated layers.
The generated SQL file will contain statements that create a topology with the given name, load primitive data in it, restores and registers all topology layers by properly linking all TopoGeometry values to their correct topology.
By default pgtopo_import
reads the dump from the standard input so that it can be used in conjunction with pgtopo_export
in a pipeline. You can optionally specify an input filename with the -f
commandline switch.
By default pgtopo_import
includes in the output SQL file the code to restore all layers found in the dump.
This may be unwanted or non-working in case your target database already have tables with the same name as the ones in the dump. In that case you can request skipping the layers with the --skip-layers
switch and deal with those separately (or later).
SQL to only load and link layers to a named topology can be generated using the --only-layers
switch. This can be useful to load layers AFTER resolving the naming conflicts or to link layers to a different topology (say a spatially-simplified version of the starting topology).