gserialized_spgist_nd.c

Go to the documentation of this file.

/*****************************************************************************
 *
 * gserialized_spgist_nd.c
 *        SP-GiST implementation of 2N-dimensional oct-tree over GIDX boxes
 *
 * This module provides SP-GiST implementation for N-dimensional boxes using
 * oct-tree analogy in 2N-dimensional space.  SP-GiST doesn't allow indexing
 * of overlapping objects.  We make N-dimensional objects never-overlapping
 * in 2N-dimensional space.  This technique has some benefits compared to
 * traditional R-Tree which is implemented as GiST.  The performance tests
 * reveal that this technique especially beneficial with too much overlapping
 * objects, so called "spaghetti data".
 *
 * Unlike the original oct-tree, we are splitting the tree 2N times in
 * N-dimensional space. For example, if N = 3 then it is easier to imagine
 * it as splitting space three times into 3:
 *
 *                              |          |                                            |          |
 *                              |          |                                            |          |
 *                              | -----+-----                                   | -----+-----
 *                              |          |                                            |          |
 *                              |          |                                            |          |
 * -------------+------------- -+- -------------+-------------
 *                              |                                                               |
 *                              |                                                               |
 *                              |                                                               |
 *                              |                                                               |
 *                              |                                                               |
 *                        FRONT                                                   BACK
 *
 * We are using GIDX data type as the prefix, but we are treating them
 * as points in 2N-dimensional space, because GIDX boxes are not enough
 * to represent the octant boundaries in ND space.  They however are
 * sufficient to point out the additional boundaries of the next
 * octant.
 *
 * We are using traversal values provided by SP-GiST to calculate and
 * to store the bounds of the octants, while traversing into the tree.
 * Traversal value has all the boundaries in the ND space, and is
 * capable of transferring the required boundaries to the following
 * traversal values.  In conclusion, three things are necessary
 * to calculate the next traversal value:
 *
 *      (1) the traversal value of the parent
 *      (2) the octant of the current node
 *      (3) the prefix of the current node
 *
 * If we visualize them on our simplified drawing (see the drawing above);
 * transferred boundaries of (1) would be the outer axis, relevant part
 * of (2) would be the up range_y part of the other axis, and (3) would be
 * the inner axis.
 *
 * For example, consider the case of overlapping.  When recursion
 * descends deeper and deeper down the tree, all octants in
 * the current node will be checked for overlapping.  The boundaries
 * will be re-calculated for all octants.  Overlap check answers
 * the question: can any box from this octant overlap with the given
 * box?  If yes, then this octant will be walked.  If no, then this
 * octant will be skipped.
 *
 * This method provides restrictions for minimum and maximum values of
 * every dimension of every corner of the box on every level of the tree
 * except the root.  For the root node, we are setting the boundaries
 * that we don't yet have as infinity.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 2018, Esteban Zimanyi, Arthur Lesuisse,
 *              Université Libre de Bruxelles
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2016, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *****************************************************************************/
 
#include "gserialized_spgist_3d.h"
#include "lwgeom_pg.h"
#include "gserialized_gist.h"
 
/* Maximum number of children nodes given that GIDX_MAX_DIM = 4 */
#define GIDX_MAX_NODES 256
 
/*
 * ND SP-GiST prototypes
 */
 
Datum gserialized_spgist_config_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum gserialized_spgist_choose_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum gserialized_spgist_picksplit_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum gserialized_spgist_inner_consistent_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum gserialized_spgist_leaf_consistent_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum gserialized_spgist_compress_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
 
/* Structure storing the n-dimensional bounding box */
 
typedef struct
{
        GIDX *left;
        GIDX *right;
} CubeGIDX;
 
/*
 * Comparator for qsort
 *
 * We don't need to use the floating point macros in here, because this
 * is only going to be used in a place to effect the performance
 * of the index, not the correctness.
 */
static int
compareFloats(const void *a, const void *b)
{
        float x = *(float *)a;
        float y = *(float *)b;
 
        if (x == y)
                return 0;
        return (x > y) ? 1 : -1;
}
 
/*
 * Calculate the octant
 *
 * The octant is a 16-bit unsigned integer with 8 bits in use. The function
 * accepts 2 GIDX as input. The 8 bits are set by comparing a corner of the
 * box. This makes 256 octants in total.
 */
static uint16_t
getOctant(GIDX *centroid, GIDX *inBox)
{
        uint16_t octant = 0, dim = 0x01;
        int ndims, i;
 
        ndims = Min(GIDX_NDIMS(centroid), GIDX_NDIMS(inBox));
 
