32. Tracking Edit History using Triggers

A common requirement for production databases is the ability to track history: how has the data changed between two dates, who made the changes, and where did they occur? Some GIS systems track changes by including change management in the client interface, but that adds a lot of complexity to editing tools.

Using the database and the trigger system, it’s possible to add history tracking to any table, while maintaining simple «direct edit» access to the primary table.

History tracking works by keeping a history table that records, for every edit:

• If a record was created, when it was added and by whom.

• If a record was deleted, when it was deleted and by whom.

• If a record was updated, adding a deletion record (for the old state) and a creation record (for the new state).

32.1. Using TSTZRANGE

The history table uses a PostgreSQL-specific feature–the «timestamp range» type–to store the time range that a history record was the «live» record. All the timestamp ranges in the history table for a particular feature can be expected to be non-overlapping but adjacent.

The range for a new record will start at now() and have an open end point, so that the range covers all time from the current time into the future.

SELECT tstzrange(current_timestamp, NULL);

               tstzrange
------------------------------------
 ["2021-06-01 14:49:40.910074-07",)

Similarly, the time range for a deleted record will be updated to include the current time as the end point of the time range.

Searching time ranges is much simpler than searching a pair of timestamps, because of the way an open time range encompasses all time from the start point to infinity. The «contains» operator @> for ranges is the one we will use.

-- Does the range of "ten minutes ago to the future" include now?
-- It should! :)
--
SELECT tstzrange(current_timestamp - '10m'::interval, NULL) @> current_timestamp;

Ranges can be very efficiently indexed using a GIST index, just like spatial data, as we will show below. This makes history queries very efficient.

32.2. Building the History Table

Using this information it is possible to reconstruct the state of the edit table at any point in time. In this example, we will add history tracking to our nyc_streets table.

• First, add a new nyc_streets_history table. This is the table we will use to store all the historical edit information. In addition to all the fields from nyc_streets, we add five more fields.

  • hid the primary key for the history table

  • created_by the database user that caused the record to be created

  • deleted_by the database user that caused the record to be marked as deleted

  • valid_range the time range within which the record was «live»

  Note that we don’t actually delete any records in the history table, we just mark the time they ceased to be part of the current state of the edit table.

  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS nyc_streets_history;
  CREATE TABLE nyc_streets_history (
    hid SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    gid INTEGER,
    id FLOAT8,
    name VARCHAR(200),
    oneway VARCHAR(10),
    type VARCHAR(50),
    geom GEOMETRY(MultiLinestring,26918),
    valid_range TSTZRANGE,
    created_by VARCHAR(32),
    deleted_by VARCHAR(32)
  );
  
  CREATE INDEX nyc_streets_history_geom_x
    ON nyc_streets_history USING GIST (geom);
  
  CREATE INDEX nyc_streets_history_tstz_x
    ON nyc_streets_history USING GIST (valid_range);
  

• Next, we import the current state of the active table, nyc_streets into the history table, so we have a starting point to trace history from. Note that we fill in the creation time and creation user, but leave the end of the time range and the deleted by information NULL.

  INSERT INTO nyc_streets_history
    (gid, id, name, oneway, type, geom, valid_range, created_by)
     SELECT gid, id, name, oneway, type, geom,
       tstzrange(now(), NULL),
       current_user
     FROM nyc_streets;
  

• Now we need three triggers on the active table, for INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE actions. First we create the trigger functions, then bind them to the table as triggers.

  For an insert, we just add a new record into the history table with the creation time/user.

  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION nyc_streets_insert() RETURNS trigger AS
    $$
      BEGIN
        INSERT INTO nyc_streets_history
          (gid, id, name, oneway, type, geom, valid_range, created_by)
        VALUES
          (NEW.gid, NEW.id, NEW.name, NEW.oneway, NEW.type, NEW.geom,
           tstzrange(current_timestamp, NULL), current_user);
        RETURN NEW;
      END;
    $$
    LANGUAGE plpgsql;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER nyc_streets_insert_trigger
  AFTER INSERT ON nyc_streets
    FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE nyc_streets_insert();
  

  For a deletion, we just mark the currently active history record (the one with a NULL deletion time) as deleted.

  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION nyc_streets_delete() RETURNS trigger AS
    $$
      BEGIN
        UPDATE nyc_streets_history
          SET valid_range = tstzrange(lower(valid_range), current_timestamp),
              deleted_by = current_user
          WHERE valid_range @> current_timestamp AND gid = OLD.gid;
        RETURN NULL;
      END;
    $$
    LANGUAGE plpgsql;
  
  
  CREATE TRIGGER nyc_streets_delete_trigger
  AFTER DELETE ON nyc_streets
    FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE nyc_streets_delete();
  

  For an update, we first mark the active history record as deleted, then insert a new record for the updated state.

  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION nyc_streets_update() RETURNS trigger AS
  $$
    BEGIN
  
      UPDATE nyc_streets_history
        SET valid_range = tstzrange(lower(valid_range), current_timestamp),
            deleted_by = current_user
        WHERE valid_range @> current_timestamp AND gid = OLD.gid;
  
      INSERT INTO nyc_streets_history
          (gid, id, name, oneway, type, geom, valid_range, created_by)
        VALUES
          (NEW.gid, NEW.id, NEW.name, NEW.oneway, NEW.type, NEW.geom,
           tstzrange(current_timestamp, NULL), current_user);
  
      RETURN NEW;
  
    END;
  $$
  LANGUAGE plpgsql;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER nyc_streets_update_trigger
  AFTER UPDATE ON nyc_streets
    FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE nyc_streets_update();
  

32.3. Editing the Table

Now that the history table is enabled, we can make edits on the main table and watch the log entries appear in the history table.

Note the power of this database-backed approach to history: no matter what tool is used to make the edits, whether the SQL command line, a web-based JDBC tool, or a desktop tool like QGIS, the history is consistently tracked.

32.3.1. SQL Edits

Let’s turn the two streets named «Cumberland Walk» to the more stylish «Cumberland Wynde»:

Updating the two streets will cause the original streets to be marked as deleted in the history table, with a deletion time of now, and two new streets with the new name added, with an addition time of now. You can inspect the historical records:

32.4. Querying the History Table

Now that we have a history table, what use is it? It’s useful for time travel! To travel to a particular time T, you need to construct a query that includes:

• All records created before T, and not yet deleted; and also

• All records created before T, but deleted after T.

We can use this logic to create a query, or a view, of the state of the data in the past. Since presumably all your test edits have happened in the past couple minutes, let’s create a view of the history table that shows the state of the table 10 minutes ago, before you started editing (so, the original data).

-- Records with a valid range that includes 10 minutes ago
-- are the ones valid at that moment.

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW nyc_streets_ten_min_ago AS
  SELECT * FROM nyc_streets_history
    WHERE valid_range @> (now() - '10min'::interval)

We can also create views that show just what a particular user has added, for example:

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW nyc_streets_postgres AS
  SELECT * FROM nyc_streets_history
    WHERE created_by = 'postgres';

32.5. See Also

• QGIS open source GIS

• PostgreSQL Triggers

• PostgreSQL Range Types