        for (i = 0; i < ndims; i++)
        {
                /* If the missing dimension was not padded with -+FLT_MAX */
                if (GIDX_GET_MAX(centroid, i) != FLT_MAX && GIDX_GET_MAX(inBox, i) != FLT_MAX)
                {
                        if (GIDX_GET_MAX(inBox, i) > GIDX_GET_MAX(centroid, i))
                                octant |= dim;
                        dim = dim << 1;
                        if (GIDX_GET_MIN(inBox, i) > GIDX_GET_MIN(centroid, i))
                                octant |= dim;
                        dim = dim << 1;
                }
        }
 
        return octant;
}
 
/*
 * Initialize the traversal value
 *
 * In the beginning, we don't have any restrictions.  We have to
 * initialize the struct to cover the whole ND space.
 */
static CubeGIDX *
initCubeBox(int ndims)
{
        CubeGIDX *cube_box = (CubeGIDX *)palloc(sizeof(CubeGIDX));
        GIDX *left = (GIDX *)palloc(GIDX_SIZE(ndims));
        GIDX *right = (GIDX *)palloc(GIDX_SIZE(ndims));
        int i;
 
        SET_VARSIZE(left, GIDX_SIZE(ndims));
        SET_VARSIZE(right, GIDX_SIZE(ndims));
        cube_box->left = left;
        cube_box->right = right;
 
        for (i = 0; i < ndims; i++)
        {
                GIDX_SET_MIN(cube_box->left, i, -1 * FLT_MAX);
                GIDX_SET_MAX(cube_box->left, i, FLT_MAX);
                GIDX_SET_MIN(cube_box->right, i, -1 * FLT_MAX);
                GIDX_SET_MAX(cube_box->right, i, FLT_MAX);
        }
 
        return cube_box;
}
 
/*
 * Calculate the next traversal value
 *
 * All centroids are bounded by CubeGIDX, but SP-GiST only keeps
 * boxes.  When we are traversing the tree, we must calculate CubeGIDX,
 * using centroid and octant.
 */
static CubeGIDX *
nextCubeBox(CubeGIDX *cube_box, GIDX *centroid, uint16_t octant)
{
        int ndims = GIDX_NDIMS(centroid), i;
        CubeGIDX *next_cube_box = (CubeGIDX *)palloc(sizeof(CubeGIDX));
        GIDX *left = (GIDX *)palloc(GIDX_SIZE(ndims));
        GIDX *right = (GIDX *)palloc(GIDX_SIZE(ndims));
        uint16_t dim = 0x01;
 
        memcpy(left, cube_box->left, VARSIZE(cube_box->left));
        memcpy(right, cube_box->right, VARSIZE(cube_box->right));
        next_cube_box->left = left;
        next_cube_box->right = right;
 
        for (i = 0; i < ndims; i++)
        {
                if (GIDX_GET_MAX(cube_box->left, i) != FLT_MAX && GIDX_GET_MAX(centroid, i) != FLT_MAX)
                {
                        if (octant & dim)
                                GIDX_GET_MIN(next_cube_box->right, i) = GIDX_GET_MAX(centroid, i);
                        else
                                GIDX_GET_MAX(next_cube_box->right, i) = GIDX_GET_MAX(centroid, i);
 
                        dim = dim << 1;
 
                        if (octant & dim)
                                GIDX_GET_MIN(next_cube_box->left, i) = GIDX_GET_MIN(centroid, i);
                        else
                                GIDX_GET_MAX(next_cube_box->left, i) = GIDX_GET_MIN(centroid, i);
 
                        dim = dim << 1;
                }
        }
 
        return next_cube_box;
}
 
/* Can any cube from cube_box overlap with query? */
static bool
overlapND(CubeGIDX *cube_box, GIDX *query)
{
        int i, ndims;
        bool result = true;
 
        ndims = Min(GIDX_NDIMS(cube_box->left), GIDX_NDIMS(query));
 
        for (i = 0; i < ndims; i++)
        {
                /* If the missing dimension was not padded with -+FLT_MAX */
                if (GIDX_GET_MAX(cube_box->left, i) != FLT_MAX && GIDX_GET_MAX(query, i) != FLT_MAX)
                        result &= (GIDX_GET_MIN(cube_box->left, i) <= GIDX_GET_MAX(query, i)) &&
                                  (GIDX_GET_MAX(cube_box->right, i) >= GIDX_GET_MIN(query, i));
        }
        return result;
}
 
/* Can any cube from cube_box contain query? */
static bool
containND(CubeGIDX *cube_box, GIDX *query)
{
        int i, ndims;
        bool result = true;
 
        ndims = Min(GIDX_NDIMS(cube_box->left), GIDX_NDIMS(query));
 
        for (i = 0; i < ndims; i++)
        {
                /* If the missing dimension was not padded with -+FLT_MAX */
                if (GIDX_GET_MAX(cube_box->left, i) != FLT_MAX && GIDX_GET_MAX(query, i) != FLT_MAX)
                        result &= (GIDX_GET_MAX(cube_box->right, i) >= GIDX_GET_MAX(query, i)) &&
                                  (GIDX_GET_MIN(cube_box->left, i) <= GIDX_GET_MIN(query, i));
        }
        return result;
}
 
/*
 * SP-GiST config function
 */
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(gserialized_spgist_config_nd);
 
PGDLLEXPORT Datum gserialized_spgist_config_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        spgConfigOut *cfg = (spgConfigOut *)PG_GETARG_POINTER(1);
        Oid boxoid = InvalidOid;
        postgis_initialize_cache(fcinfo);
        boxoid = postgis_oid(GIDXOID);
 
        cfg->prefixType = boxoid;
        cfg->labelType = VOIDOID; /* We don't need node labels. */
        cfg->leafType = boxoid;
        cfg->canReturnData = false;
        cfg->longValuesOK = false;
 
        PG_RETURN_VOID();
}
 
/*
 * SP-GiST choose function
 */
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(gserialized_spgist_choose_nd);
 
PGDLLEXPORT Datum gserialized_spgist_choose_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        spgChooseIn *in = (spgChooseIn *)PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
        spgChooseOut *out = (spgChooseOut *)PG_GETARG_POINTER(1);
        GIDX *centroid = (GIDX *)DatumGetPointer(in->prefixDatum), *box = (GIDX *)DatumGetPointer(in->leafDatum);
 
        out->resultType = spgMatchNode;
        out->result.matchNode.restDatum = PointerGetDatum(box);
 
        /* nodeN will be set by core, when allTheSame. */
        if (!in->allTheSame)
                out->result.matchNode.nodeN = getOctant(centroid, box);
 
        PG_RETURN_VOID();
}
 
/*
 * SP-GiST pick-split function
 *
 * It splits a list of boxes into octants by choosing a central ND
 * point as the median of the coordinates of the boxes.
 */
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(gserialized_spgist_picksplit_nd);
 
PGDLLEXPORT Datum gserialized_spgist_picksplit_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        spgPickSplitIn *in = (spgPickSplitIn *)PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
        spgPickSplitOut *out = (spgPickSplitOut *)PG_GETARG_POINTER(1);
        GIDX *box, *centroid;
        float *lowXs, *highXs;
        int ndims, maxdims = -1, count[GIDX_MAX_DIM], median, dim, tuple;
 
        for (dim = 0; dim < GIDX_MAX_DIM; dim++)
                count[dim] = 0;
 
        lowXs = palloc(sizeof(float) * in->nTuples * GIDX_MAX_DIM),
        highXs = palloc(sizeof(float) * in->nTuples * GIDX_MAX_DIM);
 
        /* Calculate maxdims median of all ND coordinates */
        for (tuple = 0; tuple < in->nTuples; tuple++)
        {
                box = (GIDX *)DatumGetPointer(in->datums[tuple]);
                ndims = GIDX_NDIMS(box);
                if (maxdims < ndims)
                        maxdims = ndims;
                for (dim = 0; dim < ndims; dim++)
                {
                        /* If the missing dimension was not padded with -+FLT_MAX */
                        if (GIDX_GET_MAX(box, dim) != FLT_MAX)
                        {
                                lowXs[dim * in->nTuples + count[dim]] = GIDX_GET_MIN(box, dim);
                                highXs[dim * in->nTuples + count[dim]] = GIDX_GET_MAX(box, dim);
                                count[dim]++;
                        }
                }
        }
 
        for (dim = 0; dim < maxdims; dim++)
        {
                qsort(&lowXs[dim * in->nTuples], count[dim], sizeof(float), compareFloats);
                qsort(&highXs[dim * in->nTuples], count[dim], sizeof(float), compareFloats);
        }
 
        centroid = (GIDX *)palloc(GIDX_SIZE(maxdims));
        SET_VARSIZE(centroid, GIDX_SIZE(maxdims));
 
        for (dim = 0; dim < maxdims; dim++)
        {
                median = count[dim] / 2;
                GIDX_SET_MIN(centroid, dim, lowXs[dim * in->nTuples + median]);
                GIDX_SET_MAX(centroid, dim, highXs[dim * in->nTuples + median]);
        }
 
        /* Fill the output */
        out->hasPrefix = true;
        out->prefixDatum = PointerGetDatum(gidx_copy(centroid));
 
        out->nNodes = 0x01 << (2 * maxdims);
        out->nodeLabels = NULL; /* We don't need node labels. */
 
        out->mapTuplesToNodes = palloc(sizeof(int) * in->nTuples);
        out->leafTupleDatums = palloc(sizeof(Datum) * in->nTuples);
 
        /*
         * Assign ranges to corresponding nodes according to octants relative to
         * the "centroid" range
         */
        for (tuple = 0; tuple < in->nTuples; tuple++)
        {
                GIDX *box = (GIDX *)DatumGetPointer(in->datums[tuple]);
                uint16_t octant = getOctant(centroid, box);
 
                out->leafTupleDatums[tuple] = PointerGetDatum(box);
                out->mapTuplesToNodes[tuple] = octant;
        }
 
        pfree(lowXs);
        pfree(highXs);
 
        PG_RETURN_VOID();
}
 
/*
 * SP-GiST inner consistent function
 */
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(gserialized_spgist_inner_consistent_nd);
 
PGDLLEXPORT Datum gserialized_spgist_inner_consistent_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        spgInnerConsistentIn *in = (spgInnerConsistentIn *)PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
        spgInnerConsistentOut *out = (spgInnerConsistentOut *)PG_GETARG_POINTER(1);
        MemoryContext old_ctx;
        CubeGIDX *cube_box;
        int *nodeNumbers, i, j;
        void **traversalValues;
        char gidxmem[GIDX_MAX_SIZE];
        GIDX *centroid, *query_gbox_index = (GIDX *)gidxmem;
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUG(4, "[SPGIST] 'inner consistent' function called");
 
        if (in->allTheSame)
        {
                /* Report that all nodes should be visited */
                out->nNodes = in->nNodes;
                out->nodeNumbers = (int *)palloc(sizeof(int) * in->nNodes);
                for (i = 0; i < in->nNodes; i++)
                        out->nodeNumbers[i] = i;
 
                PG_RETURN_VOID();
        }
 
        /*
         * We switch memory context, because we want to allocate memory for new
         * traversal values (next_cube_box) and pass these pieces of memory to
         * further call of this function.
         */
        old_ctx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(in->traversalMemoryContext);
 
        centroid = (GIDX *)DatumGetPointer(in->prefixDatum);
 
        /*
         * We are saving the traversal value or initialize it an unbounded one, if
         * we have just begun to walk the tree.
         */
        if (in->traversalValue)
                cube_box = in->traversalValue;
        else
                cube_box = initCubeBox(GIDX_NDIMS(centroid));
 
        /* Allocate enough memory for nodes */
        out->nNodes = 0;
        nodeNumbers = (int *)palloc(sizeof(int) * in->nNodes);
        traversalValues = (void **)palloc(sizeof(void *) * in->nNodes);
 
        for (i = 0; i < in->nNodes; i++)
        {
                CubeGIDX *next_cube_box = nextCubeBox(cube_box, centroid, (uint16_t)i);
                bool flag = true;
 
                for (j = 0; j < in->nkeys; j++)
                {
                        StrategyNumber strategy = in->scankeys[j].sk_strategy;
                        Datum query = in->scankeys[j].sk_argument;
 
                        /* Quick sanity check on query argument. */
                        if (DatumGetPointer(query) == NULL)
                        {
                                POSTGIS_DEBUG(4, "[SPGIST] null query pointer (!?!)");
                                flag = false;
                                break;
                        }
 
                        /* Null box should never make this far. */
                        if (gserialized_datum_get_gidx_p(query, query_gbox_index) == LW_FAILURE)
                        {
                                POSTGIS_DEBUG(4, "[SPGIST] null query_gbox_index!");
                                flag = false;
                                break;
                        }
 
                        switch (strategy)
                        {
                        case SPGOverlapStrategyNumber:
                        case SPGContainedByStrategyNumber:
                                flag = overlapND(next_cube_box, query_gbox_index);
                                break;
 
                        case SPGContainsStrategyNumber:
                        case SPGSameStrategyNumber:
                                flag = containND(next_cube_box, query_gbox_index);
                                break;
 
                        default:
                                elog(ERROR, "unrecognized strategy: %d", strategy);
                        }
 
                        /* If any check is failed, we have found our answer. */
                        if (!flag)
                                break;
                }
 
                if (flag)
                {
                        traversalValues[out->nNodes] = next_cube_box;
                        nodeNumbers[out->nNodes] = i;
                        out->nNodes++;
                }
                else
                {
                        /*
                         * If this node is not selected, we don't need to keep the next
                         * traversal value in the memory context.
                         */
                        pfree(next_cube_box);
                }
        }
 
        /* Pass to the next level only the values that need to be traversed */
        out->nodeNumbers = (int *)palloc(sizeof(int) * out->nNodes);
        out->traversalValues = (void **)palloc(sizeof(void *) * out->nNodes);
        for (i = 0; i < out->nNodes; i++)
        {
                out->nodeNumbers[i] = nodeNumbers[i];
                out->traversalValues[i] = traversalValues[i];
        }
        pfree(nodeNumbers);
        pfree(traversalValues);
 
        /* Switch after */
        MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_ctx);
 
        PG_RETURN_VOID();
}
 
/*
 * SP-GiST inner consistent function
 */
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(gserialized_spgist_leaf_consistent_nd);
 
PGDLLEXPORT Datum gserialized_spgist_leaf_consistent_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        spgLeafConsistentIn *in = (spgLeafConsistentIn *)PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
        spgLeafConsistentOut *out = (spgLeafConsistentOut *)PG_GETARG_POINTER(1);
        bool flag = true;
        int i;
        char gidxmem[GIDX_MAX_SIZE];
        GIDX *leaf = (GIDX *)DatumGetPointer(in->leafDatum), *query_gbox_index = (GIDX *)gidxmem;
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUG(4, "[SPGIST] 'leaf consistent' function called");
 
        /* All tests are exact. */
        out->recheck = false;
 
        /* leafDatum is what it is... */
        out->leafValue = in->leafDatum;
 
        /* Perform the required comparison(s) */
        for (i = 0; i < in->nkeys; i++)
        {
                StrategyNumber strategy = in->scankeys[i].sk_strategy;
                Datum query = in->scankeys[i].sk_argument;
 
                /* Quick sanity check on query argument. */
                if (DatumGetPointer(query) == NULL)
                {
                        POSTGIS_DEBUG(4, "[SPGIST] null query pointer (!?!)");
                        flag = false;
                }
 
                /* Null box should never make this far. */
                if (gserialized_datum_get_gidx_p(query, query_gbox_index) == LW_FAILURE)
                {
                        POSTGIS_DEBUG(4, "[SPGIST] null query_gbox_index!");
                        flag = false;
                }
 
                switch (strategy)
                {
                case SPGOverlapStrategyNumber:
                        flag = gidx_overlaps(leaf, query_gbox_index);
                        break;
 
                case SPGContainsStrategyNumber:
                        flag = gidx_contains(leaf, query_gbox_index);
                        break;
 
                case SPGContainedByStrategyNumber:
                        flag = gidx_contains(query_gbox_index, leaf);
                        break;
 
                case SPGSameStrategyNumber:
                        flag = gidx_equals(leaf, query_gbox_index);
                        break;
 
                default:
                        elog(ERROR, "unrecognized strategy: %d", strategy);
                }
 
                /* If any check is failed, we have found our answer. */
                if (!flag)
                        break;
        }
 
        PG_RETURN_BOOL(flag);
}
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(gserialized_spgist_compress_nd);
 
PGDLLEXPORT Datum gserialized_spgist_compress_nd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        char gidxmem[GIDX_MAX_SIZE];
        GIDX *result = (GIDX *)gidxmem;
        long unsigned int i;
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUG(4, "[SPGIST] 'compress' function called");
 
        /* Input entry is null? Return NULL. */
        if (PG_ARGISNULL(0))
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUG(4, "[SPGIST] null entry (!?!)");
                PG_RETURN_NULL();
        }
 
        /* Is the bounding box valid (non-empty, non-infinite) ?
         * If not, return NULL. */
        if (gserialized_datum_get_gidx_p(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0), result) == LW_FAILURE)
        {
                POSTGIS_DEBUG(4, "[SPGIST] empty geometry!");
                PG_RETURN_NULL();
        }
 
        POSTGIS_DEBUGF(4, "[SPGIST] got GIDX: %s", gidx_to_string(result));
 
        /* Check all the dimensions for finite values.
         * If not, use the "unknown" GIDX as a key */
        for (i = 0; i < GIDX_NDIMS(result); i++)
        {
                if (!isfinite(GIDX_GET_MAX(result, i)) || !isfinite(GIDX_GET_MIN(result, i)))
                {
                        gidx_set_unknown(result);
                        PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
                }
        }
 
        /* Ensure bounding box has minimums below maximums. */
        gidx_validate(result);
 
        /* Return GIDX. */
        PG_RETURN_POINTER(gidx_copy(result));
}
 
/*****************************************************************************/